Orientadores: Carmenlucia Santos Giordano Penteado, Simone Andréa Pozza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosado_LaisPeixoto_M.pdf: 5687649 bytes, checksum: 7494800183e4de975a06593f8025ef5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os resíduos da construção civil (RCC) são responsáveis por uma parcela substancial dos resíduos sólidos gerados nas cidades de médio de grande porte, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. Em geral, são vistos como resíduos de baixa periculosidade e seu impacto é associado ao grande volume gerado e ao frequente descarte em áreas inadequadas. No entanto, nestes resíduos também são encontrados resíduos perigosos, como tintas, óleos e solventes; além da possibilidade de conter materiais orgânicos e embalagens diversas que podem acumular água e favorecer a proliferação de insetos e outros vetores de doenças. Portanto, o gerenciamento destes resíduos deve considerar os impactos ambientais em todas as fases, bem como diferentes alternativas de gestão. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e analisar um inventário de ciclo de vida de sistemas de gestão de RCC, a fim de identificar as melhores alternativas para minimizar os impactos ambientais. A partir da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), foram comparados três cenários diferentes para o gerenciamento dos RCC do município de Limeira, uma cidade de porte médio localizada na região sudeste do Brasil, a saber: disposição em aterro de RCC Classe A; área de triagem e reciclagem e, utilização dos RCC Classe A como material de pavimentação no complexo municipal de aterros. Na elaboração da análise de inventário do ciclo de vida foram utilizados dados primários, obtidos a partir de levantamento em campo e, dados secundários, provenientes da base de dados Ecoinvent versão 2.2. (2010) e de literatura específica, considerando a unidade funcional de 1 tonelada de RCC. O método de caracterização CML2 baseline 2001 permitiu avaliar os impactos ambientais do atual sistema de gerenciamento dos RCC em Limeira e de cenários alternativos, segundo oito categorias de impacto: depleção dos recursos abióticos, alteração climática, depleção do ozônio estratosférico, toxicidade humana, ecotoxicidade aquática, oxidação fotoquímica, acidificação e eutrofização. Os resultados indicaram que o transporte dos RCC representa um papel decisivo, e que a distância entre os locais de geração para as unidades de reciclagem devem ser consideradas durante o planejamento do gerenciamento, a fim de minimizar os impactos ambientais / Abstract: Construction and demolition wastes (CD&W) account for a substantial portion of the total solid waste produced in cities large and medium-sized, especially in developing countries. They are generally seen as very dangerous waste and its impact is associated with the large volume generated and frenquent disposal in inappropriate areas. However, these residues are also found hazardous waste such as paints oils and solvents; beyond the possibility of contain organic materials and various packaging that can accumulate water and favor the proliferation of insects and other disease vectors. Therefore, the CD&W management must consider the environmental impacts at all stages, as well as from the different management alternatives. The aim of this study is to develop and analyze a life cycle inventory of C&DW management systems, in order to identify the best alternatives to minimize environmental impacts. Three different scenarios to current waste management from a case study in the City of Limeira, a medium-size town in southwest Brazil have been compared: landfilling, recycling at an inert waste sorting and treatment facility and using waste as road paving material for the landfill area. These scenarios were evaluated by means of Life Cycle Assessment, Taking the management of 1 ton of C&DW as the functional unit, the life cycle inventory was performed using primary data obtained from field survey and secondary data from the database Ecoinvent version 2.2., and from the literature. The method CML2 baseline 2001 was used for environmental impacts evaluation of the current CD&W management system and the impacts of the proposed scenarios. The impact categories considered were abiotic depletion of resources, global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. The results indicated that the transport of C&DW represents a decisive role, and that the distance between the generation sites for recycling facilities should be considered when planning the management in order to minimize environmental impacts / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

O conjunto de serviços que compõem o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana, tal como ele existe hoje, é produto de uma série de decisões, disputas e interesses entre diferentes atores. O trabalho trata da construção dessas políticas no município de São Paulo, com especial interesse pelo arcabouço institucional formado do século XIX ao XXI, bem como pela estruturação do mercado e da economia política que se ancorou para a provisão de serviços de interesse público via empresas privadas no município. O principal fato analisado é o de que, no contexto de um sistema que envolve uma multiplicidade de atores e interesses, o Estado abriu mão do papel de executor dos serviços, gradativamente cedendo-o a empresas privadas cada vez maiores e mais dominantes no âmbito da entrega dos serviços; ao mesmo tempo, ele veio procurando fortalecer suas capacidades regulatórias, desde o final do século XX, mas, sobretudo, no início do século XXI, com a criação de um modelo de concessão em que as empresas concessionárias assumam os riscos financeiros e os investimentos em equipamentos que serão revertidos em benefício do município. O capítulo 1 caracteriza empiricamente o setor de políticas de limpeza urbana de São Paulo tal como é configurado atualmente, oferecendo as definições necessárias à compreensão do universo empírico. O capítulo 2 explora a construção de capacidades estatais para a provisão, a regulação e a fiscalização do sistema de limpeza urbana, e dialoga diretamente com a tese do capitalismo regulatório, para a qual a divisão de trabalho entre Estado e mercado não necessariamente representa o enfraquecimento do Estado, mas também não necessariamente significa seu fortalecimento. Identificam-se quatro fases de construção do arcabouço institucional: (i) origens e primeiros serviços (até 1913), (ii) modernização e execução direta (1914 a 1966), (ii) execução indireta (1967 a 2002) e (iv) concessão dos serviços (pós-2002). O capítulo 3 discute a organização do mercado da limpeza urbana, examinando a organização dos nichos de mercado e a existência de entidades associativas para reunir empresas e setor público. Identificam-se três fases de constituição do mercado: (i) estabelecimento das primeiras empresas no setor e processos fechados de contratação (1966-1987), (ii) crescimento do mercado, regulação sobre compras mais robusta, entrada de capital estrangeiro e surgimento de instabilidades (1987-2004) e (iii) formação de consórcios, saída do capital estrangeiro, aumento da regulação federal sobre o setor e inclusão de novos atores. Todos os elementos expressam relações e processos de coordenação e intermediação entre agentes públicos e privados, de forma que o Estado governa, mas não governa tudo, e nem sozinho, de forma comparável com outros casos de concessões públicas. Ainda que a Prefeitura seja a principal responsável pela regulação sobre o sistema, o setor privado responde por boa parte dos insumos tecnológicos, da experiência no planejamento dos serviços e pela gestão cotidiana dos equipamentos, bem como é o principal investidor no modelo de concessão. Todavia, essa divisão de tarefas nem sempre é clara ou bem definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de documentos oficiais e documentos produzidos pelas entidades associativas do setor, além de entrevistas com agentes públicos e privados. / The set of services that make up the solid waste management policies, as it exists today, is the product of a series of decisions, disputes and interests among different actors. The work deals with the construction of these policies in São Paulo, with special interest in the institutional framework formed from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, as well as the structure of the market and the political economy that anchored the provision of public services via private companies in the municipality. The central fact of analysis is that, in the context of a system that involves a multiplicity of actors and interests, the State gave up the role of executor of services, gradually granting it to private companies which grew bigger and more dominant in the delivery level; meanwhile, the State have been attempting to strengthen its regulatory capacity, since the late twentieth century, but especially in the early twenty-first century with the creation of a concession model in which the concessionaires assume the financial risks and investments in equipment which will be reversed in favor of the municipality. Chapter 1 empirically characterizes the solid waste management sector of São Paulo as it is currently configured, providing concepts for the understanding of the empirical universe. Chapter 2 addresses the construction of state capacities for the provision, regulation and supervision of the waste management system, and interacts directly with the thesis of regulatory capitalism according to which the division of labor between State and market does not necessarily weaken the State, but also does not necessarily mean its strengthening. The chapter identifies four phases of construction of the institutional framework: (i) origins and first services (until 1913), (ii) modernization and direct execution by State (1914-1966), (ii) indirect execution (1967-2002) and (iv) concession of services (post-2002). Chapter 3 discusses the organization of the waste management market, examining the organization of niche markets and the existence of associative entities to bring together companies and public sector. The chapter identify three phases: (i) establishment of the first companies (1966-1987), (ii) market growth, more robust regulation, foreign capital inflows and the emergence of instabilities (1987-2004) and (iii) formation of consortiums, foreign capital outflow, increased federal regulation of the sector and inclusion of new actors. All elements express relationships, coordination and intermediation processes between public and private actors, so that the State governs but does not govern everything, nor alone, in a comparable manner to other cases of public concessions. Although City Hall is mainly responsible for the regulation of the system, the private sector accounts for much of the technological inputs, experience in planning and daily management of equipment and services, and is the main investor in the concession model. However, this division is not always clear or well defined. The research employed analysis of official documents and documents produced by the associative entities of the market, as well as interviews with public and private actors.

Three troublesome issues concerning residential curbside collection (RCC) and municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems in the United States motivated this research. First, reliance upon inefficient collection and scheduling procedures negatively affect RCC efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and cost. Second, the neglected impact of MSW management practices on water resources. Third, the implications of alternative fuels on the environmental and financial performance of waste collection where fuel plays a significant rule. The goal of this study was to select the best RCC program, MSW management practice, and collection fuel. For this study, field data were collected for RCC programs across the State of Florida. The garbage and recyclables generation rates were compared based on garbage collection frequency and use of dual-stream (DS) or single-stream (SS) recyclables collection system. The assessment of the collection programs was evaluated based on GHG emissions, while for the first time, the water footprint (WFP) was calculated for the most commonly used MSW management practices namely landfilling, combustion, and recycling. In comparing alternative collection fuels, two multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools, TOPSIS and SAW, were used to rank fuel alternatives for the waste collection industry with respect to a multi-level environmental and financial decision matrix. The results showed that SS collection systems exhibited more than a two-fold increase in recyclables generation rates, and a ~2.2-fold greater recycling efficiency compared to DS. The GHG emissions associated with the studied collection programs were estimated to be between 36 and 51 kg CO2eq per metric ton of total household waste (garbage and recyclables), depending on the garbage collection frequency, recyclables collection system (DS or SS) and recyclables compaction. When recyclables offsets were considered, the GHG emissions associated with programs using SS were estimated between -760 and -560, compared to between -270 and -210 kg CO2eq per metric ton of total waste for DS programs. In comparing the WFP of MSW management practices, the results showed that the WFP of waste landfilling can be reduced through implementing bioreactor landfilling. The WFP of electricity generated from waste combustion was less than the electricity from landfill gas. Overall, the WFP of electricity from MSW management practices was drastically less than some renewable energy sources. In comparing the WFP offsets of recyclables, the recycling of renewable commodities, e.g. paper, contributed to the highest WFP offsets compared to other commodities, mainly due to its raw material acquisition high WFPs. This suggests that recycling of renewable goods is the best management practice to reduce the WFP of MSW management. Finally, the MCDA of alternative fuel technologies revealed that diesel is still the best option, followed by hydraulic-hybrid waste collection vehicles (WCVs), then landfill gas (LFG) sourced natural gas, fossil natural gas and biodiesel. The elimination of the fueling station criterion from the financial criteria ranked LFG-sourced natural gas as the best option; suggesting that LFG sourced natural gas is the best alternative to fuel WCV when accessible. In conclusion, field data suggest that RCC system design can significantly impact recyclables generation rate and efficiency, and consequently determine environmental and economic impact of collection systems. The WFP concept was suggested as a method to systematically assess the impact of MSW management practices on water resources. A careful consideration of the WFP of MSW management practices and energy recovered from MSW management facilities is essential for the sustainable appropriation of water resources and development.

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Colombo, Sri Lanka, presents significant challenges due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and limited infrastructural capacities. This research aims to analyze the current MSWM practices in Colombo, identify the key challenges faced, benchmark these practices against international standards, and propose sustainable solutions for improvement. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative data from primary sources and qualitative insights from interviews with key stakeholders, including municipal officials, waste management professionals, and residents. Quantitative data analysis revealed that Colombo generates an average of 1200 tons of waste daily, primarily from residential sources (60%). The predominant waste disposal method is landfilling, which accounts for 75% of waste disposal, with significant challenges identified in infrastructure, funding, and public compliance. Qualitative data from municipal officials highlighted the importance of policies focused on waste segregation, mandatory recycling programs, and penalties for illegal dumping. However, enforcement of these policies remains problematic due to resource limitations and public resistance. The study identified several critical challenges in MSWM, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, and public apathy. Collaborative efforts between the Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) and private sector stakeholders through initiatives like 'Zero Waste Colombo' have shown potential in addressing these challenges. Community engagement and educational programs have been implemented to promote waste reduction, recycling, and composting, but their success relies heavily on continuous support and participation from local organizations and residents. Future strategies for MSWM in Colombo include integrating advanced waste-to-energy technologies, expanding recycling facilities, and enhancing waste collection efficiency through smart technologies. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms, increased investment in waste management infrastructure, and continuous public education campaigns. This research contributes to the scholarly literature on urban sustainability and MSWM, providing actionable recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and community stakeholders in Colombo. By addressing the identified challenges and leveraging the proposed solutions, Colombo can move towards a more sustainable and efficient waste management system.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the global population grows and more countries industrialise, waste streams will grow proportionately. Current waste management practices and product manufacturing processes dictate that a large proportion of waste ends up in a landfill or incinerator. The predominant manufacturing design is a linear, one-way model that extracts resources for manufacture, which eventually end up in a landfill or incinerator, rendered useless. This is an unsustainable use of resources, not only of the ones that were extracted to manufacture the product, but also of the land used to dump waste. Along with this goes the increasingly significant issue of food waste and the issues of global hunger and food insecurity. It is estimated that globally one third of all food that is produced is wasted, equalling a total of 1.3 billion tonnes of food waste a year. Wastage of food causes a loss of potentially valuable food sources, or a potential resource for other processes, such as composting or energy generation. The poor are normally the first affected by limited or dwindling resources, and as yet, there are no significant signs of poverty alleviation. Worldwide, there is a proliferation of informal settlements, or slums, and how to deal with these settlements has formed part of international political and societal discourse for a long time. In South Africa, policies dictate that informal settlements should undergo an incremental, in situ upgrading process, where possible. Although this marks a positive development from the previous housing policy, substantial uptake on the ground has as yet not occurred. Consequently, this study attempted to combine the issues of waste management, in particular of food waste, and incremental upgrading of informal settlements through a transdisciplinary case study that focuses on upgrading the food waste management system in Enkanini, an informal settlement in Stellenbosch, South Africa. A waste characterisation study undertaken by Stellenbosch Municipality showed that food waste makes up a substantial part of the waste stream generated in Enkanini. As informal settlements often lack adequate waste collection services, the food waste poses a health risk by breeding pathogens and attracting pests. Through a transdisciplinary approach, an alternative food waste treatment method was piloted in Enkanini in partnership with Stellenbosch Municipality and Probiokashi (Pty) Ltd. The method used bokashi substrate to treat food waste with microorganisms. This was then processed further into compost through the sheet mulching method and by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. The outcomes were assessed according to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of this method of waste processing and indicated a positive impact in all three of these categories. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die globale samelewing groei en al hoe meer lande industrialiseer, sal afvalproduksie ook proporsioneel toeneem. Moderne afvalbestuurpraktyke en vervaardigingsprosesse behels dat groot volumes afval in vullingsterreine of verbrandingsoonde beland. Vervaardiging behels hoofsaaklik ’n lineêre proses, waarin grondstowwe vir vervaardiging onttrek word en uiteindelik in sodanige vullingsterreine of verbrandingsoonde beland. Hierdie produkte is dan onbruikbaar. Hierdie praktyk is ’n onvolhoubare manier om hulpbronne te gebruik, nie net wat die grondstowwe vir vervaardiging betref nie, maar ook die grond wat gebruik word om die afval op te stort. Verwant aan hierdie probleem, is die kwessie van toenemende voedselvermorsing en die probleme rondom wêreldwye hongersnood en voedselonsekerheid. Daar word benader dat een derde van alle voedsel wat ter wêreld vervaardig word, vermors word. Dit kom neer op 1.3 miljard ton voedsel per jaar. Voedselvermorsing veroorsaak ’n verlies aan waardevolle, potensiële voedselbronne of potensiële hulpbronne vir ander prosesse, soos bemesting en energievervaardiging. Die armes is gewoonlik diegene wat die gouste deur beperkte of afnemende hulpbronne geraak word en, tot nog toe, is daar geen beduidende vordering in armoedeverligting nie. Wêreldwyd is daar ’n toename in informele nedersettings, of agterbuurte, en maniere om hierdie probleem aan te spreek, vorm lankal deel van die internasionale politiese en maatskaplike diskoers. In Suid-Afrika dui beleide daarop dat informele nedersettings, waar moontlik, ’n inkrementele, in situ opgraderingsproses moet ondergaan. Alhoewel hierdie plan ’n verbetering is op die vorige behuisingsbeleid, het wesenlike vordering nog nie plaasgevind nie. Gevolglik het hierdie studie gepoog om die kwessies rakende afvalbestuur, spesifiek van voedselafval, en inkrementele opgradering van informele nedersettings in ’n transdissiplinêre gevallestudie te kombineer deur te fokus op die voedselafvalbestuurstelsel in Enkanini, ’n informele nedersetting in Stellenbosch, Suid-Afrika. ’n Studie, uitgevoer deur Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit, wat die inhoud van vullis ontleed het, het bevind dat voedselafval ’n beduidende deel vorm van die vullis wat in Enkanini geproduseer word. Aangesien informele nedersettings dikwels tekortskiet aan voldoende vullisverwyderingsdienste, hou voedselafval ’n bedreiging in omdat patogene daarin broei en dit peste lok. Deur middel van ’n transdissiplinêre benadering is ’n proefprojek aangepak waartydens ’n alternatiewe metode om voedselafval te behandel, getoets is. Hierdie projek is in samewerking met Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit en Probiokashi (Pty) Ltd (Edms.) Bpk. in Enkanini uitgevoer. Hierdie metode het van bokashi-substraat gebruik gemaak om deur middel van mikroörganismes die voedselafval te behandel. Dit is daarna verder deur swartsoldaatvlieglarwes (Hermetia illucens) tot kompos verwerk. Die uitkomste van die studie is geassesseer ten opsigte van die sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewingsvolhoubaarheid van dié afvalverwerkingsmetode. ’n Positiewe impak is in al drie hierdie kategorieë opgemerk.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Johannesburg generates in excess of 1 500 000 tonnes of general waste annually and has on average 10 years’ lifespan remaining on its four landfill sites. As a signatory to the Polokwane Declaration, the City of Johannesburg has recognised the need for new interventions to divert waste from landfills by various methods, such as separation at source; alternative treatment methods and the conversion of waste to energy. Progress has, however, been slow and this research aims to investigate alternative waste management techniques that can be applied in the City of Johannesburg to fast track the realisation of these targets. Using scenario planning techniques, the research considers implications for policy and management decisions in realising the best possible future in the area of waste management in Johannesburg. The scenario process was used to develop the following scenarios for waste management in Johannesburg: Long walk to freedom. Waste collection coverage includes pockets of the community where waste collections services are less than optimal. The residents of the city, particularly in these underserviced areas, are also not very knowledgeable of the impact that the waste generated within their communities can have on the environment and what alternatives there are to manage this. Pick it up. The City provides full services to a society that functions in relative oblivion of the implications of their behaviour on the environment. It is assumed to be the role of government to “pick up” after communities and dispose of waste. This scenario is oblivious of the waste hierarchy and the role communities could play in minimising waste. Wishing on a star. The city continues to have under-serviced areas, public awareness is high and this fuels correct behaviour and a mind-set shift with regard to waste management. Working together we can do more. The City optimises its service provision to cover all areas while also ensuring maximum public awareness and behaviour change with regard to waste management.

O Brasil assumiu e mantém desde 2008 o primeiro lugar mundial em consumo de agrotóxicos e, tendo em vista este uso intensivo, é possível estimar a grande quantidade de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos (EVAs) geradas todos os anos no país. Com a promulgação da Lei 9974 de 2000, a criação do Instituto Nacional de Processamento de Embalagens Vazias (inpEV) em 2001 e a implantação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) em 2010, a destinação adequada das EVAs por meio da logística reversa passou a ocorrer de maneira mais eficiente, chegando a um percentual de 94% de devolução em 2014 segundo dados do INPEV. No entanto, este processo foi originalmente concebido para atender grandes áreas rurais, com economias de escala que o favorecem, e portanto não está adequado à realidade de pequenas comunidades rurais, geralmente com infraestrutura precária e mais isoladas. Sendo assim, ainda é comum nos municípios de pequeno porte que essas embalagens sejam queimadas, armazenadas em locais não adequados ou simplesmente abandonadas no campo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a gestão de EVAs em pequenos municípios agrícolas brasileiros, com foco no processo de logística reversa, a partir de um estudo de caso. Este foi realizado em Bom Repouso, MG, município de 10500 habitantes, caracterizado pela produção de morango e batata, com mão de obra familiar e uso intensivo de agrotóxicos. As seguintes etapas de pesquisa foram desenvolvidas: entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores da cadeia de logística reversa de EVAs; levantamento documental; análise comparativa entre a quantidade de embalagens vendidas e a quantidade total de embalagens devolvidas entre os anos de 2012-2013 e 2013-2014, bem como um levantamento dos agrotóxicos mais comercializados no município. Verificou-se que, no período 2012-2013, a quantidade de embalagens vendidas foi cerca de 30 vezes maior que a de embalagens devolvidas, e para o período entre 2013-2014 a mesma relação foi da ordem de 26 vezes. Além disso, a massa total de embalagens devolvidas corresponde a apenas 3,3% da massa de vendidas no período 2012-2013, e 3,8% para 2013-2014. Ou seja, aproximadamente 96% das embalagens comercializadas em ambos os períodos não foram devolvidas à central de Pouso Alegre. Além disso, há produtos extremamente tóxicos para a saúde e para o meio ambiente entre os 20 mais vendidos no município. Não estão estabelecidas políticas públicas municipais voltadas à gestão desses resíduos, como pode ser verificado através das entrevistas e do levantamento documental. Dificuldades relacionadas ao armazenamento das EVAs até o momento da devolução e seu transporte até a Central de Recolhimento foram apontadas pelos entrevistados como principais motivos para não cumprir suas responsabilidades e, consequente, descartar inadequadamente esses resíduos. / Brazil has taken since 2008 the first place worldwide in pesticide consumption and, in view of this intensive use, it is possible to estimate the large number of empty containers of pesticides (EVAs) generated every year in the country. With the enactment of the 2000 9974 Law, creating the National Institute of Empty Packaging Processing (inpEV) in 2001 and the implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) in 2010, the proper disposal of EVAs through reverse logistics started to occur in a more organized and effective way, reaching a percentage of 94% return in 2014. Despite of that, the Brazilian take-back program was originally designed for large rural areas, and may not apply to small rural communities, generally more isolated and with poor infrastructure, that must require large storage and high transport costs. Because of this, it is still very common to burn and bury empty pesticides containers in this areas, store them in inappropriate places or leave them in the fields. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the efficiency of EVAs reverse logistics process in small Brazilian agricultural counties, taking as a case study the municipality of Bom Repouso, MG, Brazil, which is characterized by the production of strawberry and potato on properties with family labor and intensive use of pesticides. Therefore, the research had three steps: interviews were conducted with the chain process participants; a document research was made; as well as a comparative analysis of the amount of packaging sold in the city and the amount returned between the periods of 2012-2014 (considering the requirement of the law that farmers must turn EVAs in a maximum of one year after purchase, there was a comparison between two periods, from the year 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014) and a research on the 20 most traded pesticides in the municipality. It was verified that in the period between 2012-2013, the amount of packaging used was about 30 times higher than the returned packaging, and for the period between 2013-2014 it was about the order of 26 times. Furthermore, the total mass of returned empty containers corresponds to only 3,3% of the mass sold 2012-2013, and 2013-2014 to 3,8%. In the other words, approximately 96% of the units sold in both periods were not returned to the center of Pouso Alegre. In addition, there are extremely toxic pesticides both for health and the environment among the top 20 in the county. It is not established municipal public policies for the management of such waste as it could be seen through the interviews and the document research. Proper storage for empty pesticide containers and transportation costs were the main points highlighted by dealers as reasons given by producers for not returning and, consequently, improperly dispose of such waste.

Em muitas cidades ao redor do mundo, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, a gestão e o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos são inadequados e causam impactos negativos à saúde pública, meio ambiente, acentuam as desigualdades sociais e contribuem significativamente com a geração dos Gases do Efeito Estufa. Entretanto estes impactos negativos podem ser minimizados com o cumprimento de políticas públicas que promovem a reutilização e reciclagem desses resíduos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar políticas públicas municipais que contribuem para o aumento das taxas de reciclagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos por meio de estudo de caso múltiplo comparativo entre três municípios: São Paulo (Brasil), Cidade do Cabo (África do Sul) e São Francisco (Estados Unidos). A metodologia baseou-se em referências bibliográficas para a identificação de um município que fosse referência mundial no tema e dois outros, situados em países em desenvolvimento (BRICS). Posteriormente foram realizados levantamentos de campo nos municípios selecionados por meio de roteiro de entrevistas e visitas técnicas e, na sequência, criados critérios de avaliação comparativa, baseados em cinco variáveis para a coleta com segregação na fonte e cinco variáveis para as políticas públicas. Os resultados apontaram que São Francisco recupera 84% dos resíduos, obtendo a melhor nota da avaliação, tanto em termos de variáveis técnicas da coleta, como em termos de políticas públicas implantadas. A Cidade do Cabo recupera 27% dos resíduos e obteve a segunda melhor avaliação e, São Paulo que recupera 1,62% dos resíduos, obteve a menor avaliação. As conclusões apontaram que para se alcançar maiores taxas de reciclagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos é fundamental: a obrigatoriedade local de segregação dos resíduos na fonte geradora, a cobrança dos serviços de coleta seletiva para garantir a sustentabilidade econômica, incluindo sistema que permita o pagamento de taxa proporcional às quantidades de resíduos geradas, ampliar programas complementares de minimização de resíduos, campanhas em massa para divulgação dos serviços de coleta seletiva, assim como, a execução de planos integrados de resíduos sólidos com objetivos, metas, recursos e cronograma executivo adaptados às realidades locais dos municípios, inclusive com participação de prestadores de serviços diversificados como o terceiro setor e empresas privadas de diversos porte. / In many cities around the world, especially in developing countries, the management of municipal solid waste is inadequate and contributes with to negative impacts for public health and the environment, accentuates social inequalities and contributes significantly to the generation of Greenhouse Gases. However, these negatives impacts can be minimized by complying public policies that promote the reuse and recycling of municipality solid waste. The objective of this research was to identify local public policies that contribute to increase the rates of municipal solid waste recycling through a comparative multiple case studies of three cities: São Paulo (Brazil), Cape Town (South Africa) and San Francisco (The United States). The methodology was based on bibliographical references for the identification of a city that is a world reference in the theme and two others, located developing countries (BRICS). Afterwards field surveys were carried out in the selected municipalities through a script of interviews and technical visits, followed by benchmarking criteria based on five variables for collection with segregation at source and five variables for public policies. The results showed that São Francisco recovers 84% of the waste, obtaining the best evaluation score, both in terms of technical variables of collection and in terms of public policies implemented. Cape Town recovers 27% of the waste and obtained the second best evaluation, and São Paulo, which recovers 1.62% of the waste, obtained the lowest evaluation. The conclusions pointed out that in order to achieve high rates of recycling of solid urban waste, it is essential to: local compulsory segregation of waste in the generating source, the charging of collection services to ensure financial sustainability, including a system that allows the payment of a fee proportional to the amount of waste generated, mass campaigns to disseminate selective waste collection services, as well as the implementation of integrated solid waste plans with objectives, targets, resources and executive schedule adapted to the local realities of municipalities, including the participation of diversified service providers such as the third sector and private companies of various sizes.

Os resíduos sólidos são um dos principais poluentes do ambiente marinho, responsáveis por prejuízos ecológicos, econômicos e na saúde pública, requerendo ações e políticas públicas para seu controle. Em âmbito internacional, muitas convenções abordaram o tema, incentivando os governos a adotarem medidas para conter suas fontes. O Brasil possui um conjunto de instrumentos com diretrizes para a gestão dos resíduos sólidos, mas será que esses instrumentos - leis, programas, planos, investimentos e indicadores - são adequados para reduzir o lixo marinho? Utilizando o Brasil, o estado de São Paulo, o litoral norte paulista e seus municípios como estudos de caso, foram analisadas as políticas públicas relacionadas ao tema, por meio do levantamento da legislação e a análise dos programas governamentais (planos plurianuais) e seus indicadores. A hipótese proposta era de que os instrumentos existentes são inadequados para reduzir o lixo marinho em todos os níveis governamentais. No entanto, as conclusões indicaram que os instrumentos disponíveis são parcialmente adequados, pois embora não haja um enfoque específico no problema do lixo marinho, o combate a ele pode ser identificado indiretamente nas políticas existentes. O principal problema, entretanto, está na implementação das políticas com baixo investimento, pontuais no tempo e geograficamente, e com indicadores inadequados. / Solid wastes are one of the main marine environment pollutants, responsible for ecological, economic and public health damages. Thus, requiring specific actions and public policies to control their entrance in the environment. On the international level, many conventions deal with this issue, encouraging the governments to adopt measures to reduce its sources. Brazil has a set of legal instruments with the guidelines to solid waste management. Nevertheless, are these instruments - laws, programs, plans, investments and indicators - suitable to reducing marine debris? Using Brazil, São Paulo State, North Coast of São Paulo and their municipalities as case studies, the policies related to the issue were analyzed, through a survey of existing laws, as well as analyzing the government programs (multiannual plans) and their indicators. The initial hypothesis was that the existing instruments were inadequate to reduce marine debris in every governmental level. However, the conclusions suggested that the available instruments were partially suitable, for though there is not a specific focus on marine debris issue, the struggle against it can be identified indirectly on the existing policies. The main problem, however, relates to policies implementation with low funds, punctual in time and geographically, and with inappropriate indicators.

Um dos problemas ambientais com que nos deparamos está ligado à gestão dos resíduos sólidos oriundos das atividades humanas, seja na forma de disposição, no volume na geração, e na ineficiência na reutilização e reciclagem destes. A gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos pauta-se como importante instrumento para que se caminhe em direção a um modelo de sociedade menos agressivo com o meio ambiente. Para buscar esta forma de gestão, no Brasil, a Lei nº 12.305/2010 institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Partindo deste contexto, tem-se como foco os Planos Municipais de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos - PMGIRS. O trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a situação dos processos de elaboração dos PMGIRS nos municípios da Bacia Hidrográfica Tietê-Jacaré (UGRHI-13). É apresentada uma proposta de avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa dos PMGIRS, visando o cumprimento destes perante à PNRS. Chegou-se em um resultado de que 62% dos municípios afirmam possuir PMGIRS; 9% não possuem; e 29% estão em processo de elaboração. A UGRHI-13 conta com 34 municípios, destes, vinte e um (21) municípios afirmam ter PMGIRS, porém após a avaliação destes, verificou-se que três efetivamente não o tem. Logo, o número de municípios que possuem o PMGIRS é dezoito (18), ou seja, 53% dos municípios da UGRHI-13. Consequentemente, 47% dos municípios não possuem o Plano. Nove (9) cumprem menos que 75% dos requisitos mínimos da PNRS. Apenas dois (2) dos dezoito (18) municípios que efetivamente possuem PMGIRS cumprem em 100% os requisitos mínimos. O cenário positivo para a gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos municipais vem evoluindo, porém ainda enfrenta uma série de obstáculos relacionados à falta e inconsistência de informação e falta de capacitação técnica dos gestores públicos. / One of the environmental problems we face is related to the management of solid waste from human activities, whether in the form of disposal, volume in generation, and inefficiency in their reuse and recycling. Integrated solid waste management is an important instrument for moving towards a less aggressive model of society with the environment. In order to seek this form of management, in Brazil, Law nº. 12,305/2010 establishes the National Policy on Solid Waste. Starting from this context, we focus on the Municipal Plans of Integrated Management of Solid Waste - PMGIRS. The objective of this study is to evaluate the situation of the PMGIRS elaboration processes in the municipalities of the Tietê-Jacaré Hydrographic Basin (UGRHI-13). A proposal for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the PMGIRS is presented, with a view to their compliance with the PNRS. It was found that 62% of municipalities claim PMGIRS; 9% do not have; And 29% are in the process of being drawn up. The UGRHI-13 counts with 34 municipalities, of which twenty one (21) municipalities claim to have PMGIRS, but after evaluating them, it was verified that three do not have it. Therefore, the number of municipalities that have the PMGIRS is eighteen (18), or 53% of the municipalities of the UGRHI-13. Consequently, 47% of municipalities do not have the Plan. Nine (9) meet less than 75% of the minimum PNRS requirements. Only two (2) of the eighteen (18) municipalities that effectively have PMGIRS meet the minimum requirements at 100%. The positive scenario for the integrated management of solid municipal waste has been evolving, but it still faces a series of obstacles related to lack and inconsistency of information and lack of technical capacity of public managers.