Past focus in the panel gravity literature has been on multidimensional fixed effects specifications in an effort to accommodate heterogeneity. After introducing conventional multidimensional fixed effects, we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence in flows. We propose a simultaneous dependence gravity model that allows for network dependence in flows, along with computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation methods that produce a Monte Carlo integration estimate of log-marginal likelihood useful for model comparison. Application of the model to a panel of trade flows points to network spillover effects, suggesting the presence of network dependence and biased estimates from conventional trade flow specifications. The most important sources of network dependence were found to be membership in trade organizations, historical colonial ties, common currency and spatial proximity of countries. / Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Past focus in the panel gravity literature has been on multidimensional fixed effects specifications in an effort to accommodate heterogeneity. After introducing fixed effects for each origin- destination dyad and time-period speciffic effects, we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence in flows. We propose a simultaneous dependence gravity model that allows for network dependence in flows, along with computationally efficient MCMC estimation methods that produce a Monte Carlo integration estimate of log-marginal likelihood useful for model comparison. Application of the model to a panel of trade flows points to network spillover effects, suggesting the presence of network dependence and biased estimates from conventional trade flow specifications. / Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iralene Silva Araujo.pdf: 758728 bytes, checksum: ea0a247750f0e5753e5c74b7ecf01c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-01 / This Master s dissertation discusses the cultural role of documentary films in contemporary society, characterized by an overwhelming number of symbolic goods in various mediatic devices and supports. The hypothesis formulated here considers that the augmented supply of these goods has not come with an equivalent optimization of the quality of representations and conditions of access to disseminated contents. This leads to a form of sociocultural exclusion of the spectator who, unfamiliar with more complex productions or confused in front of the screen, finds it difficult to reflect on the meaning of the representations in circulation and to transit safely through this cultural context on an equal footing with whose who have access to and mastery over current codes and conventions. This situation leads to the following question: what qualities does the documentary film encompass and what cultural role does it effectively play amid today s mediatic saturation? Based on a research methodology underpinned by bibliographic reviews, theoretical and epistemological reflections, and analyses of documentaries, the proposed question presupposes an understanding of the sociocultural statute of the fruition of the aforementioned cinematographic genre. The answers to it are given in the light of philosophy (Arthur Schopenhauer, Ernst Fischer and Olgária Matos), of a critique of the communications media (John B. Thompson, Nestor Garcia Canclini and Paul Virilio), of semiotics (Charles S. Peirce), of etiology (Boris Cyrulnik), and of cinema theory (Sergei Eisenstein, Jacques Aumont and Bill Nichols), among other references. This theoretical picture enables us to see the documentary film as a medium and an art, with an attractive narrative that mobilizes cognitive articulations and critical formulations for the spectator / A presente Dissertação de Mestrado tem como objeto de estudo o papel cultural do documentário de cinema na sociedade contemporânea, caracterizada por uma vertiginosa quantidade de bens simbólicos em diversos dispositivos e suportes midiáticos. A hipótese formulada considera que o aumento na oferta desses bens não se fez acompanhar por equivalente otimização da qualidade das representações e condições de acesso aos conteúdos veiculados, resultando numa forma de exclusão sociocultural daquele espectador que, privado de intimidade com produções mais complexas ou disperso diante das telas, encontra dificuldade para refletir sobre os sentidos das representações em circulação e para transitar de maneira segura nesse contexto cultural, em igualdade de condições com aqueles que têm acesso e dominam os códigos e convenções vigentes. Em razão de tal quadro, questiona-se: quais qualidades o documentário de cinema porta e que papel cultural ele pode eficazmente desempenhar em meio à saturação mediática atual? Com base em metodologia de pesquisa embasada em levantamento e revisão bibliográficos, reflexão teórica e epistemológica, e análise de documentários, a questão proposta pressupôs a compreensão do estatuto sociocultural da fruição do referido gênero cinematográfico; e as respostas a ela se fez à luz da filosofia (Arthur Schopenhauer, Ernst Fischer e Olgária Matos), da crítica aos meios de comunicação (John B. Thompson, Nestor Garcia Canclini e Paul Virilio), da semiótica (Charles S. Peirce), da etologia (Boris Cyrulnik) e da teoria do cinema (Sergei Eisenstein, Jacques Aumont e Bill Nichols), entre outros referenciais. Esse quadro teórico permitiu entender o documentário de cinema como mídia e como arte, com narrativa atraente e mobilizadora de articulações cognitivas e de formulações críticas para o espectador