In the first part of my thesis, I was studying materials about using solar energy. Then I write search about all components that are necessary to be used in solar systems. After that I designed the structure of solar system used for heating the hot water for a family house about 4 persons. For this system I designed a regulator and one layer circuit board using Eagle layout editor 4.12r2, which I assembled and tested. This followed creating and debugging program for microprocessor that controls the whole device. This functional regulator for solar collectors connected in a box together with the necessary electronic components is my final product of this project.

This work deals with the regulation of the water temperature in a small garden pool. The practical part consists of practical design control unit garden pool which is based on knowledge of the ambient air temperature and the temperature of the solar panel, evaluates and controls the filtration pump bypass valve and solar panel. Temperature sensing is done using digital sensors DS18B20 more 1-Wire bus. The control unit is formed by 2x4 matrix keyboard keys. All data are displayed on the alphanumeric display 2x16 characters. Control element is a microcontroller Atmel ATmega 3250PA. Furthermore, discussed in this thesis is data transfer using Bluetooth module.

The aim of this Diploma thesis is the design of solar collectors. The thesis is consists from three parts. The first part describes the technical design of solar collectors and solar systems. The second part contains with design size of the collector area for the two selected variants. The third part addresses the experimental measurements located on the real building. The output of third part is the economic evaluation of the solar system.

This diploma thesis deals with practical design of heat supply of real house in Libhošť, Nový Jičín. Main strategy of heat supply is gas condensation boiler, that replaces current gas boiler, with solar collector. From known house heat loss we determine temperatures of heating water and power of boiler, that heats the house and hot water. System with solar collector is designed to heat hot water in the house. All necessary equations are calculated both for long term measured meteorological data and for data in year 2015. Heat gains and payback periods of investment in solar system are determined from them. Payback periods are calculated given to price of heat that gas boiler produces. Equations and payback period evaluation are made for systems with one to four solar collectors. There is recommendation at the end of thesis, whether the solar system is advantageous, or not.

<p>Rapporten handlar om ett examensarbete omfattande 20 p som är utfört för Thermia AB i Arvika. Uppdragsgivaren ville få fram förslag på möjliga åtgärder som kan minska ljudnivån från en luftvärmeväxlare. För bra helhetsbild av projektet, läs även kapitel: 6.</p><p>Värmeväxlaren ingår som en komponent i ett värmepumpssystem, Thermia Aer 5, som använder uteluften som värmekälla. Huvudmålet med projektet blev alltså att undersöka och utvärdera ljudbildningen från värmeväxlaren samt att komma fram till olika förslag på möjliga åtgärder som har potential att sänka ljudnivån. Värmeväxlarens förmåga att uppta energi fick ej heller försämras.</p><p>I projektets slutskede tillverkades det också en enkel prototyp på ett av designförslagen där den störande ljudnivån blev lägre. Läs mer om detta längre ner.</p><p>Ett delmål som vi själva formulerade, var också att undersöka olika möjligheter att öka värmepumpssystemets totala kapacitet för energiupptagning genom att kombinera systemet med någon form av solfångare. Kombinationen solfångare och luftvärmeväxlare innebär också en lägre ljudnivå eftersom fläkten i värmeväxlaren mer sällan behöver gå på full effekt. I viss mån har även estetiska aspekter på formgivningen beaktats.</p><p>Nedan presenteras fyra olika förslag på idéer för att öka luftvärmeväxlarens prestanda:</p><p>Av det första förslaget tillverkades en prototyp där luftvärmeväxlarens utblås är riktat uppåt, istället för som nu åt sidan, vilket minskar risken att omgivningen nås av högfrekvent ljud. Högfrekvent ljud sprids nämligen inte så mycket i sidled.</p><p>Batteridelen på värmeväxlaren har fått en större area, vilket möjliggör ett minskat volymflöde av luft, utan att den tappar i effekt, jämfört med nuvarande värmeväxlare.</p><p>Dessa två åtgärder reducerar det avgivna ljudet med ca10 dB.</p><p>En större batteriarea är även positivt ur energisynpunkt då värmefaktorn (COP) ökar på grund av ett minskat antal nödvändiga avfrostningar.</p><p>Förslag nummer två inbegriper en solfångarlösning som, tack vare avsaknaden av direktförångning, även går att direktkoppla till köldbäraren (brinen) eller direkt mot värmepumpens ackumulatortank.</p><p>Solfångaren täcker hela effektbehovet på sommaren och ger ett tillskott resten av året.</p><p>Det tredje förslaget är en s.k. väggplacerad luftsolfångare som förvärmer insugsluften till värmeväxlaren. Den uppenbara fördelen med detta alternativ är den synnerligen enkla konstruktionen vilket gör att kostnaden kan hållas nere, se bild 4.4.4-2.</p><p>Det fjärde förslaget, är att låta hela husets tak fungera som en solfångare som bilderna 6-1 visar. Inströmmande luft till värmeväxlaren förvärms av de soluppvärmda takpannorna som kan vara av tegel, betong eller ännu hellre av glas. Dessutom tillvaratas förlustvärme från hustak och ventilation. Detta förslag ger ett mycket gott energiutbyte.</p><p>Ytterligare ett intressant sätt att sänka ljudbildningen är att driva fram luften genom värmeväxlaren, helt eller delvis, med hjälp av en hög elektrisk spänning, se kapitel: 6.6.</p> / <p>This report is a candidate degree and the assignment is done in the interest of Thermia AB in Arvika, Sweden. The company wanted proposals of preventive measures aiming to reduce sound emission from a heat exchanger. For a good general impression of the project, see chapter 6. The heat exchanger forms a part of a component in a heat pump system, called Thermia Aer 5, which uses air from outside as a heat source.</p><p>The main target of the project was to examine and evaluate sound emission from the heat exchanger and to get different proposals on possible preventive measures in order to lower sound emission. It was not allowed to reduce the heat exchangers ability to collect energy.</p><p>In the end of the project a simple prototype was built which took advantage of some of the design proposals. The sound emission from the prototype was reduced.</p><p>Another target, formulated by ourselves, was to examine different possibilities to increase the capacity of the heat pump system by combining it with solar collectors. The heat pump system combined with solar collectors also produces reduced sound emission.</p><p>Even some aesthetic aspects have been taken into consideration.</p><p>Below, four different proposals of ideas are introduced that can increase the performance of the heat exchanger:</p><p>The first solution was to direct the air exhaust upwards instead of the tangential exhaust on the present heat exchanger. This makes it more improbable that a high frequency sound wave should reach the surrounding area. Sound with high frequency doesn’t spread so much in a sideways direction. An increase of the battery area makes it possible to lower the air volume flow, because of the increased potential for energy output. These two measures reduced the sound level with a proximal amount of about 10 dB. In addition, an increased exchange battery area increases the heat factor (COP) due to the frost distribution on the battery.</p><p>Solution number two include a solar panel that, due to the lack of direct vaporization in the heat pump system, is possible to serial connect direct on the brine or indirectly to the water accumulation tank. The solar panel gives hot water in the summer and an additional energy output the rest of the year.</p><p>The third solution is a wall mounted air solar panel which gives the air a higher input temperature to the air heat exchanger. This is a very simple and cost effective solution.</p><p>The fourth solution is to let the whole roof of the house act as a solar collector as the pictures 6-1 describes. The sun heats the roofing tile which, in turn, heats streaming air that reaches the heat exchanger. The tile can been made of tiling, concrete - or preferably - transparent glass. Furthermore heat loss from the roof and ventilation is prevented.</p><p>Another interesting solution that reduces sound emission is to force air through the exchanger with a high electric voltage field. Further information chapter: 6.6.</p>

This Master thesis, in collaboration with Morgonsol Väst AB, was completed as a part of the Solar Energy engineering program at Dalarna University. It analyses the electrical and thermal performance of a prototype PVT collector developed by Morgonsol Väst AB. By following the standards EN 12975 and EN ISO 9806 as guides, the thermal tests of the collector were completed at the facility in Borlänge. The electrical performance of the PVT collector was evaluated by comparing it to a reference PV panel fitted next to it. The result from the tests shows an improved electrical performance of the PVT collector caused by the cooling and a thermal performance described by the linear efficiency curve ηth=0.53-21.6(Tm-Ta/G). The experimental work in this thesis is an initial study of the prototype PVT collector that will supply Morgonsol Väst with important data for future development and research of the product.

A presente Dissertação é um estudo a respeito da problemática da utilização dos Sistemas de Aquecimento Solar Térmico para Aquecimento de Água com Coletores Planos em Circuito Direto, no crítico contexto da construção civil paulista para o ponto de vista da Arquitetura e do Urbanismo. Apesar do potencial solar do país e do padrão construtivo dos condomínios horizontais fechados da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), ainda não há regulamentação do uso do aquecimento solar térmico em alguns de seus municípios-sede. Atualmente tem havido a adesão espontânea ao sistema por parte de moradores das residências desses condomínios, decorrente da busca da redução dos gastos e da crescente conscientização ambiental e divulgação da tecnologia. Porém, ainda há necessidade de uma relação mais sistêmica dos coletores solares com a totalidade dos requisitos da edificação e do meio urbano, mesmo em se tratando da legislação específica. Buscando uma constribuição, aqui se propõe um modelo de estudo dos coletores baseado em escalas construtivas que, juntamente com a compreensão multidimensional do assunto, desafiam a atual dicotomia entre as ferramentas de qualidade e a sustentabilidade do ambiente construído. / The present work studies the problematic of using Solar Hot Water Systems by Direct Circuit, among the critics characteristics of civil construction in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The point of view is of Architecture and Urban Planning. In spite of the high Brazilian levels of solar irradiation and the constructive pattern of horizontal closed condominiums of the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil), which possess a large concentration of high incoming households, use of solar water heating is still not regulated in some of its comprising municipalities. Nowadays, the search for savings, diffusion of related technologies and raising environmental awareness have led to voluntary uptaking of such systems. Yet, regulation of solar collectors still lacks relating to certification of sustainable building practices, which does not relate to architectonic factors, in particular to main urbanistic features present in each given installation site. This work proposes an architectonic scale based model of studying it in order to pursuit the end of dichotomy between quality and sustainability.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-13T15:52:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Maurício de Moura Leitão_.pdf: 2775602 bytes, checksum: b3838f30f897415be8b7b629885f3a15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-13T15:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Maurício de Moura Leitão_.pdf: 2775602 bytes, checksum: b3838f30f897415be8b7b629885f3a15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Eficiência e economia na produção de energia são fatores-chave no desenvolvimento social e econômico de um país. A energia solar é uma fonte de energia limpa e renovável, utilizada em sua maior parte para o aquecimento de água por meio de coletores solares. Nos últimos 15 anos, os coletores solares planos vêm, devido ao apelo mundial para o uso de materiais mais facilmente recicláveis e ao baixo custo, utilizando cada vez mais materiais poliméricos, substituindo os convencionais. Para analisar quais materiais poliméricos podem ser usados em coletores solares planos, este trabalho realizou um teste de intemperismo acelerado nos materiais polissulfona (PSU), polietileno (PE) e policarbonato (PC). Destacam-se o PSU e o PE. O PSU tem o melhor resultado em relação ao nível de degradação, pois sua cadeia polimérica é composta por anéis aromáticos e fortes ligações de carbono, enxofre e oxigênio dentro da espinha dorsal do polímero. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas análises do infravermelho nos materiais envelhecidos na câmara de intemperismo acelerado pelo método ATR ou refletância total atenuada. Eles apresentaram, na cadeia molecular, pequenas mudanças nos espectros na região do infravermelho à medida que o tempo exposto na câmara de envelhecimento aumentava. Por fim, foi desenvolvida uma simulação numérica de um coletor solar plano na plataforma ESS (Engineering Equation Solver) em que foi simulado o efeito do número de tubos no absorvedor com diferentes materiais e foi simulada uma geometria de tubos de sessão quadrada no absorvedor. A simulação apresentou o melhor resultado com um absorvedor construído com 100 tubos de sessão quadrada de polissulfona, no qual a eficiência teoricamente pode chegar a 81,62%. / Efficiency and economy in energy production are key factors in the social and economic development of a country. Solar energy is a source of clean and renewable energy used for heating water through solar collectors. Over the past 15 years, due to the worldwide appeal for the use of more readily recyclable materials and their low cost, flat solar collectors have increasingly used polymeric materials to replace conventional ones. In order to assess which polymeric materials can be used in flat-plate solar collectors, an accelerated temperature test has been conducted on polysulfone (PSU), polyethylene (PE), and polycarbonate (PC). PSU and EP have stood out. PSU had the best result for degradation because its polymeric chain is composed of aromatic rings and strong bonds of carbon, sulfur and oxygen within the backbone of the polymer. Additionally, infrared analyses have been made of the materials aged in the accelerated temperature chamber according to the ATR method or attenuated total reflectance. They presented small molecular chain changes in the spectra in the infrared region as exposure time in the UV chamber increased. Finally, a numerical simulation of a flat solar collector was developed in the ESS (Engineering Equation Solver) platform in which the effect of the number of tubes in the absorber with different materials was simulated as well a geometry of square session tubes in the absorber. The simulation presented the best result with an absorber built with 100 polysulfone square session tubes, in which efficiency can theoretically reach 81.62%.

<p>This thesis investigates the possibility of using an unglazed flat-plate solar collector as a cooling radiator. The solar collector will be connected to the condenser of a heat pump and used as cooler during nighttime. Daytime the solar collector will be connected to the evaporator of the heat pump and used as heat source. The two widely differing fields of application make special demands on the solar collector. The task is given by the heat pump manufacturer Thermia and the main objective is to find out whether a solar collector should be used as a cooler or not. The performance of the solar collector under varying environmental conditions is investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics 3.3. Only the cooling properties are investigated here. The performance of the solar collector as a heat exchanger is estimated using the effectiveness-NTU method, and the solar collector is found to be a good heat exchanger at low wind speeds. The heat transfer coefficients of the convection and radiation are determined for varying temperature and wind speeds. The convective heat transfer coefficient is lowered by tubes above the absorber plate and for a high convective heat transfer rate the solar collector surface should be smooth. For a high radiative heat transfer rate the surface needs to have a high emissivity. The cooling rate is higher from a warm surface than from a cold and since no temperature change of the heat carrier is necessary the solar collector should be kept at a high temperature. To increase the cooling rate alterations need to be made to the solar collector that makes its heating performance deteriorate. A solar collector that can be used for cooling is not an efficient solar collector.</p>

Rapporten handlar om ett examensarbete omfattande 20 p som är utfört för Thermia AB i Arvika. Uppdragsgivaren ville få fram förslag på möjliga åtgärder som kan minska ljudnivån från en luftvärmeväxlare. För bra helhetsbild av projektet, läs även kapitel: 6. Värmeväxlaren ingår som en komponent i ett värmepumpssystem, Thermia Aer 5, som använder uteluften som värmekälla. Huvudmålet med projektet blev alltså att undersöka och utvärdera ljudbildningen från värmeväxlaren samt att komma fram till olika förslag på möjliga åtgärder som har potential att sänka ljudnivån. Värmeväxlarens förmåga att uppta energi fick ej heller försämras. I projektets slutskede tillverkades det också en enkel prototyp på ett av designförslagen där den störande ljudnivån blev lägre. Läs mer om detta längre ner. Ett delmål som vi själva formulerade, var också att undersöka olika möjligheter att öka värmepumpssystemets totala kapacitet för energiupptagning genom att kombinera systemet med någon form av solfångare. Kombinationen solfångare och luftvärmeväxlare innebär också en lägre ljudnivå eftersom fläkten i värmeväxlaren mer sällan behöver gå på full effekt. I viss mån har även estetiska aspekter på formgivningen beaktats. Nedan presenteras fyra olika förslag på idéer för att öka luftvärmeväxlarens prestanda: Av det första förslaget tillverkades en prototyp där luftvärmeväxlarens utblås är riktat uppåt, istället för som nu åt sidan, vilket minskar risken att omgivningen nås av högfrekvent ljud. Högfrekvent ljud sprids nämligen inte så mycket i sidled. Batteridelen på värmeväxlaren har fått en större area, vilket möjliggör ett minskat volymflöde av luft, utan att den tappar i effekt, jämfört med nuvarande värmeväxlare. Dessa två åtgärder reducerar det avgivna ljudet med ca10 dB. En större batteriarea är även positivt ur energisynpunkt då värmefaktorn (COP) ökar på grund av ett minskat antal nödvändiga avfrostningar. Förslag nummer två inbegriper en solfångarlösning som, tack vare avsaknaden av direktförångning, även går att direktkoppla till köldbäraren (brinen) eller direkt mot värmepumpens ackumulatortank. Solfångaren täcker hela effektbehovet på sommaren och ger ett tillskott resten av året. Det tredje förslaget är en s.k. väggplacerad luftsolfångare som förvärmer insugsluften till värmeväxlaren. Den uppenbara fördelen med detta alternativ är den synnerligen enkla konstruktionen vilket gör att kostnaden kan hållas nere, se bild 4.4.4-2. Det fjärde förslaget, är att låta hela husets tak fungera som en solfångare som bilderna 6-1 visar. Inströmmande luft till värmeväxlaren förvärms av de soluppvärmda takpannorna som kan vara av tegel, betong eller ännu hellre av glas. Dessutom tillvaratas förlustvärme från hustak och ventilation. Detta förslag ger ett mycket gott energiutbyte. Ytterligare ett intressant sätt att sänka ljudbildningen är att driva fram luften genom värmeväxlaren, helt eller delvis, med hjälp av en hög elektrisk spänning, se kapitel: 6.6. / This report is a candidate degree and the assignment is done in the interest of Thermia AB in Arvika, Sweden. The company wanted proposals of preventive measures aiming to reduce sound emission from a heat exchanger. For a good general impression of the project, see chapter 6. The heat exchanger forms a part of a component in a heat pump system, called Thermia Aer 5, which uses air from outside as a heat source. The main target of the project was to examine and evaluate sound emission from the heat exchanger and to get different proposals on possible preventive measures in order to lower sound emission. It was not allowed to reduce the heat exchangers ability to collect energy. In the end of the project a simple prototype was built which took advantage of some of the design proposals. The sound emission from the prototype was reduced. Another target, formulated by ourselves, was to examine different possibilities to increase the capacity of the heat pump system by combining it with solar collectors. The heat pump system combined with solar collectors also produces reduced sound emission. Even some aesthetic aspects have been taken into consideration. Below, four different proposals of ideas are introduced that can increase the performance of the heat exchanger: The first solution was to direct the air exhaust upwards instead of the tangential exhaust on the present heat exchanger. This makes it more improbable that a high frequency sound wave should reach the surrounding area. Sound with high frequency doesn’t spread so much in a sideways direction. An increase of the battery area makes it possible to lower the air volume flow, because of the increased potential for energy output. These two measures reduced the sound level with a proximal amount of about 10 dB. In addition, an increased exchange battery area increases the heat factor (COP) due to the frost distribution on the battery. Solution number two include a solar panel that, due to the lack of direct vaporization in the heat pump system, is possible to serial connect direct on the brine or indirectly to the water accumulation tank. The solar panel gives hot water in the summer and an additional energy output the rest of the year. The third solution is a wall mounted air solar panel which gives the air a higher input temperature to the air heat exchanger. This is a very simple and cost effective solution. The fourth solution is to let the whole roof of the house act as a solar collector as the pictures 6-1 describes. The sun heats the roofing tile which, in turn, heats streaming air that reaches the heat exchanger. The tile can been made of tiling, concrete - or preferably - transparent glass. Furthermore heat loss from the roof and ventilation is prevented. Another interesting solution that reduces sound emission is to force air through the exchanger with a high electric voltage field. Further information chapter: 6.6.