This study documents the problematic translator-publisher relationship in the case of the English translation of Simone de Beauvoir’s Le deuxième sexe. The socio-historical investigation of the case study demonstrates that the 1953 translation was complicated by several factors: the translator’s lack of philosophical knowledge, the editor’s demands to cut and simplify the text, the publisher’s intention to emphasize the book’s scientific cachet, and Beauvoir’s lack of cooperation. The investigation focuses on two aspects: the translator’s subservience and the involvement of multiple actors. Primarily concerned with the interaction between the translator and other actors, this study seeks answers that require investigation into historical documents and the work of other scholars critical of The Second Sex. In this enquiry, more than one hundred letters between the translator, H. M. Parshley, and the publisher, Knopf, are thoroughly analyzed. The study combines Bruno Latour’s and Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological concepts in order to provide a more detailed and encompassing examination within the context of Translation Studies. The letter correspondence is the primary evidence on which the study’s conclusions are based. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

This study documents the problematic translator-publisher relationship in the case of the English translation of Simone de Beauvoir’s Le deuxième sexe. The socio-historical investigation of the case study demonstrates that the 1953 translation was complicated by several factors: the translator’s lack of philosophical knowledge, the editor’s demands to cut and simplify the text, the publisher’s intention to emphasize the book’s scientific cachet, and Beauvoir’s lack of cooperation. The investigation focuses on two aspects: the translator’s subservience and the involvement of multiple actors. Primarily concerned with the interaction between the translator and other actors, this study seeks answers that require investigation into historical documents and the work of other scholars critical of The Second Sex. In this enquiry, more than one hundred letters between the translator, H. M. Parshley, and the publisher, Knopf, are thoroughly analyzed. The study combines Bruno Latour’s and Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological concepts in order to provide a more detailed and encompassing examination within the context of Translation Studies. The letter correspondence is the primary evidence on which the study’s conclusions are based. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

This thesis is a study of the inter-institutional translation process through which the Swedish versions of EU legislative acts are created, focusing on the conditions for plain language work within this process. These Swedish translations have long been considered incomprehensible. Complicated originals and strong demands for close correspondence to the source text have been considered the main reason. This study aims to examine the translation process, to see how institutional factors shape the scope for plain language work. The theoretical and methodological bases of the study are the sociology of translation, focusing on translation as a social activity, and ethnography, focusing on the participants’ perspective. The data analysed consist of field notes, interviews, video recordings of participants translating, and revised translations. A key factor for plain language is shown to be the demands for close correspondence to previous texts – not only the source text but also previous Swedish translations. Close correspondence is necessary due to special demands on legal translation but is also supported by other institutional factors, such as translators’ insecurity regarding legal language, short deadlines and the needs of internal readers. The use of CAT tools such as TWB further reinforces this dependence on previous texts. Other institutional factors that stand out are the relative isolation of the translation units, with limited feedback from outside the unit, and the position of the translated documents within the EU legal system. The results indicate that the difficulties for a Swedish reader are often not due to linguistic or textual formulation of the documents, but to the gap this EU position creates, between the reader’s (Swedish) and the text’s (EU) frame of reference respectively. Support for plain language is strong at the units, but the concept appears to have been partially given a local meaning, showing that the traditional understanding of plain language may not be fully applicable in this setting. This shows the necessity to identify the aspects most central to comprehensibility, for different types of texts and in different settings – a necessity not only for plain language work within the EU, but in national settings as well. / I avhandlingen studeras den interinstitutionella översättningsprocessen, till svenska, för EU:s rättsakter, med fokus på hur villkoren för klarspråksarbetet ser ut inom denna process. De svenska översättningarna har länge ansetts svårbegripliga. Svårt skrivna original och starka krav på nära överensstämmelse med källtexten har pekats ut som huvudsakliga skäl till detta. Undersökningen syftar till att ta reda på hur institutionella faktorer formar utrymmet för klarspråksarbete inom översättningsprocessen. De teoretiska och metodiska utgångspunkterna för undersökningen är översättningssociologi, som betraktar översättning som en social aktivitet, och etnografi, som betonar deltagarperspektivet. Materialet består av fältanteckningar, intervjuer, videofilmade observationer av översättnings­arbete samt granskade översättningar. Krav på nära överensstämmelse med tidigare texter visar sig vara centralt för klarspråksarbetet; inte bara överensstämmelse med källtexten utan också med tidigare svenska översättningar. Den nära överensstämmelsen är nödvändig till följd av de särskilda krav som ställs på juridisk översättning, men stöds också av andra institutionella faktorer, exempelvis översättarnas osäkerhet omkring juridiskt språk, korta tidsfrister och interna läsares behov. Användandet av CAT-verktyg som TWB förstärker ytterligare denna bundenhet till tidigare texter. Andra institutionella faktorer är enheternas relativa isolering, med begränsad återkoppling utifrån, och den position som de översatta dokumenten har inom EU:s juridiska system. Resultaten pekar på att svårigheterna för en svensk läsare ofta inte är kopplade till texternas språkliga eller textuella utformning, utan till det avstånd som skapas mellan läsarens (svenska) och textens (EU-) referensram, till följd av just textens position inom EU-systemet. Stödet för klarspråk är starkt på enheterna, men begreppet förefaller ha getts en delvis lokal innebörd, vilket visar att den traditionella innebörden av klarspråk kanske inte är helt tillämpbar i det studerade sammanhanget. Detta visar behovet av att identifiera de aspekter som är mest centrala för begripligheten, för skilda sorters texter och i skilda kontexter – en nödvändighet inte enbart för klarspråksarbetet inom EU, utan även i nationella sammanhang.

This study documents the problematic translator-publisher relationship in the case of the English translation of Simone de Beauvoir’s Le deuxième sexe. The socio-historical investigation of the case study demonstrates that the 1953 translation was complicated by several factors: the translator’s lack of philosophical knowledge, the editor’s demands to cut and simplify the text, the publisher’s intention to emphasize the book’s scientific cachet, and Beauvoir’s lack of cooperation. The investigation focuses on two aspects: the translator’s subservience and the involvement of multiple actors. Primarily concerned with the interaction between the translator and other actors, this study seeks answers that require investigation into historical documents and the work of other scholars critical of The Second Sex. In this enquiry, more than one hundred letters between the translator, H. M. Parshley, and the publisher, Knopf, are thoroughly analyzed. The study combines Bruno Latour’s and Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological concepts in order to provide a more detailed and encompassing examination within the context of Translation Studies. The letter correspondence is the primary evidence on which the study’s conclusions are based. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

Dans cette recherche, nous étudions la médiation entre acteurs politiques, administratifs et sociaux, pour la gestion des demandes d’asile. Nous analysons ensuite les jeux d’acteurs autour de la situation des demandeurs d’asile afghans en France, via la sociologie de la traduction.La théorie de la sociologie de la traduction nous donne un modèle explicatif de l’action, des problèmes d’organisation entre différents acteurs d’un secteur dans différentes situations. Basée sur cette théorie, notre recherche vise finalement à voir comment les acteurs des réseaux pour les demandeurs d’asile trouvent une convergence. Dans le réseau d’acteurs au sens de la sociologie de la traduction, après avoir démontré qu’il existe bien une médiation, nous en analysons la nature. Ensuite, notre recherche se développe sur la mise en relation entre les théories des représentations sociales (et interculturelles) et une enquête sociologique qui inclut des questionnaires, des entretiens et l’observation directe et participative pour mieux comprendre les enjeux communicationnels des acteurs de la demande d’asile en France, autour de la réforme depuis 2013 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. A la fin, nous analysons les enjeux communicationnels de la réforme d’asile grâce au concept d’espace public, puis nous convoquerons la théorie de la traduction pour trouver un modèle de convergence. Fort de ce cadre théorique, nous insisterons sur le rôle du ministère de l’intérieur : en tant que médiateur ou traducteur au sens de la sociologie de la traduction , celui-ci a pris en main la réforme du droit d’asile et a fait le lien entre les acteurs du réseau depuis 2013. / In this research, we study the mediation between political, administrative and social actors to manage asylums requests. Then we analyze the actions around the situation of the Afghan asylum seekers in France, via the sociology of translation.The theory of Sociology of translation gives us an explanatory model of action, problems of organization between different actors of a sector in different situations. Based on this theory, our research aims ultimately to see how actors of the networks for asylum seekers find a convergence.In the network of actors through the meaning of the sociology of translation, after demonstrating that there is a mediation, we analyze the nature. Then, our research develops on the networking between the theories of social representations (and intercultural) and a sociological survey that includes questionnaires, interviews and direct and participatory observation to understand communicational issues of actors in the context of asylum in France around reform since 2013 until today. Finally, we analyze the communication challenges of the reform of asylum through the concept of public space, then we call the theory of translation to find a convergence model. With this theoretical framework, we will emphasize the role of the Ministry of the Interior: as mediator or translator within the meaning of the sociology of translation, it took on reform of the law of asylum and made the connection between the actors of the network from 2013.

Greňová, Martina: Female translators as stakeholders in the contact between the Czech and German languages in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century Abstract (in English): The purpose of this thesis in the field of history of translation is to describe the role of women in the Czech lands in the translation process from German to the Czech language. We focus on the period between the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, among other things, the status of women changed as well as the relationship between the Czech and German speaking population. When defining the new relationship between the two groups, translating into the Czech language played a crucial constitutive role. Our main research question is, whether and how women participated in this cultural process, and whether their involvement could eventually result in a professional career as a translator. Apart from that, there are also many other questions to be answered in relation to the historical context which had a major impact on the status and activities of women. For historical reconstruction of the period we apply the method of quantitative analysis of extant translations and directories. This data is supplemented by information from texts written by women themselves where they reflect on...

The Omega publishing house began its activities in 2013, when it started publishing outdated translations of classic literature, especially those that were no longer protected by copyright. This thesis analyses its activities, mostly during the 2013-2018 period: it focuses on the range of published titles and changes in the editorial approach to texts, with emphasis on classic literature. The publishing houses' activities are examined within the field of Czech publishing landscape and compared to the methods recommended in specialised literature, as well as to other publishers's activites. The thesis then presents a translation and textual analysis of three works (R. Kipling's Selected Short Stories, E. Brontë's Wuthering Heights and C. Dickens's Little Dorrit) published by Omega. A hypothesis about the overall strategy of the publishing house is then formulated based on the findings. Key words: Omega publishing house, sociology of translation, praxeology of translation, publishing policy, editorial work, translator status

The Omega publishing house began its activities in 2013, when it started publishing outdated translations of classic literature, especially those that were no longer protected by copyright. This thesis analyses its activities, mostly during the 2013-2018 period: it focuses on the range of published titles and changes in the editorial approach to texts, with emphasis on classic literature. The publishing houses' activities are examined within the field of Czech publishing landscape and compared to the methods recommended in specialised literature, as well as to other publishers's activites. The thesis then presents a translation and textual analysis of three works (R. Kipling's Selected Short Stories, E. Brontë's Wuthering Heights and C. Dickens's Little Dorrit) published by Omega. A hypothesis about the overall strategy of the publishing house is then formulated based on the findings. Key words: Omega publishing house, sociology of translation, praxeology of translation, publishing policy, editorial work, translator status

[pt] A presente tese investiga o processo de seleção, tradução e publicação de obras literárias estrangeiras, tendo por campo de observação o Grupo Editorial Record, que figura, assim, como representante da indústria editorial brasileira. A motivação para este estudo foi o fato de que, ao comprar um livro traduzido, os leitores/consumidores, de um modo geral, não se dão conta das muitas etapas que culminaram no produto que estão levando para casa. O foco desta pesquisa, portanto, volta-se para a sequência de operações que se perfaz obedecendo, via de regra, à seguinte ordem cronológica: a seleção da obra a ser traduzida e a subsequente aquisição de seus direitos autorais; a escolha do tradutor e do copidesque, agentes que, respectivamente, traduzem para a língua alvo o texto estrangeiro e aprimoram o texto já traduzido; a escolha da capa e do título da obra já vertida para o vernáculo; as estratégias de divulgação e de distribuição da obra traduzida; por fim, a recepção dessa obra por parte da crítica e do leitor comum. O objetivo do presente estudo é, portanto, discutir e analisar a rede de agentes e atividades que é promovida e articulada pela indústria editorial brasileira com vistas a confeccionar um bem de consumo possuidor de características e finalidade próprias, que são as obras literárias traduzidas, destinadas à leitura feita nas horas de lazer. Levando-se em conta o expressivo número de obras traduzidas publicadas aqui, pode-se considerar o Brasil como uma cultura tradutora. Em contrapartida, culturas hegemônicas como a norte-americana e a britânica, de um modo geral, traduzem menos, ou seja, importam menos literatura para a tradução, sendo, ao contrário, mais traduzidas, visto que exportam mais suas produções literárias. No que tange ao aporte teórico, o meu estudo se sustenta basicamente nos seguintes pilares: 1) a concepção da literatura como polissistema, desenvolvida por Itamar Even-Zohar; 2) o entendimento da tradução como fenômeno da cultura tradutora, de Gideon Toury; 3) os conceitos de reescrita e de patronagem, propostos por André Lefevere; 4) a visão de tradução como agente formador das literaturas nacionais, promovida por Lawrence Venuti; 5) as abordagens de orientação sociológica propriamente dita, que trazem nomes como Michaela Wolf, Pascale Casanova, Daniel Simeoni, Maria Timoczko, Johan Heilbron, dentre outros. Com base na leitura da bibliografa selecionada e na análise dos dados gerados pelas entrevistas realizadas, é possível concluir que a tradução, tradicional e frequentemente examinada do ponto de vista linguístico, pode ser analisada também sob uma perspectiva mercadológica, sendo considerada, dessa forma, como um produto comercial elaborado para atender à demanda de um nicho da indústria do entretenimento. Assim sendo, por provocar toda uma malha de tarefas executadas por profissionais que concorrem para a manufatura de um produto destinado a um público consumidor específico, parece legítimo concluir que a tradução consiste numa prática social, uma vez que promove a atuação de profissionais não só do campo editorial, mas, particularmente, de profissionais do texto, como o tradutor. / [en] The present dissertation investigates the process of selecting, translating and publishing foreign literary works, with special focus on the publishing house Grupo Editorial Record, which thus represents the Brazilian publishing industry. The motivation for this study was the fact that, when buying a translated book, readers/consumers, in general, are not aware of the many stages which resulted in the product they are taking home. So this research focuses on the sequence of actions which usually unfold in the following order: the selection of the literary work to be translated and the subsequent acquisition of its copyright; the selection of the translator and the copy editor, agents who, respectively, translate the foreign text into the target language and improve the translated version; the choice of the cover and the title of the book already translated into the target language; the strategies for advertising and distributing the translated book; and lastly, the reception of this book by the literary critics and the average readership. The object of this study is thus the net of agents and activities which is promoted and articulated by the Brazilian publishing industry aiming at manufacturing a consumer good with features and purposes of its own, which are the translated literary works destined for leisure reading. Taking into account the expressive number of translated literary works published here, Brazil can be regarded as a translating culture. In contrast, hegemonic cultures such as the North American and the British ones, in general, translate less, that is, import fewer literary works for translation, being more translated instead, as they export their literary production more often. Concerning the theoretical framework here used as reference, my study is based on the following pillars: 1) the notion of literature as a polysystem, developed by Itamar Even-Zohar; 2) the understanding of translation as a phenomenon of the translating culture, by Gideon Toury; 3) the concepts of rewriting and patronage, proposed by André Lefevere; 4) the view of translation as the agent of national literature formation, promoted by Lawrence Venuti; 5) the sociologically-oriented approaches in their own right, whose prominent names are Michaela Wolf, Pascale Casanova, Daniel Simeoni, Maria Timoczko, Johan Heilbron, among others. Based on the selected bibliography and on the analysis of the data generated by the interviews carried out, it is possible to conclude that translation, traditionally and frequently examined under a linguistic viewpoint, can be also analysed under a market-driven perspective, being thus regarded as a commercial good produced to fulfill the demands of a niche of the entertainment industry. Hence, for triggering a wide range of tasks undertaken by professionals who work so as to make the product aimed at a specific group of consumers, it seems legitimate to infer that translation is a social practice, since it promotes the action of professionals not only those belonging to the publishing field, but, particularly, of text professionals such as translators.

This study documents the problematic translator-publisher relationship in the case of the English translation of Simone de Beauvoir’s Le deuxième sexe. The socio-historical investigation of the case study demonstrates that the 1953 translation was complicated by several factors: the translator’s lack of philosophical knowledge, the editor’s demands to cut and simplify the text, the publisher’s intention to emphasize the book’s scientific cachet, and Beauvoir’s lack of cooperation. The investigation focuses on two aspects: the translator’s subservience and the involvement of multiple actors. Primarily concerned with the interaction between the translator and other actors, this study seeks answers that require investigation into historical documents and the work of other scholars critical of The Second Sex. In this enquiry, more than one hundred letters between the translator, H. M. Parshley, and the publisher, Knopf, are thoroughly analyzed. The study combines Bruno Latour’s and Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological concepts in order to provide a more detailed and encompassing examination within the context of Translation Studies. The letter correspondence is the primary evidence on which the study’s conclusions are based. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada