Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-58).

Submitted by PATRICIA BORGES SILVEIRA null (patygeo@gmail.com) on 2018-01-17T21:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Patrícia Borges Silveira.pdf: 8504300 bytes, checksum: ae5945e2902cf964c2c25b07b9fb5551 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br), reason: Prezada Patrícia Borges Silveira, Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Capa - Faltou a capa no documento enviado. Este item é elemento obrigatório de acordo com as normas de trabalhos do seu Programa de Pós Graduação e deve vir antes da Página de rosto. Exemplo - Disponível em: <http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152484> Agradecemos a compreensão e aguardamos o envio do novo arquivo. 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No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_pb_dr_rcla.pdf: 8621364 bytes, checksum: bc33c2a273cb708d079244e7f6b4b46d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Dentre os recursos naturais que o homem necessita para sobreviver, o solo se insere na lista dos mais importantes, sendo um dos suportes da produção agrícola, a fim de abastecer as populações. Contudo, pesquisadores do mundo todo têm alertado que devido à pressão de uso e ocupação da terra, os solos tendem a se modificarem pela força da água e dos ventos o que ocasionará a formação de desertos. Assim, visando contribuir com estudos que buscam a preservação e conservação dos solos para fins agrícolas, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo colaborar com o aprimoramento de modelo preditivo de erosão (EUPS), visando uma melhor aproximação entre os dados de estimativa de perda de solo obtidos com o modelo e os dados registrados em campo. Para atingir os objetivos propostos e avaliar as hipóteses formuladas, a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo, EUPS, foi aplicada na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Alam Grei, na escala de 1:10.000, utilizando três diferentes técnicas de obtenção dos valores referentes ao fator topográfico da EUPS. Tais resultados foram comparados com os dados obtidos em duas vertentes selecionadas dessa bacia na escala de detalhe de 1:1.000, a fim de verificar como a escala interfere nos resultados obtidos com o referido modelo. Os resultados mostraram que a escala de maior detalhe favorece a obtenção de dados de melhor qualidade, a fim de apresentar valores finais de EPS mais reais, já que permite a obtenção de dados menos generalizados. Além disso, os valores de estimativa de perda de solo adquiridos com o modelo EUPS foram comparados com duas parcelas de experimentação, pinos de erosão e calhas de Gerlach, indicando valores muito discrepantes dos dados reais de perda de solo. Dessa forma, entende-se que a variedade de dados encontrados na presente pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de se concentrar esforços na busca de obtenção de valores mais satisfatórios dos parâmetros que compõem a EUPS, a fim de que o modelo citado, amplamente usado no mundo todo, possa ser um instrumento que forneça subsídios a fim de planejar e viabilizar ações de uso e ocupação da terra e práticas conservacionistas que visem amenizar o desencadeamento dos processos erosivos em áreas agrícolas. / Among the natural resources that man needs to survive, the soil is included in the list of the most important, since without it the agricultural production, in order to supply the populations, becomes unfeasible. However, researchers around the world have warned that due to improper exploitation, the world's soils tend to change by force of water and wind, which will lead to the formation of uninhabitable deserts. Thus, in order to contribute to studies that seek the preservation and conservation of soils for agricultural purposes, this research aims to collaborate with the improvement of the predictive model of erosion (EUPS), aiming at a better approximation between the data of estimation of soil losses obtained with the model and the data registered in the field. In order to reach the proposed objectives and to evaluate the hypotheses formulated, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (EUPS) was applied in the Alam Grei river basin, in the scale of 1: 10,000, using three different techniques to obtain the values referring to the topographic factor of the EUPS. These results were compared with the data obtained in two selected slopes of this basin in the detail scale of 1: 1,000, in order to verify how the scale interferes in the results obtained with said model. The results showed that the scale of detail favors the obtaining of data of better quality, in order to present final values of more real EPS, since it allows obtaining data less generalized. In addition, the soil loss estimation values acquired with the EUPS model were compared with two experimental plots, erosion pins and Gerlach gutters, indicating very discrepant values of the actual soil loss data. In this way, it is understood that the variety of data found in the present study demonstrates the need to concentrate efforts in the search for obtaining more satisfactory values of the parameters that make up the EUPS, so that the model mentioned, widely used worldwide, can be an instrument that provides subsidies in order to plan and make feasible land use and occupation actions and conservation practices aimed at mitigating the triggering of erosion processes in agricultural areas. / CNPq: 141619/2014-7

Orientador: João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes / Banca: Antonio Manoel dos Santos Oliveira / Banca: Edson Luís Piroli / Resumo: A erosão de solos tornou-se um problema ambiental e social, sendo a erosão linear do tipo voçorocamento a mais impactante. Inúmeras cidades vivenciam as consequências causadas pelas voçorocas localizadas nas áreas de baixas vertentes e fundos de vale, e os custos ao poder público para a recuperação destas áreas degradadas é significativo. Diante deste cenário preocupante, este trabalho visou apresentar a dinâmica de um processo de voçorocamento localizado na periferia da cidade de Rancharia-SP, na escala espacial e temporal, tendo como objetivo principal apresentar propostas para o controle da erosão acelerada. Através do método das estacas foi possível apontar as áreas com maiores taxas erosivas laminares e lineares, em uma parcela da área degradada. No método de barramentos com o uso de bambus e pneus, implantados em canais de escoamento concentrado, foi possível constatar que a metodologia de baixo custo apresentou resultados positivos, com a queda das taxas de erosão e regeneração da vegetação rasteira. Além dos resultados experimentais de campo, o trabalho relacionou os elementos da paisagem com a dinâmica do processo erosivo e apresentou as políticas de controle de erosão urbana, procurando apontar as alternativas viáveis na recuperação de áreas degradadas. / Abstract: The soil erosion has become an environmental and social problem, and the linear erosion of the most striking type gully. Many cities experience the consequences caused by the gullies located in areas of lower slopes and valley bottoms, and the costs to the government to recover these degraded areas is significant. Faced with this troubling scenario, this work was to present the dynamics of a process of gullies located on the outskirts of Rancharia, Sao Paulo State, at spatial and temporal scale, having as main objective to present proposals to control accelerated erosion. Through the method of cutting was possible to identify the areas with increased rates of erosion laminar and linear in a portion of the degraded area. In the method of barriers with the use of bamboo and tires, set up in outlets concentrated, it was established that the low-cost method showed positive results, with falling rates of erosion and regeneration of undergrowth. In addition to the experimental results of field work related elements of the landscape with the dynamics of erosion and introduced policies of urban erosion control, trying to point out viable alternatives in the recovery of degraded areas. / Mestre

Orientador: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Banca: Zigomar Meneses de Souza / Banca: José Luiz Rodrigues Torres / Banca: Afonso Lopes / Banca: Maria Ignez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi demonstrar o valor econômico das perdas de nutrientes por erosão do solo, no cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Especificamente, avaliar as perdas de nutrientes por erosão (P, K, Ca e Mg), o custo de reposição de nutrientes e de produção da cana, e os indicadores de análise de investimentos: valor presente líquido, taxa interna de retorno e a relação benefício / custo em dois sistemas de colheita (cana crua e queimada) em Catanduva - SP, em área de 100 ha para cada sistema, formadas e colhidas no mesmo período de (2002 a 2007), com similaridade quanto ao tipo de solo, variedade, topografia e número de cortes. A metodologia baseou-se na equação universal da perda de solos, teoria dos custos de produção e de reposição de nutrientes, e teoria dos indicadores das análises de investimentos. Estimou-se que a área com cana queimada perdeu mais nutrientes em todos os cortes, por isso o maior custo médio de reposição de nutrientes R$ 33,93 ha-1 ano-1, sendo de R$ 21,12 ha-1 ano-1 para a cana crua. O menor custo de produção foi da cana crua em todos os cortes, média de R$ 29,60 t-1, sendo de R$ 32,71 t-1 para a queimada. A cana crua apresentou um lucro médio de R$ 5,70 t-1 (R$ 562,87 ha-1 ano-1) e a queimada de R$ 2,59 t-1 (R$ 217,46 ha-1 ano-1). O retorno econômico da cana crua é superior ao da cana queimada, evidenciado ainda mais por meio dos resultados obtidos pelos dois sistemas de colheita, considerando-se índices de análises de investimentos (VPL, TIR, B/C). Conclui-se que a cana crua apresentou o melhor retorno técnico e econômico em virtude de proporcionar melhor conservação do solo e da água, a qual foi valorada pelo custo de reposição de nutrientes perdidos por erosão / Abstract: The general objective of this work was to demonstrate the economic value of nutrients loss by soil erosion in sugarcane cultivation. Specifically, It was to evaluate the nutrient loss through erosion (P, K, Ca and Mg), the cost of replacing the nutrients and the production of sugar cane, and also the indicators of investment analysis: liquid present value, the internal return tax, and the benefit cost relation in two harvesting systems (raw cane and burnt) in Catanduva, São Paulo state, Brazil. An area of 100 ha was studied for each system, formed and harvested in the same period (2002 and 2007), with similarities in the type of soil, variety, topography, and the number of cuts. The methodology was based on the universal equation of soil loss and the theory of production costs and the replacement of nutrients. It was estimated that an area of burnt sugar cane lost more nutrients in all of the cuts, thus it has the highest average cost of replacing the nutrients, BRR$33.93 ha-1 year-1, compared with BRR$21.12 ha-1 year-1 for raw cane. The lowest production cost was with raw cane in all of the cuts, with an average of BRR$29.60 t-1, compared to BRR$32.71 t-1 for burnt cane. Raw cane presents an average profit of BRR$5.70 t-1 (BRR$562.87 ha-1 year-1) and burnt BRR$2.59 t-1 (BRR$217.46 ha-1 year-1). The economic return on raw cane is higher than that of burnt cane, which is proven from the results obtained from the two systems of harvesting through the analysis of the investment indexes (LPV, IRT, B/C). We can conclude that raw cane presents the best technical and economic return in its ability to better conserve soil and water, which is valued in the cost of nutrient replacement and losses through erosion / Doutor

Prescribed fire has become a management tool utilized to restore or maintain the ecology of the mixed hardwoods ecosystem in the Ozark hills of southwestern Illinois. One effect of prescribed burning is consumption of fuel beds, including the litter layer that protects soil from erosion. Amount of sediment loss after prescribed burning in the steep topography of the Ozark hills is unknown. Erosion after prescribed burning could lead to increased soil loss and possibly stream sedimentation (Bladon etal., 2014). The objective of this research was to quantify the amount of sediment transport occurring on a watershed scale. Sediment yields were measured from five paired watersheds located in Trail of Tears State Forest in Union County, IL, USA from April 2009 into 2010. This location was selected because of the highly erodible loess soils and steeps slopes which present the highest probability of sediment transport following a prescribed burn treatment. One of the paired watersheds was randomly assigned as the control and the other assigned as the treatment. The treatment was a prescribed burn applied at standard burn prescription levels. Sediment loads were determined by collecting samples from a known volume of overland flow held in storage tanks below each watershed after rain events which produced runoff. The prescribed burn treatment significantly reduced the litter depth with 12.6%–31.5% litter remaining in the prescribed burn treatment watersheds. When data were combined across all watersheds, no significant differences were obtained between burn treatment and control watershed for total suspended solids and sediment concentrations or loads. The annual sediment losses varied between 1.41 to 90.54 kg·ha-1·year-1 in the four prescribed burn watersheds and 0.81 to 2.54 kg·ha-1·year-1 in the four control watersheds. Prescribed burn watershed 7 showed an average depth of soil loss of 4.2 mm, whereas control watershed 8 showed an average accumulation of sediments (9.9 mm), possibly due to steeper slopes. Prescribed burning did not cause a significant increase in soil erosion and sediment loss and can be considered acceptable in managing mixed hardwood forests of Ozark uplands and the Shawnee Hills physiographic regions of southern Illinois.

O trabalho consiste no levantamento do impacto ambiental gerado pela ocupação irregular de uma área no município de Portão situado na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A fim de atingir o objetivo principal foi realizado o levantamento histórico do local e a identificação dos primeiros moradores com o propósito de resgatar o início do processo de ocupação e os proprietários de terras da localidade. A ocupação ocorreu quando a área pertencia à zona rural e como esta foi incluída no perímetro urbano do último Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano surgiu a necessidade de uma análise a respeito. Mesmo sendo uma área irregular, pois os lotes não foram divididos legalmente, ainda persistem agentes produtores do espaço atuando no mercado informal de terras. A caracterização física do local enfatizando aspectos da composição do subsolo e as modificações realizadas no ambiente tanto pelos moradores como pelo uso do solo foram relacionadas com a legislação urbana do município e analisadas conforme o referencial teórico. / This paper consists in a survey of the environmental impact generated by the illegal occupation of an area in the municipality of Portão located in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. In order to achieve the main goal, the history of the site was surveyed and its first residents were identified to recover the beginning of the occupation and the landowners of the locality. The occupation occurred when the area belonged to rural zoning and since it was included in the urban area of the last Master Plan of Urban Development a need for an analysis emerged. Although it is an irregular area, because the lots were not legally divided, space producing agents still persist acting in the informal land market. Physical characteristics of the site highlighting aspects of the composition of the subsoil and the alterations made in the environment both by residents and by land use were related to the municipality's urban legislation and analyzed according to the theoretical framework.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Aleksey Y. Sheshukov / As the world faces an increasing demand for food due to the growing global population and the pernicious effects of land degradation, there is a need to overcome this challenge by using sustainable management practices for agricultural productions. One of the problems, which sustainable agriculture seeks to address, is the loss of topsoil due to soil erosion. Changing weather patterns also contribute to the average annual rainfall across the globe with an excess precipitation, which creates runoff and causes soil erosion. One of the significant yet less studied types of soil erosion is ephemeral gully erosion. Formed by the concentrated overland flow during intensive rainfall events, ephemeral gullies are channels on agricultural fields that can be removed by tillage operations but appear at the same location every year. Even though simplified ephemeral gully models estimate soil losses, they do not account for complicated hydrological and soil erosion processes of channel formations. The purpose of this research work is to investigate sediment sources and develop tools that can predict ephemeral gully erosion more efficiently. To achieve this goal, an experimental study was conducted on an agricultural field in central Kansas by tracking channel development, monitoring soil moisture content, and recording the amount of rainfall. Runoff and sediment loads from contributing catchment and critical and actual shear stresses were estimated by the computer model, and conclusions were made on the effect of saturation dynamics on the erosion processes. Furthermore, a two-dimensional subsurface water flow and soil erosion model was developed with the variable soil erodibility parameters which account for the subsurface fluxes and the effects on the soil detachment process. The model was applied to study the impacts of variable soil erodibility parameters on the erosion process for different soils and various antecedent soil moisture conditions. Also developed to estimate the soil losses at the field scale was an integrated spatially-distributed ephemeral gully model with dynamic time-dependent channel development. The model showed good fit by matching the experimental data. The results from this work can be used to advance the research of soil erosion prediction from concentrated flow channels and ephemeral gullies formed on agricultural fields.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:57:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_p_me_rcla.pdf: 1096088 bytes, checksum: a64118a5c58fc4dc94b137bc5520e3ea (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A problemática ambiental da erosão dos solos tem se intensificado nos dias atuais, sendo alvo de vários estudos e pesquisas que visam buscar soluções frente a problemática do esgotamento dos solos, principalmente àqueles submetidos às praticas agrícolas. A bacia hidrográfica do Alam Grei é uma destas áreas que vêm sofrendo com o desencadeamento dos processos erosivos em toda a sua extensão, na qual se constata que a alteração antrópica, principalmente com a retirada da mata original para o uso de pastagens, plantação de cana-de-açúcar e áreas construídas, vem acarretando a formação de feições geomorfológicas que indicam tais processos em seus vários estágios de evolução. Desta forma, a pesquisa proposta tem por objetivo avaliar historicamente o comportamento dos processos erosivos na bacia do Ribeirão Alam Grei por meio da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo nos anos de 1972, 1995 e 2008, visando assim, oferecer informações que contribuam para o planejamento ambiental da bacia para que as ações nela desenvolvidas venham ser compatíveis com a capacidade de suporte do meio físico da área. / Nowadays the environmental problem of soil erosion has gotten bigger and has been a target of several studies and researches that aim to look for solutions to the problem of the soil exhaustion, mainly those ones submitted to agricultural practice. Alam Grei’s hydrographic basin is one of these areas that are suffering with erosive processes in all its extension where it is possible to verify that the anthropic alteration, mainly because of the removal of the original forest for pasture, sugarcane plantation and built areas, has been causing the formation of geomorphologic features which indicate such processes in their several evolution stages. So, the proposed research aims to historically evaluate the behavior of the erosive processes in the basin of Alam Grei streamlet through the Universal Soil Loss Equation in 1972, 1995 and 2008, seeking to offer information to contribute to the environmental planning of the basin so that the actions developed there come to be compatible with the support capacity of the area physical environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 francisco_ab_me_prud.pdf: 3051307 bytes, checksum: a3f132b660618cadabfd98f2b9f5e713 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A erosão de solos tornou-se um problema ambiental e social, sendo a erosão linear do tipo voçorocamento a mais impactante. Inúmeras cidades vivenciam as consequências causadas pelas voçorocas localizadas nas áreas de baixas vertentes e fundos de vale, e os custos ao poder público para a recuperação destas áreas degradadas é significativo. Diante deste cenário preocupante, este trabalho visou apresentar a dinâmica de um processo de voçorocamento localizado na periferia da cidade de Rancharia-SP, na escala espacial e temporal, tendo como objetivo principal apresentar propostas para o controle da erosão acelerada. Através do método das estacas foi possível apontar as áreas com maiores taxas erosivas laminares e lineares, em uma parcela da área degradada. No método de barramentos com o uso de bambus e pneus, implantados em canais de escoamento concentrado, foi possível constatar que a metodologia de baixo custo apresentou resultados positivos, com a queda das taxas de erosão e regeneração da vegetação rasteira. Além dos resultados experimentais de campo, o trabalho relacionou os elementos da paisagem com a dinâmica do processo erosivo e apresentou as políticas de controle de erosão urbana, procurando apontar as alternativas viáveis na recuperação de áreas degradadas. / The soil erosion has become an environmental and social problem, and the linear erosion of the most striking type gully. Many cities experience the consequences caused by the gullies located in areas of lower slopes and valley bottoms, and the costs to the government to recover these degraded areas is significant. Faced with this troubling scenario, this work was to present the dynamics of a process of gullies located on the outskirts of Rancharia, Sao Paulo State, at spatial and temporal scale, having as main objective to present proposals to control accelerated erosion. Through the method of cutting was possible to identify the areas with increased rates of erosion laminar and linear in a portion of the degraded area. In the method of barriers with the use of bamboo and tires, set up in outlets concentrated, it was established that the low-cost method showed positive results, with falling rates of erosion and regeneration of undergrowth. In addition to the experimental results of field work related elements of the landscape with the dynamics of erosion and introduced policies of urban erosion control, trying to point out viable alternatives in the recovery of degraded areas.