Resumo: Os resíduos sólidos têm assumido papel de destaque na sociedade brasileira, sendo os municípios os responsáveis legais pela gestão adequada dos mesmos. Mas, apesar dos esforços realizados, sabe-se que a situação ainda é grave, pois além de recursos é necessária capacitação das administrações municipais para enfrentar tal problema. Tendo isto em vista, este projeto teve como um dos objetivos levantar dados sobre a geração, coleta, transporte, tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos sólidos nos 22 municípios pertencentes à sétima região administrativa do estado de São Paulo: Agudos, Arealva, Avaí, Balbinos, Bauru, Boracéia, Borebi, Cabrália Paulista, Duartina, Fernão, Gália, Iacanga, Lençois Paulista, Lucianópolis, Macatuba, Pauiustânia, Pederneiras, Pirajuí, Piratininga, Presidente Alves, Reginópolis e Ubirajara. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas, elaboração e aplicação de um questionário e realização de visitas técnicas nos municípios. Deste modo, foi possível identificar os programas de coleta adotados (regular e seletiva), seus problemas e deficiências, a existência de cooperativas, as formas de geração, descarte, e disposição final adotadas e a quantidade de resíduos gerados. Os dados foram agrupados em gráficos e tabelas possibilitando uma melhor visualização dos mesmos. Espera-se com esta pesquisa fornecer subsídios par a implantação de soluções adequadas à realidade específica dessa região, integrando os diferentes municípios. / Abstract: The solid waste has outstanding in Brazilian society and the municipalities are legally responsible for its correct management. Despite the efforts done, situation is still bad, for beside resources the improvement of public administration capacity is needed to face the problem. Knowing that, this project aims surveying data about the solid waste collection, treatment and destination in the seventh administrativ region of São Paulo State 22 cities, which are: Agudos, Arealva, Avaí, Balbinos, Bauru, Boracéia, Borebi, Cabrália Paulista, Duartina, Fernão, Gália, Iacanga, Lençóis Paulista, Lucianópolis, Macatuba, Paulistânia, Pederneiras, Pirajuí, Piratininga, Presidente Alves, Reginópolis and Ubirajara. This study was conducted by the applying of questionnaires, bibliographic survey and technical visiting to the cities. So it was possible identify the collect programs adopted (regular and selective), its problems and deficiencies, the existing of cooperatives, the means of generating, throwing out and disposal used and the quantity of waste generated. The data was grouped on graphs and tables facilitating its visualization. Whit this work, it's hoped to provide subsidies to the implementation of appropriate solutions to the specific reality of this region, integrating the different municipalities. / Orientador: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle / Coorientador: Rosani de Castro / Banca: Jair Wagner de Souza Manfrinato / Banca: Adriana Antunes Lopes / Mestre

A landfill is in a reserved space on land used for the disposal of refuse by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area to prevent the creation of nuisances to public health or safety (Andersen et al. 1967). However, because landfills are open to the atmosphere, rainfall can saturate them, resulting in a liquid called leachate. Leachate generated within the landfill contains suspended solids, soluble components of the waste and by-products from the degradation of the waste by various micro-organisms. Treatment of leachate is an emerging area of need. In this manuscript the main purpose is to investigate a laboratory scale batch reactor that is able to detoxify and treat leachate by using an advanced oxidation process (i.e. TiO2). Based on the results obtained from this ground breaking research, it appears that the process investigate has the potential to radically change the way landfill leachate is treated. Scale up may provide direction that can be used to improve the efficiency of the different stages of toxicity of leachate during the entire life of a landfill. / by Andrâe McBarnette. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Since the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began requiring landfills to implement a leachate collection system in 1991, the proper disposal of leachate has become a growing concern. The potential toxicity of landfill leachate will contaminate groundwater and soil if not managed properly. Research has been made in efforts to manage leachate in a cost-effective, single treatment process. Photocatalytic oxidation is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) which has shown ability to reduce toxicity of an array of leachate constituents including organics, inorganics and heavy metals. The purpose of this manuscript is to scale up the batch scale study of TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of leachate utilizing a pilot scale falling film reactor. In this research project, the use of UV/TiO2 for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, alkalinity and color will be studied in order to optimize catalyst dosage, determine pH effects and reaction kinetics and develop preliminary cost estimates. / by Frank Youngman. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

O conjunto de serviços que compõem o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana, tal como ele existe hoje, é produto de uma série de decisões, disputas e interesses entre diferentes atores. O trabalho trata da construção dessas políticas no município de São Paulo, com especial interesse pelo arcabouço institucional formado do século XIX ao XXI, bem como pela estruturação do mercado e da economia política que se ancorou para a provisão de serviços de interesse público via empresas privadas no município. O principal fato analisado é o de que, no contexto de um sistema que envolve uma multiplicidade de atores e interesses, o Estado abriu mão do papel de executor dos serviços, gradativamente cedendo-o a empresas privadas cada vez maiores e mais dominantes no âmbito da entrega dos serviços; ao mesmo tempo, ele veio procurando fortalecer suas capacidades regulatórias, desde o final do século XX, mas, sobretudo, no início do século XXI, com a criação de um modelo de concessão em que as empresas concessionárias assumam os riscos financeiros e os investimentos em equipamentos que serão revertidos em benefício do município. O capítulo 1 caracteriza empiricamente o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana de São Paulo tal como é configurado atualmente, oferecendo as definições necessárias à compreensão do universo empírico. O capítulo 2 explora a construção de capacidades estatais para a provisão, a regulação e a fiscalização do sistema de limpeza urbana, e dialoga diretamente com a tese do capitalismo regulatório, para a qual a divisão de trabalho entre Estado e mercado não necessariamente representa o enfraquecimento do Estado, mas também não necessariamente significa seu fortalecimento. Identificam-se quatro fases de construção do arcabouço institucional: (i) origens e primeiros serviços (até 1913), (ii) modernização e execução direta (1914 a 1966), (ii) execução indireta (1967 a 2002) e (iv) concessão dos serviços (pós-2002). O capítulo 3 discute a organização do mercado da limpeza urbana, examinando a organização dos nichos de mercado e a existência de entidades associativas para reunir empresas e setor público. Identificam-se três fases de constituição do mercado: (i) estabelecimento das primeiras empresas no setor e processos fechados de contratação (1966-1987), (ii) crescimento do mercado, regulação sobre compras mais robusta, entrada de capital estrangeiro e surgimento de instabilidades (1987-2004) e (iii) formação de consórcios, saída do capital estrangeiro, aumento da regulação federal sobre o setor e inclusão de novos atores. Todos os elementos expressam relações e processos de coordenação e intermediação entre agentes públicos e privados, de forma que o Estado governa, mas não governa tudo, e nem sozinho, de forma comparável com outros casos de concessões públicas. Ainda que a Prefeitura seja a principal responsável pela regulação sobre o sistema, o setor privado responde por boa parte dos insumos tecnológicos, da experiência no planejamento dos serviços e pela gestão cotidiana dos equipamentos, bem como é o principal investidor no modelo de concessão. Todavia, essa divisão de tarefas nem sempre é clara ou bem definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de documentos oficiais e documentos produzidos pelas entidades associativas do setor, além de entrevistas com agentes públicos e privados. / The set of services that make up the solid waste management policies, as it exists today, is the product of a series of decisions, disputes and interests among different actors. The work deals with the construction of these policies in São Paulo, with special interest in the institutional framework formed from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, as well as the structure of the market and the political economy that anchored the provision of public services via private companies in the municipality. The central fact of analysis is that, in the context of a system that involves a multiplicity of actors and interests, the State gave up the role of executor of services, gradually granting it to private companies which grew bigger and more dominant in the delivery level; meanwhile, the State have been attempting to strengthen its regulatory capacity, since the late twentieth century, but especially in the early twenty-first century with the creation of a concession model in which the concessionaires assume the financial risks and investments in equipment which will be reversed in favor of the municipality. Chapter 1 empirically characterizes the solid waste management sector of São Paulo as it is currently configured, providing concepts for the understanding of the empirical universe. Chapter 2 addresses the construction of state capacities for the provision, regulation and supervision of the waste management system, and interacts directly with the thesis of regulatory capitalism according to which the division of labor between State and market does not necessarily weaken the State, but also does not necessarily mean its strengthening. The chapter identifies four phases of construction of the institutional framework: (i) origins and first services (until 1913), (ii) modernization and direct execution by State (1914-1966), (ii) indirect execution (1967-2002) and (iv) concession of services (post-2002). Chapter 3 discusses the organization of the waste management market, examining the organization of niche markets and the existence of associative entities to bring together companies and public sector. The chapter identify three phases: (i) establishment of the first companies (1966-1987), (ii) market growth, more robust regulation, foreign capital inflows and the emergence of instabilities (1987-2004) and (iii) formation of consortiums, foreign capital outflow, increased federal regulation of the sector and inclusion of new actors. All elements express relationships, coordination and intermediation processes between public and private actors, so that the State governs but does not govern everything, nor alone, in a comparable manner to other cases of public concessions. Although City Hall is mainly responsible for the regulation of the system, the private sector accounts for much of the technological inputs, experience in planning and daily management of equipment and services, and is the main investor in the concession model. However, this division is not always clear or well defined. The research employed analysis of official documents and documents produced by the associative entities of the market, as well as interviews with public and private actors.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-08-12T14:10:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Alisson Eduardo Maul de Farias.pdf: 10287851 bytes, checksum: 738d9b6e56714a5b165b536dfd0015e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-08-12T16:14:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Alisson Eduardo Maul de Farias.pdf: 10287851 bytes, checksum: 738d9b6e56714a5b165b536dfd0015e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T16:14:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Alisson Eduardo Maul de Farias.pdf: 10287851 bytes, checksum: 738d9b6e56714a5b165b536dfd0015e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aims to analyze the sustainability indicators that will assist the Management of Municipal Solid Waste in the city of Campina Grande (PB), considered the social, economic and environmental issues. The research is characterized as descriptive with exploratory and quantitative character. The study was conducted through a bibliographic search which served to substantiate the matter in question and subsequently a field research made all the survey describe reality through the survey. Data collection was performed with the application of 100 (one hundred) personal questionnaires made up of indicators related to the issue of solid waste, based on the studies of Gonçalves (2013), Polaz; Teixeira (2009) and Pereira (2014), which were applied to public cleaning agents, students, teachers and the participation of society in general, thus allowing the analysis of these indicators to diagnose and select those best suited to the prospect Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management indicated by social actors, who were responsible for the selected sustainability indicators index in the search. The results showed that the indicators: selective collection, education in schools about waste and its handling and policies for the environment are important indicators to analyze the Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Campina Grande (PB). It was concluded that the indicators have allowed an analysis related to the objective reality of the problem of Municipal Solid Waste, as well as a shift to public managers, researchers and for society concerning a proper solid waste management regarding the dimensions analyzed, not covering these policies only with peremptory character, but that the current Solid Waste Management in Campina Grande still needs further support regarding the infrastructure of the final location for the deposit of such waste, a greater incentive for the waste recycling cooperatives and finally, an integrated management between government and society, initially through environmental education and later by a structural incrementing for the city, measures which will allow a true sustainable development in Municipal Solid Waste Management. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo fazer uma análise dos indicadores de sustentabilidade que auxiliarão a Gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na cidade de Campina Grande (PB), considerado as questões sociais, econômicas e ambientais. A pesquisa se caracteriza como descritiva de caráter exploratório e quantitativa. O trabalho foi realizado através de um levantamento bibliográfico, que serviu para fundamentar a questão em análise e, posteriormente, uma pesquisa de campo fez com que todo o levantamento descrevesse a realidade através da pesquisa realizada. A coleta de dados foi realizada com a aplicação de 100 (cem) questionários pessoais compostos de indicadores relacionados a questão do Resíduos Sólidos, tomando como base os estudos de GONÇALVES (2013) e POLAZ; TEIXEIRA (2009), os quais foram aplicados entre agentes de limpeza pública, estudantes, professores e a participação da sociedade em geral, permitindo assim, a análise dos referidos indicadores para diagnosticar e selecionar aqueles mais adequados para a perspectiva da Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos Sustentáveis indicados pelos atores sociais, que foram os responsáveis pelo índice de indicadores de sustentabilidade selecionados na pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram que os indicadores: coleta seletiva, educação nas escolas sobre os resíduos sólidos e seu manuseio e políticas para o meio ambiente são indicadores importantes para análise da gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na cidade de Campina Grande (PB). Conclui-se que os indicadores permitiram uma análise quanto a realidade fática da problemática dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, bem como um direcionamento para os gestores públicos, pesquisadores e para a sociedade quanto a uma adequada gestão dos resíduos sólidos no tocante as dimensões analisadas. Não revestindo-se essas políticas apenas de caráter peremptório, mas, que a atual Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos em Campina Grande ainda carece de um suporte maior no tocante a infraestrutura do local final para o depósito de tais resíduos, um incentivo maior as cooperativas de catadores de resíduos e, por fim, uma gestão integrada entre governo e sociedade, inicialmente através de uma educação ambiental e posteriormente, por uma incrementação estrutural do município, medidas estas que permitirão uma verdadeiro desenvolvimento sustentável da Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos.

This essay examines sanitation workers who work with solid waste management and analyses their ability to create a sustainable livelihood based on livelihood assets and strategies. The study was undertaken in Babati, Tanzania and a qualitative method was applied, consisting of interviews and observations. The main findings were that sanitation workers employed four livelihood strategies, however, only two of these were sustainable and contributed towards a positive livelihood outcome. Multiple stresses were identified, such as low wages, inability to save money, unsafe work conditions, exposure to bacteria and other contaminants and no access to social services. Shocks were identified as work-related injuries resulting in extended time off work, wages being paid out late and sudden illness. This made the sanitation workers terms of employment in Babati almost equivalent to that of waste workers and waste pickers in the informal sector, despite being employed by the local government authorities. As a result, the workers were not able to attain a sustainable livelihood and the livelihood outcome appear to be a vicious cycle of debt and vulnerability. A key characteristic for this study is its examination of Tanzania’s political context and institutional framework as important factors that affect the sanitation workers’ resource base and strategies as well as their exposure to vulnerabilities.

<p>Waste management is a global environmental issue which concerns about a very significant problem in today’s world. There is a considerable amount of disposal of waste without proper segregation which has lead to both economic and environment sufferings. It is still practiced in many cities. There is a tremendous amount of loss in terms of environmental degradation, health hazards and economic descend due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate the waste at the initial stages where it is generated, rather than going for a later option which is inconvenient and expensive. There has to be appropriate planning for proper waste management by means of analysis of the waste situation of the area.</p><p>This paper would deal with, how Geographical Information System can be used as a decision support tool for planning waste management. A model is designed for the case study area in an Indian city for the purpose of planning waste management. The suggestions for amendments in the system through GIS based model would reduce the waste management workload to some extent and exhibit remedies for some of the SWM problems in the case study area. The waste management issues are considered to solve some of the present situation problems like proper allocation and relocation of waste bins, check for unsuitability and proximity convenience due to waste bin to the users, proposal of recyclable waste bins for the required areas and future suggestions. The model will be implemented on the Aurangabad city’s case study area data for the analysis and the results will suggest some modification in the existing system which is expected to reduce the waste management workload to a certain extent.</p>

An analysis of solid waste management was performed in Gaborone, Botswana to identify the quantity of different types of solid waste that are generated annually and the possible strategies for improved waste management. In order to achieve the objective of the project, present waste management practice in Gaborone was analysed and waste composition study was carried out in Gamodubu landfill, Gaborone. Waste from household, commercial, industrial and others (defence and institutional) stratums were selected for sampling. Different samples were taken and forwarded to sorting analysis. The waste was categorized into 10 categories and one of the categories (plastic) is further divided into 5 Subcategories. The output of the study results the quantity of solid waste generated in Gaborone, composition of solid waste categories from different stratums and its flow to the landfill and the quality of waste, annually. These findings helped in serving the importance and the need of better waste management system in order to improvise the potential for resource recovery under social considerations.

Waste management is a global environmental issue which concerns about a very significant problem in today’s world. There is a considerable amount of disposal of waste without proper segregation which has lead to both economic and environment sufferings. It is still practiced in many cities. There is a tremendous amount of loss in terms of environmental degradation, health hazards and economic descend due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate the waste at the initial stages where it is generated, rather than going for a later option which is inconvenient and expensive. There has to be appropriate planning for proper waste management by means of analysis of the waste situation of the area. This paper would deal with, how Geographical Information System can be used as a decision support tool for planning waste management. A model is designed for the case study area in an Indian city for the purpose of planning waste management. The suggestions for amendments in the system through GIS based model would reduce the waste management workload to some extent and exhibit remedies for some of the SWM problems in the case study area. The waste management issues are considered to solve some of the present situation problems like proper allocation and relocation of waste bins, check for unsuitability and proximity convenience due to waste bin to the users, proposal of recyclable waste bins for the required areas and future suggestions. The model will be implemented on the Aurangabad city’s case study area data for the analysis and the results will suggest some modification in the existing system which is expected to reduce the waste management workload to a certain extent.

The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.