Publicly financed dental care has recently increased its profile as a health policy issue in Canada. The media have championed the challenges experienced by low-income groups in accessing dental care. Governments across the country have responded with targeted funds. Social concern has even promoted the Canadian Medical Association to call for the inclusion of dental care within Medicare, and in changing a policy position that is over one hundred years old, the Canadian Dental Association now recommends that governments establish a dental safety net for all disadvantaged Canadians. In this environment, important questions have emerged: Why did Canada never incorporate dental care into Medicare? How have governments been involved in dental care? What are governments doing now? What are the disparities in oral health and dental care? What gaps exist in the system? What does the profession think? What does the public think? Through a document review, administrative survey, expenditure trend analysis, and public and professional opinion surveys, this dissertation answered these questions with the aim of clarifying the many issues that surround publicly financed dental care in Canada. It appears that dental care was not included in Medicare due to material and ideological reasons; namely decreases in dental caries and human resource limitations, the belief in viable options to large-scale service delivery, and the belief that maintaining one’s oral health and the ability to seek out dental care are individual responsibilities, not social ones. As such, there has developed in policy and programming a predilection to support dental care for children, for social assistance recipients, for seniors, and for select marginalised groups, or those groups where personal responsibility is not totalising. There is also a bias, developed over the last thirty years, towards structuring publicly financed dental care in private ways. This has resulted in a system that has certain biases, inconsistencies, and gaps, such that it cannot clearly and fully respond to current disparities. It is in the conciliation of public and private approaches to care that publicly financed dental care can achieve a stable footing and a clear direction forward.

Publicly financed dental care has recently increased its profile as a health policy issue in Canada. The media have championed the challenges experienced by low-income groups in accessing dental care. Governments across the country have responded with targeted funds. Social concern has even promoted the Canadian Medical Association to call for the inclusion of dental care within Medicare, and in changing a policy position that is over one hundred years old, the Canadian Dental Association now recommends that governments establish a dental safety net for all disadvantaged Canadians. In this environment, important questions have emerged: Why did Canada never incorporate dental care into Medicare? How have governments been involved in dental care? What are governments doing now? What are the disparities in oral health and dental care? What gaps exist in the system? What does the profession think? What does the public think? Through a document review, administrative survey, expenditure trend analysis, and public and professional opinion surveys, this dissertation answered these questions with the aim of clarifying the many issues that surround publicly financed dental care in Canada. It appears that dental care was not included in Medicare due to material and ideological reasons; namely decreases in dental caries and human resource limitations, the belief in viable options to large-scale service delivery, and the belief that maintaining one’s oral health and the ability to seek out dental care are individual responsibilities, not social ones. As such, there has developed in policy and programming a predilection to support dental care for children, for social assistance recipients, for seniors, and for select marginalised groups, or those groups where personal responsibility is not totalising. There is also a bias, developed over the last thirty years, towards structuring publicly financed dental care in private ways. This has resulted in a system that has certain biases, inconsistencies, and gaps, such that it cannot clearly and fully respond to current disparities. It is in the conciliation of public and private approaches to care that publicly financed dental care can achieve a stable footing and a clear direction forward.

La mobilité géographique des chefs et des cuisiniers est l'un des moteurs de la mondialisation de Ia gastronomie française. L'internationalisation des écoles françaises de cuisine amplifie ce processus qui est également facilité par l'institutionnalisation des professions des arts culinaires. Cette thèse s'appuie sur une enquête auprès des étudiants Taïwanais venus en France faire l'apprentissage de la cuisine française. Grâce à une enquête ethnographique multi-site en France, à Taïwan et en Chine avec les acteurs variés dans Ie domaine de la restauration, nous mettons en évidence le processus de transmission des savoirs et de savoir-faire de la gastronomie française par des analyses à différentes échelles (globale, régionale et locale Nous revenons aussi sur l'évolution des professions de la cuisine à Taïwan même. À leur retour à Taïwan, par la création d'établissements, restaurants ou pâtisseries, ces acteurs importent des connaissances et de techniques. D'une part ils contribuent au renouvellement de la consommation alimentaire des Taïwanais d'autre part, ils hybrident la gastronomie française en l'adaptant aux habitudes alimentaires locale participant à un processus d'invention. Ces acteurs taïwanais ne sont pas que des récepteurs car ils contribuent aussi à la diffusion de la gastronomie occidentale/française sur le continent chinois. Cela atteste Ie rôle d'intermédiaires des Taïwanais en Asie de l'Est dans la transmission des aliments occidentaux. / The mobility of chefs and cooks is one of the reasons of globalization of French gastronomy. The internationalization of French culinary schools enhances such a process, because they facilitate the institutionalization of the professional of the culinary arts. This thesis is based on a qualitative study Taiwanese students who came to France to learn the French cuisine. Based on interviews conducted in France, Taiwan and China with the various actors in the sector of catering, I find out the processes transmission of knowledge and the know-how of French gastronomy by a geographical analysis at different scales (global, regional and local). I also study the evolution of culinary profession in Taiwan. After these students came back to Taiwan, because of the creation of their own restaurants or pastries, they became the important actors in importing the knowledge and the techniques. On the other hand, they do not contribute to the transformation of the food consumption, but also to the hybridization of French gastronomy through the adaptation of the local eating habits. These Taiwanese actors are not only recipients of French gastronomy, in the sense that they play the role on dissemination of Western/French gastronomy to China. M, study shows thus that Taiwanese are mediators in transferring Western food in East Asia.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the leading professional organization for registered dietitians (RDs)--globally--with over 75,000 members. Professional organizations are often overlooked in communication scholarship. However, the Academy offers a rich setting for researching occupational identities, health activism, and neoliberalism. I used semi-structured interviews to explore how taken-for-granted discourses, power relationships, and unquestioned norms are challenged, reinforced, and (re)constructed within the Academy. Specifically, this study analyzed two challenges to the Academy and the dietetics profession: claims to professional expertise and a debate surrounding the Academy's corporate sponsorship. My findings suggest that the profession, which happens to be predominantly female, is struggling with issues of marginalization. RDs described their expertise through a rhetorical turf war--in which they defined themselves against nutritionists--to help elevate their profession. Further, I found that the Academy has a sub-group of health activists that are unified through their holistic approach to nutrition. These health activists attempted to address complaints about the Academy's corporate sponsorship program but lacked a unified vision for their efforts. By researching the Academy, I hope to contribute new understandings about how professional organizations, discourses of expertise, and corporate sponsorship contribute and influence the public's understandings of health and nutrition. While my results have practical and theoretical implications for RDs and the Academy, they also have broader implications for understanding power relationships and hidden discourses within our complex, dynamic food system.

Cette thèse appréhende les agents sportifs comme des acteurs évoluant dans un univers professionnel dynamique, complexe et multidimensionnel. Profession, métier et activités de travail, ces trois termes, souvent interchangeables, demeurent pourtant amphibologiques étant donnée leur extrême polysémie. C’est à partir de cette ambivalence que se construit l’objet d’étude, une profession atypique au statut inachevé, entre régulation et autonomie. Dans un premier temps, sous l’angle de la sociologie des professions, cette recherche s’attache à restituer et à éclairer la terminologie utilisée. Ce faisant, elle pose les prémices d’un modèle professionnel de l’agent sportif, marqué par des interventions réglementaires émanant des sphères politiques et sportives. Puis, nous proposons de réinterroger l’organisation et la régulation de la profession d’agent sportif, telles qu’imposées par les instances présumées compétentes en la matière. Nous opérons ensuite un changement de paradigme qui entraîne une modification de point de vue sur la profession car notre regard se déplace sur la pratique quotidienne des activités de travail de l’agent sportif. C’est dans l’interaction acyclique ou continue avec les groupes et les individus qu’il cotie que l’agent sportif acquiert et intègre les compétences nécessaires à la réalisation réussie de son projet professionnel. La carrière de l’agent sportif et l’orientation professionnelle donnée à son activité dépendent de l’authenticité de ses parcours antérieurs lesquels déterminent en partie les choix et les stratégies que celui-ci développe dans la construction de sa carrière. Les analyses des trajectoires biographiques et des tâches professionnelles d’agents sportifs présentés dans cette thèse permettent de comprendre comment se développe et évolue l’identité professionnelle au cours de la carrière. La profession d’agent sportif est abordée par la manière dont les agents sportifs parlent de leur métier au quotidien et reconstituent les étapes de leur engagement dans les activités d’intermédiation. / This thesis views sports agents as actors evolving in a dynamic, complex and multi-dimensional work environment. Profession, occupation and work, these three terms, although often used interchangeably yet, remain amphibological given their extreme polysemy. The object of this research arises in light of that ambivalence as a study of an atypical profession with an uncompleted status, teetering between regulation and autonomy. The first section of the study aims to help specify and clarify the terminology being used. In doing so, using the literature from the sociology of professions, it provides a starting point for a suitable theoretical framework that could be applied to the profession of sports agent or to the (sports) agency practice, as a whole. The occupational model of sports agent is framed in such a way that the professional self-regulation is restricted by Sports governing Bodies and State regulatory interventions. Therefore we propose to re-examine the organization and regulation of the sports agents’ activities. The findings indicate significant differences between the regulations applicable to sports agents. The inefficiency of the current regulations whether they are enacted by national sports federations, international sports federation or by the State is closely related to the internal professional dynamics that these regulations disturb. The thesis examines therefore the tasks of sports agents, the individuals that carry them out, and the variable and inconstant connections that tie one to the other. In this respect, as a means of a more accurate conceptualization of its object of analysis, this research describes sports agents’ activities quantitatively and qualitatively, exploring various dimensions and aspects such as the foundations of the profession, the social role of sports agents, the different typologies of sports agents and the occupational tasks accomplished by each. It also highlights the international scope of sports agents’ activities

This study sought to understand the profession of archivist's point of view of the sociology of professions. From a literature review on the topic of the professions, the concept of field of Pierre Bourdieu was critical to design the research object. So, looking up the field of archival science and profession, postings were collected on social networks from archivists in relation to his profession, as well as interviews with some individuals were performed. The documentary survey was also necessary to characterize the profession and its history in the country (Brazil). During the data analysis it was found that there was no possibility of designing the archival field, since this concept requires a certain independence. Once considered the field of information science, we chose the contemporary informative documentary field as a reference to locate archivistics (archival science) and the profession of archivist, competing with other areas of knowledge and professions which also take the files as its objects (historians, librarians). The analysis revealed strategies to strengthen both the knowledge area as the profession. / Este trabalho procurou compreender a profissão de arquivista do ponto de vista da sociologia das profissões. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica em relação ao tema das profissões, o conceito de campo de Pierre Bourdieu foi fundamental para delineamento do objeto de pesquisa. Assim, procurava-se o campo da arquivologia e da profissão. Foram coletadas postagens nas redes sociais de arquivistas em relação à sua profissão, bem como foram realizadas entrevistas com alguns indivíduos. O levantamento documental também foi necessário para caracterizar a profissão e sua trajetória no país. Durante a análise dos dados verificou-se que não haveria possibilidade de uma concepção de campo da arquivologia, uma vez que este conceito requer certa independência. Depois de considerar-se o campo da ciência da informação, escolheu-se o campo informativo documental contemporâneo como referencia para localizar a arquivística e a profissão de arquivista, concorrendo com outras áreas de conhecimento e profissões que também tomam os arquivos como seus objetos (historiadores, bibliotecários). A análise revelou estratégias de fortalecimento tanto da área de conhecimento como da profissão.

La thèse décrit l’ensemble hétérogène et flou de produits et de situations de travail qu'embrasse le monde des pâtissiers en France de la fin des années 1970 au début des années 2010 à la lumière d'une question de sociologie : dans quelle mesure les marques de considération portées aux travailleurs et à leur travail participent-elles à stabiliser des formes professionnelles, qu'il s'agisse d’un groupe professionnel, de segments élitaires, de communautés de praticiens ou encore de trajectoires individuelles ? Les matériaux mobilisés dans les trois parties de la thèse sont issus d’un travail sur archives et d’une enquête ethnographique. Une base prosopographique de première main est exploitée à partir de méthodes d’analyse de séquences. Dans la première partie, les revendications de statut portées au nom du groupe des pâtissiers par plusieurs collectifs et les conventions esthétiques convoquées et explicitées dans ce cadre sont étudiées. Dans la deuxième partie, les rhétoriques d’excellence mises en œuvre sur trois arènes de définition du travail pâtissier (le système des concours pâtissiers, une association élitaire et les sélections critiques) sont comparées au regard des sanctions qu’elles sécrètent et des segments élitaires qu'elles concourent à stabiliser. La troisième partie est consacrée à la stabilisation de trajectoires individuelles sur les marchés du travail et sur les marchés boutiquiers, à l’appui notamment de ces marques de considération. Ce faisant, les modèles d’avantage cumulatif sont mis à l’épreuve. En filigrane, la conduite d’entreprise et les compétences décoratives apparaissent comme deux principes récurrents de considération du travail pâtissier. / The thesis describes the heterogenous world of pâtissiers – in terms of products and work situations – in France from the late 1970’s to the early 2010’s in the light of a sociological question : to what extent do marks of consideration sent to workers and to their work contribute to stabilize professional forms, be it professional groups, professional segments (elitarian or not) or individual trajectories ? The three parts of the thesis are based on empirical research, interweaving archive and ethnographic materials. An original prosopographical database is exploited through sequence analysis. The first part of the thesis presents an analysis of competing jurisdictional claims describing a group of pâtissiers and explicitly aesthetic choices that these claims reveal. In a second part, three arenas of definition of pâtissier work (pâtissier competitions, an elitarian association and critics) are compared with regard to rhetorics of excellence they convey and the elitarian segments they contribute to stabilize. The third part looks at individual trajectories that are partly built on these marks of consideration. In so doing, the cumulative advantage models are discussed. The thesis shows that entrepreneurship and decoration skills are recurrent principles of consideration of pâtissier work.

The thesis explores the role of academic education in police professionalisation. Due to its high complexity, specialisation and status, detective work is well-suited for illustrating these developments and the practical and symbolic benefits they can bring to the police and policing as a whole. The overall approach of thesis is iterative. Literature from police studies and sociology of professions provides the conceptual and theoretical framework for the empirical data of 24 semi-structured interviews conducted with 14 police national training coordinators and local police trainers. The increasing academisation of police training and the formalisation of the police-academia relationships suggest police professionalisation has reached a tipping point. This is seen in the current investigative skills training in England and Wales, which is characterised by growing centralisation, standardisation, and emphasis on formalising the professional knowledgebase of investigations and policing – a trend which the Professionalising Investigation Programme exemplifies. While the police (including the investigative specialism) can be shown to display many of the qualities of professions, it has lacked the level of instructional abstraction characterising other professions, typically provided by higher education and, crucially, leading to externally recognised qualifications. Developing academic police education is not without its challenges, chief among them the perceived epistemological and cultural divide between the ‘two worlds’ of police and academia. A successful transformation requires careful consideration of the content and format of the arrangements, investment, support, acceptance and engagement from police, academia and government, and a simultaneous change to cultural dispositions (habitus) and internal and external structures (field). This is worth the effort as a number of practical and symbolic benefits of police academic education can be identified. It has the potential to improve the quality of service by deepening police knowledge and understanding and facilitating community-oriented approaches. More importantly, academic education bestows a rich cultural capital, strengthens and legitimises police expertise, market monopoly, and status in the eyes of the public, other professions and the government. It enables the survival of the profession, giving it the tools to prevail in conflicts over competence and the right to define and interpret policing and its social context. In summary, police professionalisation via academic education can be explained in terms of agency and structure both; as a deliberate occupational upgrading spurred by social and economic aspirations and aimed to reconceptualise and relegitimise policing; and as an inevitable reaction to wider changes and a deeper ontological shift taking place in the society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5734.pdf: 1056057 bytes, checksum: 8ba8b29d0f9810ede8f68e0074ea5cfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This research has as its objective, by the utilization of the concept of professionalism, the analysis of the impact of the growing female participation on juridical careers over subjectivities and identitary negotiations. The chosen methodology is based on semistructured, in depth interviews with: two female judges, one male judge, one male prosecutor and two public defenders, all from the town of Rio das Pedras (fictional name), situated on the country side of São Paulo. Professionalism, as understood especially through the views of Eliot Freidson (1996) and Julia Evetts (2006), contributes to the analysis of why some careers provide more opening than others to the numerical growth of women on their ranks. It is also useful when thought as discourse to observe the subjective negotiations between lawyers when constructing their perceptions about the careers they are part of. The central hypothesis is that as professionalism gets consolidated, the flexibility to female participation grows. Gender, understood as performatic by Judith Butler (2002) on her contributions get interspersed with professionalism, constructing identities and subjectivities that agree with the careers discourse. / Utilizando-se do conceito de profissionalismo a pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o impacto da crescente participação feminina nas carreiras jurídicas sobre as subjetividades e as negociações identitárias. A metodologia escolhida se baseia em entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade com duas juízas, um juiz, um promotor de justiça e dois defensores públicos da cidade de Rio das Pedras (nome fictício) no interior de São Paulo. O profissionalismo entendido especialmente pelas óticas de Eliot Freidson (1996) e Julia Evetts (2006) contribui para analisar por que algumas carreiras possuem uma maior abertura para o aumento quantitativo de mulheres em seu quadro de composição. É também útil quando pensado como discurso para observar as negociações subjetivas entre operadores e operadoras do direito ao construírem suas percepções sobre as carreiras a que fazem parte. A hipótese central é de que quanto mais consolidada a instituição nos moldes do profissionalismo maior a flexibilidade para a participação feminina. O gênero, entendido como performático pelas contribuições de Judith Butler (2002), se intercala com o profissionalismo construindo identidades e subjetividades concordantes com o discurso das carreiras.

Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution des relations entre les reporters de la presse quotidienne japonaise et les entreprises dont ils sont salariés. À la croisée de la sociologique interactionniste des professions, de la sociologie de la presse et de la sociologique économique, elle prend appui sur une enquête de terrain centrée sur la rédaction d’un grand quotidien national, l’Asahi Shimbun, le deuxième plus grand journal au monde de par le nombre de ses lecteurs. Le journalisme de presse au Japon est en effet organisé autour d’un élément central : l’entreprise de presse. De grandes entreprises s’occupent de la formation professionnelle et protègent les reporters de la concurrence, en les intégrant à leur marché du travail interne et en contrôlant l’accès aux sources permettant l’exercice de l’activité. En retour, elles attendent des reporters un engagement fort et l’acceptation d’une appropriation de leur travail par l’entreprise. Ces éléments forment la logique organisationnelle du journalisme japonais.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les principaux traits de ce modèle, tout en montrant comment coexistent des éléments relevant d’une logique de métier. Le second est d’analyser les conséquences de deux grands mouvements. Propre à l’industrie de la presse, le premier concerne l’évolution du lectorat et les transformations éditoriales auxquelles procèdent les entreprises afin d’y répondre. Le second, qui touche plus largement le monde du travail japonais, renvoie aux transformations de la place de l’entreprise dans la société.Des observations menées pendant trois ans au sein de la rédaction du journal, des entretiens qualitatifs et l’analyse de données statistiques d’origine institutionnelle permettent d’analyser les carrières et la division du travail, et de voir par quelles évolutions concrètes se traduit l’effritement de la logique organisationnelle. / This thesis focuses on the evolution of the relationship between Japanese daily press reporters and the newspaper companies for which they work. At the crossroad of the interactionist sociology of professions, sociology of journalism and economic sociology, this work is mainly built on fieldwork conducted within the newsroom of one national newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, the second biggest newspaper in the world regarding circulation and readership. Journalism in Japan is structured around one central element: the company. Large companies train their employees, protect reporters from labor competition by integrating them in their internal market, and by controlling access to the main news sources. In turn, they expect from their reporters a strong commitment in work and the acceptance of the appropriation of their work by the company. All those items constitute the organizational logic of Japanese journalism. The first aim of the thesis is to describe the main features of this model, while showing how some elements related to an occupational logic subsist. A second aim is to analyze the impact of two movements. Specific to the newspaper industry, the first one is related to the evolution of the readership and the editorial policies established by newspaper companies confronted to this evolution. The second, which is more generally related to the world of work in Japan, refers to the transformation of the role played by the company in society. Observations conducted within the newsroom of this newspaper company during three years, qualitative interviews and a statistical analysis has allowed us to examine the careers and the division of labor, and to see what concrete evolutions are related to the weakening of the organizational logic.