Fast pace of change in the business of technology is the reality of many organizations today. The software development industry is one example where this nature is prominent. Companies need to adapt in ways that eases the persistence against change from external forces. Companies need to turn into Learning Organizations as these help people and organizations embrace change. Two key components of the Learning Organization are the teams, as they are considered to be the fundamental units of organizations, and managers, as they have the biggest impact on facilitating learning in the organization. Therefore, this study has investigated how managers could act to create conditions for encouraging team learning of a software development company to become a Learning Organization.   This has been done by conducting a case study at the company Ericsson in Kista, Sweden, who is market leaders within the software development industry. The case design consisted of a two phase method that included both a quantitative and qualitative data collection method.   The results indicate that Ericsson could be classified as a Learning Organization and in addition display promising characteristics when it comes to having team learning capabilities. Furthermore, the findings suggest that in order for managers to encourage team learning they should take on a coaching and supporting role to understand the need of the teams; challenge the status quo; empower teams through giving them mandate; allocate time for learning as an integral part of the daily work; and reward learning in teams.   The findings of this study have implications both in a theoretical aspect and a sustainability aspect. From the theoretical aspect, the findings provide with further empirical data in a field that is currently dominated by theoretical literature. Furthermore, the findings display a practical example of how managers of a market leading company with promising characteristics of team learning capabilities have acted to create such conditions. From a sustainability aspect, the results of this study give firms a sustainable competitive advantage through increased business performance, healthy labor conditions that are a result of healthy team dynamics and possible encouragement to future attention towards emphasis on environmental aspects.

La industria de los dispositivos inteligentes ha crecido en los últimos años, por lo que una gran mayoría de personas cuentan con un Smart TV y al menos un teléfono inteligente en sus hogares. La transformación de la era digital busca mejorar la experiencia del usuario y facilitar el uso de diferentes dispositivos inteligentes. Sin embargo, su uso interactivo en conjunto no se ha explotado en su totalidad, debido a que no se cuenta con una herramienta que facilite esta labor. El presente documento validará la propuesta de crear una biblioteca de comunicación que permite conectar múltiples dispositivos Android con un Smart TV LG WebOS y de esta manera promover el desarrollo de aplicaciones para los Smart TV, evitando una implementación desde cero y agilizando el despliegue de nuevas aplicaciones que generen un gran valor para los usuarios. La validación del proyecto se realizará mediante la aplicación de una metodología de investigación que permitirá el inicio y desarrollo posterior del proyecto. / The smart device industry has grown in recent years, so a vast majority of people have a Smart TV and at least one smartphone in their homes. The transformation of the digital age seeks to improve the user experience and facilitate the use of different smart devices. However, its interactive use as a whole has not been fully exploited, because there is no tool to facilitate this work. This document will validate the proposal to create a communication library that allows multiple Android devices to be connected to an LG WebOS Smart TV and in this way promote the development of applications for Smart TVs, avoiding a deployment from scratch and speeding up the deployment of new applications. that generate great value for users. The validation of the project will be carried out by applying a research methodology that will allow the start and subsequent development of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

This article introduces the SoDIS process to identify ethical and social risks from software development in the context of designing software for the New Zealand Maori culture. In reviewing the SoDIS analysis for this project, the tensions between two cultures are explored with emphasis on the (in)compatibility between a Maori worldview and the values embedded in the SoDIS process. The article concludes with some reflections upon the key principles informing the professional development of software and ways in which cultural values are embedded in supposedly neutral technologies, and reviews the lessons learned about avoiding colonization while working on a bicultural project.

Inadequate software development collaboration processes can allow technical debt to accumulate increasing future maintenance costs and the chance of system failures. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore collaboration strategies software development leaders use to reduce the amount of technical debt created by software developers. The study population was software development leaders experienced with collaboration and technical debt at a large health care provider in the state of California. The data collection process included interviews with 8 software development leaders and reviewing 19 organizational documents relating to software development methods. The extended technology acceptance model was used as the conceptual framework to better understand the social and cognitive influences on the perceived usefulness of collaboration in reducing technical debt. An inductive analysis of the data was used for coding, triangulation, and identifying themes related to the use of collaboration strategies to reduce technical debt. Prominent themes included using collaboration at all stages of development, using continuous verification processes, promoting a participatory culture, and using tools to support distributed teams. The study findings showed an environment that promotes collaboration, a culture that encourages participation, and accessibility to collaborative tools that may reduce technical debt in software projects. The results of this study may contribute to positive social change by demonstrating how individuals with diverse backgrounds and different perspectives can work together to improve critical software that people depend on every day.

Project managers can be change agents providing direction and motivation for subordinates to meet and exceed goals; however, there is a lack of information about the soft skills needed to achieve project success. Understanding the relationship between cognitive style and transformational leadership to software project outcomes is important. This study describes the lived experiences of software project managers by focusing on their attitudes towards, perceptions of, and behaviors related to using transformational leadership and cognitive styles in agile software development environments. Husserlian phenomenological design was used to identify the structure of participants' experiences. The naturalistic decision-making model and the theory of constraints were a framework for the study. Software project managers identified as transformational leaders were selected from government agencies and commercial companies. Prior to being interviewed, individuals completed the Cognitive Style Indicator. In-depth, semistructured interviews and member checking were used for data collection. Qualitative, phenomenological analysis was used to code the interview data and identify thematic response categories. Results indicated that transformational leaders possessing a planning or creating cognitive style stimulate an environment with an uplifting work atmosphere in which team members are fulfilled and product development outcomes are successful. The implications for positive social change include broadening project managers' leadership and decision making regarding overall project success and leading executives to reexamine the leadership and decision-making styles of their managers resulting in their organizations' prosperity, employee effectiveness, and cost containment.

Global Software Development (GSD) team members engage in intellectual activities that involve sharing business domain knowledge and technical knowledge across geographical areas, which is crucial to the successful development of software. In global software development, media choice may influence how virtual teams create and share knowledge. As digital technology advances and organizations become more digitally transformed, current communication theories for media selection lack the explanation to the complicated phenomena with the use of advanced media technologies. There have been many studies focused on the effectiveness of media, but they did not include user’s understanding of system security and its influence on knowledge sharing behavior. However, affordance theory explains the utility with both social actors and technical features. The use of media may be shaped by features of technologies and user’s perception on system security. The goal of this study was to empirically assess the effects of media affordances and media security awareness on knowledge sharing behaviors among GSD team members with the lens of affordance theory. In this study, data was collected through survey from 214 GSD employees, after inviting 1000 employees to participate. The survey data was analyzed to test the effects of communication media affordance and user’s awareness of media security on behavior in knowledge sharing. The analysis results show that awareness of media security had significant moderating effects on the relationships from some actualized media affordances to implicit knowledge sharing. The results of this study revealed positive relationships between perceived media affordances and actualized media affordances. The results also showed that organization tenure had a significant effect on implicit knowledge sharing, and professional tenure had a significant effect on explicit and implicit knowledge behavior. This study contributed to the body of knowledge in organizational communication literature by providing new insights into how technology properties and users’ awareness on technology security shape team members’ knowledge sharing practice.

La présente thèse concerne la conception d’un outil d’aide à la décision, et s’intéresse tout particulièrementaux aspects relatifs à l’apprentissage et au diagnostic. Le premier objectif est de le rendrecapable de choisir le meilleur scénario pour le couple « date de semis »/ « type de semis » en fonctiondes caractéristiques des parcelles à diagnostiquer dans un objectif d’aide à la décision pour les agriculteurs.Le second concerne le diagnostic hydrique établi avant le début des irrigations en juin, au coursduquel il s’agit d’évaluer les besoins en eau d’irrigation des différents îlots de parcelles afin d’anticiperla demande et de répartir au mieux les quantités d’eau pourvue aux irrigants. L’apprentissage utilisela méthode de classification LAMDA qui est basée sur la logique floue. Afin de permettre la prise encompte optimale de tous les facteurs pouvant intervenir dans le rendement d’une parcelle, un nouveautype a été intégré à la méthode LAMDA, et les outils d’apprentissage ont été modélisés, implémentés,et testés de sorte à correspondre aux besoins spécifiques des deux parties du projet. Le nouveau type aété conçu pour être générique et permettre à la méthode LAMDA un traitement multicouche des donnéesd’apprentissage. Il autorise ainsi la gestion de données multidimensionnelles issues de contextesdifférents. Son efficacité a été évaluée sur les cas pratiques du projet MAISEO mais a vocation à pouvoirêtre appliqué à tous les autres domaines de recherche dans lesquels la classification multivariée peutêtre employée. / My thesis deals with the conception of a decision support tool, and particularly focuses on the aspectsrelative to machine learning and diagnosis. The first goal is to make it capable of selecting thebest scenario for the couple « date of sowing »/ « type of seed » taking in account the plots to diagnosecaracteristics with the aim of guiding the corn farmers practices. The second is goal is about the waterdiagnosis, set up in june, before the irrigation is started. This diagnosis aims at evaluating the waterneeds of large plots areas, with the purpose to anticipate demand and better allocate the water quantityprovided to the farmers. The LAMDA method has been chosen to realize the machine learning ; thisis a fuzzy logic based classification method. A new type of data has been integrated to the method toensure that the main factors that influence a plot yield are fully taken into account. In this process, themachine learning tools have been modelled, implemented, and tested in the order to correspond to thespecific needs of both parts of the project. The new type of data has been designed to be generic andallows a multilayer clustering to diagnose the complex systems. Multidimensional data coming fromvarious contexts are so able to be manage by the LAMDA method. The efficiency of this technique hasbeen assessed on the practical cases of the MAISEO project, but is intented to be apply to every researchfield in which the multivariate classification is used.

Software documentation, including code comments, is by many considered an important aspect in the process of software development. In the scientific literature, the perception that code comments increase the understanding of the code appears to be widely accepted. There are however studies indicating that this is not the case and that code comments often are inadequate and erroneous. In order to find out what the opinions on the subject of code comments are amongst software developers themselves, this study intends to investigate their attitudes towards code commenting and the reasons behind these attitudes. A qualitative case study containing eight semi-structured interviews with software developers from a large company in the IT-consulting business have been conducted. The data from the interviews have been analyzed in relation to the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) in order to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying causes of the software developers’ attitudes. The study found that the majority of the software developers carried an attitude that was considered predominantly negative towards code comments, whereas a small minority displayed a more positive attitude. Some of the attitudes identified from the interview data were that code comments can convey information that is not apparent in the code, comments should only be added when there is a clear need, that the correctness and up-to-dateness of code comments cannot be relied upon and that comments make the code more difficult to read. / Systemdokumentation, och däribland kodkommentarer, är något som av många anses vara viktigt i systemutvecklingsprocessen. I litteraturen inom området verkar det råda en allmänt accepterad uppfattning om att kodkommentarer ökar förståelsen för koden. Det finns dock studier som visar på att så inte är fallet och att kodkommentarer ofta är bristfälliga och felaktiga. För att ta reda på vad systemutvecklare själva har för åsikt när det kommer till kodkommentarer ämnar denna studie undersöka systemutvecklares inställningar till kodkommentarer och de bakomliggande orsakerna till dessa. Genom en kvalitativ fallstudie har åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts med systemutvecklare på ett stort konsultföretag inom IT. Det insamlade intervjumaterialet har sedan analyserats och relaterats till The Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) för att få en djupare förståelse för de bakomliggande orsakerna till systemutvecklarnas inställningar. Studien kom fram till att majoriteten av systemutvecklarna hade en övervägande negativ inställning till kodkommentarer, men ett fåtal visade på en något mer positiv inställning. Några av de inställningar som gick att identifiera från det empiriska materialet var bland annat att kommentarer kan förmedla sådant som inte framgår i koden, kommentarer ska endast skrivas när det finns ett tydligt behov, kommentarers riktighet och aktualitet går inte att lita på, samt att kommentarer försvårar kodens läsbarhet.

This paper deals with the subject of refactoring usage in the development of object-oriented applications. It outlines the refactoring theory and the properties that influence the software project development. Prior to refactorization, the system has to be covered with tests. The actual refactoring can be applied during the development process as bug fixing, code review or the refactoring of the whole system. Presented in this work are the impacts of refactorization of OKsystem's company OKbase product and the evaluation with respect to the refactoring concepts of object-oriented applications.

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