Neste estudo foi investigada a alcoólise enzimática do óleo de soja com etanol, utilizando t-butanol como solvente e enzimas imobilizadas Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM e Novozym 435 como catalisadores. As reações foram realizadas em um reator batelada fechado acoplado a um condensador e com constante agitação. Foram avaliadas a influência do t-butanol, do tipo de enzima utilizada, da razão molar álcool/óleo e da temperatura no rendimento em biodiesel. A etanólise do óleo de soja por sucessivas adições de álcool foi investigada e as melhores condições foram obtidas em presença de t-butanol, razão molar etanol/óleo igual a 3, temperatura de 50C e 5% (m/m) de Novozym 435. Nas reações conduzidas em presença de t-butanol não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a adição direta e a escalonada do álcool. Os efeitos da adição de álcool só foram observados na ausência de t-butanol. O rendimento máximo em ésteres etílicos atingido foi cerca de 66% após 4h de reação com Novozym 435 na presença de solvente. / In this research, the enzymatic alcoholysis of soybean oil was investigated by using commercial immobilized lipases: Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 as catalysts. The reactions were carried out in a closed batch reactor with constant stirring and coupled with condenser. The influence of t-butanol, type of enzyme, molar ratio (alcohol/soybean oil) and temperature on biodiesel yield were evaluated. The ethanolysis of soybean oil by stepwise additions of ethanol was also investigated. The best conditions were obtained in t-butanol presence with ethanol/oil molar ratio of 3, temperature of 50oC and 5 wt.% Novozym 435. For the reactions carried out with t-butanol, the effects of stepwise alcohol addition were not observed, but it was realized in t-butanol absence. The maximum biodiesel yield achieved was 66% after 4h of reaction with Novozym 435 in t-butanol system.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roger Cardoso Moreira - 2015.pdf: 8605588 bytes, checksum: 30a0478ee44e03b86b3d5b0eec4354c1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / This study describes the development of an analytical methodology for the separation of quaternary amines using nonaqueous electrophoresis microchips coupled with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Initially, preliminary experiments were performed to evaluate two electrokinetic modes for sample introduction on chip, known as gated and floating approaches. Gated injection showed repeatability slightly better than floating mode. In addition, it also provided better analytical responses on the C4D system. During the development of analytical methodology for NAME-C4D, the electrolyte composition was optimized to ensure satisfactory separations on electrophoresis microchips. The electrolyte composed of sodium deoxycholate (NaDCHA) at concentration of 10 mmol/L dissolved in a mixture of MeOH/ACN at the ratio 90:10 (v/v) exhibited separations with high efficiency and resolution above 1. Then, it was realized the optimization of potential injection, separation and detection parameters (frequency and amplitude). Running electrolyte was prepared in both DMSO and DMF, however, the use of a mixture containing MeOH/ACN provided best analytical performance. The best results were obtained with electrolyte containing 10% ACN and 90% MeOH. In addition, different electrolyte compositions were also evaluated, but the electrolyte containing NaDCHA offered results slightly better when compared to others. The optimization of running buffer allowed the separation of nine quaternary amines in electrophoresis channels with effective length of 7.0 cm with analysis time lower than 120 s. The peak resolution was higher than 1 and the calculated separation efficiencies ranged from 77.000 to 185.000 pratos/m. This excellent performance was achieved using NAME conditions under high electric fields. The developed methodology was used for the analysis of quaternary amines in samples containing high salinity levels through the standard addition method. Linear correlation coefficients were obtained up to 0,990 for eight quaternary amines. Lastly, the use of NAME-C4D allowed to observe a strong dependence of the detector response according to the carbon number of quaternary amine molecules. / O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica para separação de aminas quaternárias utilizando eletroforese não aquosa em microchips (NAME, do inglês non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis) com detecção condutométrica sem contato acoplada capacitivamente (C4D, do inglês capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection). Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo para avaliação de dois modos de introdução da amostra nos microchips, denominados de gated e floating. O modo gated apresentou repetitividade ligeiramente melhor que o modo floating, além de proporcionar melhores respostas do detector C4D. No desenvolvimento da metodologia utilizando NAME-C4D, foi realizado um estudo para encontrar a composição ideal do eletrólito para as separações eletroforéticas. O eletrólito constituído de deoxicolato de sódio (NaDCHA), na concentração de 10 mmol/L, dissolvido em uma mistura de MeOH/ACN na proporção 90:10 (v/v), apresentou separações com alta eficiência e resolução superior a 1. A partir de então, foi realizada a otimização dos potenciais de injeção, separação e dos parâmetros de detecção (frequência e amplitude). Durante o desenvolvimento da metodologia, foram avaliados eletrólitos preparados em outros dois solventes, DMSO e DMF. Porém, a mistura de MeOH/ACN como solvente forneceu os melhores resultados, desta maneira também foi avaliada a adição de diferentes proporções de MeOH/ACN. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o eletrólito contendo 10% de ACN e 90% de MeOH. Na sequência, foram avaliadas diferentes composições do eletrólito, com a adição de outros compostos em substituição ao NaDCHA. Todos os eletrólitos avaliados apresentaram ótimas separações, porém o eletrólito com NaDCHA apresentou resultados ligeiramente superiores. Com a otimização da metodologia desenvolvida, obteve-se separações eletroforéticas de nove aminas quaternárias em microssistema contendo comprimento efetivo de 7,0 cm, com um tempo de análise inferior a 120 s. As separações apresentaram resolução superior a 1 e valores de eficiência entre 77,000 e 185,000 pratos/m, uma vez que com a utilização de solventes orgânicos, foi possível a aplicação de campos elétricos elevados. A metodologia desenvolvida foi avaliada através da determinação das aminas quaternárias, pelo método de adição de padrão, em uma matriz com elevada salinidade. Foram obtidos coeficientes de correlação lineares acima de 0,990 para oito aminas quaternárias. Durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi observada uma clara dependência das respostas analítica em função da quantidade de carbono da molécula.

Introdução: O câncer de mama é o segundo câncer mais incidente no mundo e o mais freqüente entre as mulheres, entretanto, sua etiologia continua desconhecida. O câncer de mama está associado a múltiplos fatores de risco, dentre eles, os fatores ocupacionais e ambientais. Objetivo: Fazer revisão bibliográfica sobre câncer de mama e exposição ocupacional e ambiental a solventes. Método: Artigos em inglês, português e espanhol foram selecionados no Pubmed e no Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information LILACS entre dezembro de 1981 a março de 2011. Os termos utilizados foram: breast cancer, breast neoplasm, solvent, occupational exposure and environment exposure. Foram excluídos os artigos sobre fatores genéticos, marcadores biológicos, polimorfismos, campos eletromagnéticos e nutrição. Baseado na revisão bibliográfica foi construído questionário sobre o tema e realizado teste com 29 casos e 29 controles, em um hospital da cidade de Santo André SP. Resultados: Não foram identificados artigos no Lilacs. No Pubmed foram encontrados 39 artigos. Após as exclusões 33 estudos foram selecionados: 11 casos-controle, 12 revisões, 09 coorte e 01 transversal. Em 21 artigos os autores identificaram alguma evidência de associação para os compostos alquilfenólicos, solventes orgânicos, PAHs, benzeno, estireno e percloretileno, possivelmente explicado por uma ação genotóxica direta ou através de seus metabólitos, especialmente quando as exposições ocorrem nos períodos proliferativos das células mamárias, nos carcinomas com receptores de estrógeno e progesterona negativos. Quanto ao questionário, 74 por cento dos casos e 80 por cento dos controles relataram uso de produtos químicos no trabalho sendo que 45 por cento dos casos e 55 por cento dos controles se expuseram a solventes. 62,1 por cento das participantes colaboram muito bem com a pesquisa, apesar de que, quanto ao detalhamento das respostas, 17,2 por cento das entrevistas apresentaram algumas partes duvidosas. A história ocupacional obtida através do questionário foi classificada como confiável em 67,2 por cento das entrevistas. Conclusão: Há limitadas evidências de associação entre os solventes e o câncer de mama. São necessárias mais pesquisas, com atenção para as diferenças histopatológicas, imuno-histoquímicas e genéticas das neoplasias de mama. O questionário desenvolvido precisa ser aprimorado para melhorar a confiabilidade das respostas / Introduction: Breast cancer is the most incident cancer among women in the world. However its etiology is still unknown. Multiple risk factors have been described. Occupational and environmental factors may play a role in the carcinogenesis. Objective: To make a literature review of the occupational and environmental risk factors for breast cancer. Methods: Breast cancer studies written in English, Portuguese and Spanish were identified through Pubmed and Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information LILACS from December 1981 to March 2011. The keywords used for the search in titles were: breast cancer, breast neoplasm, solvent, occupational exposure and environment exposure. Articles about genetic factors, biological markers, polymorphisms, electromagnetic fields and nutrition were excluded. Results: No articles were identified in Lilacs and 39 in Pubmed. After exclusions 33 studies were selected: 11 case-controls, 12 reviews, 09 cohorts and 01 cross-sectional. In 21 articles the authors identified some evidence of association for alkylphenolic compounds, organic solvents, PAH, benzene, styrene and perchloroethylene, possibly explained by a direct genotoxic action of the solvents or indirectly through their metabolites, especially when expositions happen during the proliferative period of the mammary cells, with estrogen and progesterone negative breast cancer receptors. 74 per cent cases and 80 per cent controls were exposed to chemicals in the workplace. 45 per cent cases and 55 per cent controls were exposed to solvents. 62 per cent participants collaborated very well with the research, although details regarding the responses of 17 per cent were uncertain. Occupational history obtained from the questionnaire was rated as trustworthy in 67 per cent of interviews. Conclusions: There is limited evidence of an association between solvents and breast cancer. More studies must be conducted to better understand the association between breast cancer and solvents, paying attention to hormone receptors, histopathological characteristics and BRCA1/ BRCA2 genes. The questionnaire needs to be enhanced to improve the reliability or responses

<p>The thesis describes an investigation into the interaction between the conducting polymer and cellulosic materials, and the preparation of electroconductive paper. The adsorption behavior of the conducting polymer onto cellulosic materials was characterized. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was used as conducting polymer because of its attractive properties in terms of conductivity, water solubility, and environmental stability. The model substrate used for adsorption was microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Various pH levels and salt concentrations were explored to completely understand the adsorption behavior of PEDOT:PSS. The variation in surface charge characteristics when the pH and salt concentration were changed was monitored by polyelectrolyte titration and zeta potential measurement. The adsorption isotherm showed a broad molecular distribution of the conducting polymer and considerable interaction between the polymer and MCC. As the pH of the solution was increased, the adsorbed amount decreased. With varying salt concentrations, the adsorption passed through a maximum. The extent of deposition of PEDOT:PSS on the surface of cellulosic fibers was investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) with a commercial base paper as substrate. XPS analysis of dip-coated paper samples showed PEDOT enrichment on the surface. The degree of washing the dip-coated paper with acidic water did not significantly affect the PEDOT enrichment on the surface.</p><p> </p><p>A base paper was coated with PEDOT:PSS blends to produce electroconductive papers. The bulk conductivities (σ_dc) of the coated papers were measured using a four-probe technique and impedance spectroscopy. One-side and two-side coating gave comparable conductivity levels. Various organic solvents added to the PEDOT:PSS dispersion at different concentrations showed various effects on the bulk conductivity of the coated paper. Blends containing sorbitol and isopropanol did not enhance the bulk conductivity of the coated paper, and at high concentrations these organic solvents lowered the conductivity. Paper samples coated with a PEDOT:PSS blend containing N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) exhibited a higher conductivity than when coated with pure PEDOT:PSS, due to conformational changes and their plasticizing effect. The effect of calendering was investigated and only the sample subjected to 174 kN/m line load after coating showed significant conductivity enhancement. The addition of TiO₂ pigment lowered the bulk conductivity of the paper. Contact angle measurements were made to monitor the effect of coating the paper with PEDOT:PSS blends on the hydrophilicity of the paper samples. The amount of PEDOT:PSS deposited in the fiber network was determined using total sulfur analysis. Thus, this study makes use of conventional paper surface treatment as method for achieving bulk conductivity of paper in the semi-conductor range without significantly decreasing the paper strength.</p> / Printed Polymer Electronics

The thesis describes an investigation into the interaction between the conducting polymer and cellulosic materials, and the preparation of electroconductive paper. The adsorption behavior of the conducting polymer onto cellulosic materials was characterized. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was used as conducting polymer because of its attractive properties in terms of conductivity, water solubility, and environmental stability. The model substrate used for adsorption was microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Various pH levels and salt concentrations were explored to completely understand the adsorption behavior of PEDOT:PSS. The variation in surface charge characteristics when the pH and salt concentration were changed was monitored by polyelectrolyte titration and zeta potential measurement. The adsorption isotherm showed a broad molecular distribution of the conducting polymer and considerable interaction between the polymer and MCC. As the pH of the solution was increased, the adsorbed amount decreased. With varying salt concentrations, the adsorption passed through a maximum. The extent of deposition of PEDOT:PSS on the surface of cellulosic fibers was investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) with a commercial base paper as substrate. XPS analysis of dip-coated paper samples showed PEDOT enrichment on the surface. The degree of washing the dip-coated paper with acidic water did not significantly affect the PEDOT enrichment on the surface.   A base paper was coated with PEDOT:PSS blends to produce electroconductive papers. The bulk conductivities (σdc) of the coated papers were measured using a four-probe technique and impedance spectroscopy. One-side and two-side coating gave comparable conductivity levels. Various organic solvents added to the PEDOT:PSS dispersion at different concentrations showed various effects on the bulk conductivity of the coated paper. Blends containing sorbitol and isopropanol did not enhance the bulk conductivity of the coated paper, and at high concentrations these organic solvents lowered the conductivity. Paper samples coated with a PEDOT:PSS blend containing N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) exhibited a higher conductivity than when coated with pure PEDOT:PSS, due to conformational changes and their plasticizing effect. The effect of calendering was investigated and only the sample subjected to 174 kN/m line load after coating showed significant conductivity enhancement. The addition of TiO2 pigment lowered the bulk conductivity of the paper. Contact angle measurements were made to monitor the effect of coating the paper with PEDOT:PSS blends on the hydrophilicity of the paper samples. The amount of PEDOT:PSS deposited in the fiber network was determined using total sulfur analysis. Thus, this study makes use of conventional paper surface treatment as method for achieving bulk conductivity of paper in the semi-conductor range without significantly decreasing the paper strength. / Printed Polymer Electronics

The kinetic mechanism of an α/β hydrolase fold epoxide hydrolase from potato, StEH1, has been studied with the aims of explaining the underlying causes for enantio- and regioselectivity, both being important for product purity. Further effort has been laid upon understanding the causes of a hysteretic behavior discovered in the measurements leading to Paper I. The enantioselectivity was investigated with substrates differing only in substituent size at one carbon of the oxirane ring structure. In catalysis with trans-stilbene oxide and styrene oxide, enantioselectivity is the result of differences in alkylation rates. In pre-steady state measurement with trans-2-methylstyrene oxide (2-MeSO), a rate-limiting step involving slow transitions, referred to as hysteresis, was discovered. With this substrate enantioselectivity is proposed to be a consequence of the catalytic rate of (1R,2R)-enantiomer being more influenced by the hysteretic behavior than was the rate of the other enantiomer. In steady-state measurements with (1R,2R)-2-MeSO, at different temperatures and pH, hysteretic cooperativity was displayed. It can be concluded that this behavior is dependent on the relationship between kcat and the rate of transition between two Michaelis complexes. From the differences in pH dependence of kcat/KM in formation of the two diols resulting from low regioselectivity in catalysis of (1R,2R)-2-MeSO, it is suggested that hysteresis is a result of the substrates placed in different conformational modes within the active site cavity. Regioselectivity is proposed to be the result of specific interactions between the catalytically important Tyr and the substrate, with a link between KM-values and degree of regioselectivity. Furthermore, the hysteretic kinetic model proposed can explain hysteresis, cooperativity and regioselectivity resulting from StEH1 catalyzed hydrolysis of (1R,2R)-2-MeSO.

Chlorinated solvent are volatile organic substances that can be harmful for humans and for the environment. Examples of common chlorinated solvents are perchloroethene, PCE, and trichloroethene, TCE. Chlorinated solvents appear as contaminants in soils primarily where they have been used as washing fluids in dry-cleaning facilities or as degreasers in metal industries. Chlorinated solvents are DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), which means that they are not easily dissolved in water and that they sink to the bottom of the aquifer. Adsorption to soils is low so chlorinated solvents are mobile in soils. Chlorinated solvents can be harmful at low concentrations. Complete degradation can only occur under specific conditions. Because of the properties of these substances, investigation and analysis methodology are extra important for determining transport and risks in a contaminated area. In this work, investigation and analysis methods for chlorinated solvents are described. Planning, fieldwork, modeling and risk analysis are described. Projects concerning chlorinated solvents completed by Golder Associates AB have been compiled and analysed. Based on the compilation, conclusions have been drawn and statistics have been calculated. Investigations of the relation between concentrations in different media have been made as well as investigations of the relation between degradation products at different distances from the source and at different times after release. The data from the environmental investigations have been compared with theoretical literature values and modelling results. The results show that there is a large natural variation in the data and that the differences between different areas are quite large. The results confirm the theory that the percentage of degradation products increases with distance from the source and with time from release. In addition, solvents with a higher degree of chlorination seams to appear to a greater extent in the soil and the more volatile substances seams to appear to a greater extent in the soil air. / Klorerade lösningsmedel är flyktiga klorerade organiska ämnen som kan vara skadliga för människor och miljön. Exempel på vanliga klorerade lösningsmedel är perkloreten, PCE och trikloreten, TCE. Klorerade lösningsmedel förekommer som markföroreningar främst efter användning som tvättvätska i kemtvättar och som avfettningsmedel i metallindustrin. Klorerade lösningsmedel är DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), det innebär att de är svårlösliga i vatten och att de sjunker och lägger sig på botten av akviferen. Fastläggningen i jorden är liten hos klorerade lösningsmedel som därmed är rörliga i marken. De är farliga redan vid små koncentrationer och fullständig nedbrytning sker endast under vissa förutsättningar. Ämnenas egenskaper gör att undersöknings- och analysmetodiken är viktig för att riktigt kunna bestämma deras utbredning och risk på ett förorenat område. I detta arbete beskrivs undersöknings- och analysmetodiken för områden förorenade med klorerade lösningsmedel. Upplägg, fältarbete, modellering och riskbedömning beskrivs. Projekt som handlar om klorerade lösningsmedel utförda av Golder Associates AB har sammanställts. Sammanställningen har analyserats och utifrån den har olika slutsatser dragits och statistik beräknats. Bland annat har samband mellan halter i olika medier samt samband mellan halter av nedbrytningsprodukter på olika avstånd från källan respektive efter olika lång tid från läckage har undersökts. Data från miljöundersökningarna har även jämförts med teoretiska litteraturvärden samt modelleringsresultat. Resultatet visar att den naturliga spridningen av data är stor samt att resultaten skiljer sig åt mellan olika områden. Resultaten bekräftar teorierna att halten nedbrytningsprodukter ökar med avståndet från källan och med tiden samt att ämnen med högre kloreringsgrad finns i större utsträckning i jorden och att flyktigare ämnen finns i större utsträckning i porluften.

El treball presentat en aquesta tesi pretén contribuir a l'estudi mediambiental de la limitació de les emissions de components orgànics volàtils (VOCs), degudes a l'ús de dissolvents orgànics en determinades activitats i instal·lacions industrials, mitjançant la tècnica de la destil·lació discontinua o batch. Amb aquest objectiu s'ha treballat amb un model matemàtic senzill, basat en els balanços de matèria i en les relacions d'equilibri líquid-vapor, que permeti d'una forma ràpida predir la separació per destil·lació batch de mescles líquides de VOCs. El llenguatge de programació utilitzat ha estat el Fortran 77. Per a poder comprovar la bondat del model en diversos escenaris i la seva eventual millora i validació, s'ha realitzat el muntatge i la posta a punt d' una planta pilot de destil·lació batch.El model s'ha aplicat en primer lloc a la simulació d'una mescla binària (metanol-aigua), per a poder estudiar el seu comportament en la predicció de la separació per destil·lació batch dels components. Les simulacions realitzades amb el model s'han comparat amb els experiments realitzats en la planta pilot i amb el simulador comercial Batchsim de Pro/II. La mescla metanol-aigua s'ha escollit especialment per a realitzar la posta a punt de la planta pilot, on la mescla citada és la primera que s'experimenta en la planta. Després d'estudiar la mescla binària, el model s'ha aplicat a una mescla ternària (ciclohexà toluè-clorobenzè). Els resultats obtinguts mitjançant la simulació del model s'han comparat amb els experiments realitzats en la planta pilot i amb el simulador Batchsim de Pro/II, per poder estudiar la capacitat de predicció del model a escala industrial.Una vegada estudiat el model i la seva validació per a mescles reals sense azeòtrop, el següent pas ha estat estudiar si el model és capaç de predir el comportament de mescles azeotròpiques binàries. Així, el model s'ha aplicat a un azeòtrop binari de mínim punt d' ebullició (toluè-n-butanol). A l'igual que en les mescles anteriors estudiades, els resultats obtinguts per simulació amb la mescla azeotròpica s'han comparat amb els resultats experimentals obtinguts en la planta pilot i amb el simulador Batchsim de Pro/II.En l'última part del treball s'estudia la resolució de l'azeòtrop toluè-n-butanol mitjançant l' addició d' n-octanol. Els resultats obtinguts per simulació es comparen amb els obtinguts experimentalment i amb el simulador Batchsim de Pro/II.Després d'estudiar l'aplicació del model senzill a les diferents mescles, es pot concloure que el model utilitzat és una eina útil i vàlida que permet estudiar la separació de mescles binàries i multicomponents per destil·lació batch, així como mescles azeotròpiques binàries. Permet col·laborar en la reutilització de compostos orgànics volàtils, com els dissolvents, i en l'estudi de descàrrega zero en les indústries químiques de procés discontinu, en especial en el sector de la química fina. Aquestes indústries han de disposar de models senzills i de resposta ràpida, com el presentat en aquesta tesi, per poder fer front a les normatives ambientals cada vegada més estrictes.Per altra banda, les característiques del model el fan apropiat per al càlcul del temps d' operació de separació per destil·lació batch, en programes de seqüenciació òptima d' operacions de processos batch. Els programes informàtics realitzats en aquesta tesi pretenen contribuir a la resolució de problemes de programació d'operacions (scheduling), dins de la planificació de la producció (planning) de plantes discontinues. / El trabajo presentado en esta tesis pretende contribuir al estudio medioambiental de la limitación de las emisiones de componentes orgánicos volátiles (VOCs), debidas al uso de disolventes orgánicos, en determinadas actividades e instalaciones industriales, mediante la técnica de la destilación discontinua o batch. Para ello se ha trabajado con un modelo matemático sencillo, basado en los balances de materia y en las relaciones de equilibrio líquido-vapor, que permita de una forma rápida predecir la separación por destilación batch de mezclas líquidas de VOCs. El lenguaje de programación utilizado ha sido el Fortran 77. Para poder comprobar la bondad del modelo en diversos escenarios y su eventual mejora y validación, se ha realizado el montaje y la puesta a punto de una planta piloto de destilación batch.El modelo se ha aplicado en primer lugar a la simulación de una mezcla binaria (metanol-agua), para poder estudiar su comportamiento en la predicción de la separación por destilación batch de los componentes. Las simulaciones realizadas con el modelo se han comparado con los experimentos realizados en la planta piloto y con el simulador comercial Batchsim de Pro/II. La mezcla metanol-agua se ha escogido especialmente para realizar la puesta a punto de la planta piloto, donde dicha mezcla es la primera que se experimenta en la planta. Después de estudiar la mezcla binaria, el modelo se ha aplicado a una mezcla ternaria (ciclohexano-tolueno-clorobenceno). Los resultados obtenidos mediante la simulación del modelo se han comparado con las experiencias realizadas en la planta piloto y con el simulador Batchsim de Pro/II, para poder estudiar la capacidad de predicción del modelo a escala industrial.Una vez estudiado el modelo y su validación para mezclas reales sin azeótropo, el siguiente paso ha sido estudiar si el modelo es capaz de predecir el comportamiento de mezclas azeotrópicas binarias. Para ello, el modelo se ha aplicado a un azeótropo binario de mínimo punto de ebullición (tolueno-n-butanol). Al igual que en las mezclas anteriores estudiadas, los resultados obtenidos por simulación con la mezcla azeotrópica se han comparado con los resultados experimentales obtenidos en la planta piloto y con el simulador Batchsim de Pro/II.En la última parte del trabajo se estudia la resolución del azeótropo tolueno-n-butanol mediante la adición de n-octanol. Los resultados obtenidos por simulación se comparan con los obtenidos experimentalmente y con el simulador Batchsim de Pro/II.Después de estudiar la aplicación del modelo sencillo a las distintas mezclas, se puede concluir que el modelo utilizado es una herramienta útil y válida que permite estudiar la separación de mezclas binarias y multicomponentes por destilación batch, así como mezclas azeotrópicas binarias. Permite colaborar en la reutilización de compuestos orgánicos volátiles, como los disolventes, y en el estudio de descarga cero en las industrias químicas de proceso discontinuo, en especial en el sector de química fina. Estas industrias deben disponer de modelos sencillos y de respuesta rápida, como el presentado en esta tesis, para poder hacer frente a las normativas ambientales cada vez más estrictas.Por otro lado, las características del modelo lo hacen apropiado para el cálculo de tiempos de operación de separación por destilación batch, en programas de secuenciación óptima de operaciones de procesos batch. Los programas informáticos realizados en esta tesis pretenden contribuir a la resolución de problemas de programación de operaciones (scheduling), dentro de la planificación de la producción (planning) de plantas discontinuas. / The work presented in this thesis pretends to be a contribution to the environmental study of the limitation of the emissions from volatile organic compounds (VOCs), due to the use of organic solvents, in certain activities and industrial installations, by discontinuous or batch distillation.A simplified mathematic model based on mass balances and vapor-liquid equilibrium has been used to predict the separation of liquid mixtures of VOCs by batch distillation. The model has been implemented in Fortran 77. A pilot plant of batch distillation has been constructed in order to validate the results obtained by simulation with the model.First the model has been applied to the simulation of a binary mixture (methanol-water), in order to study the degree of separation of the components in the mixture. The results obtained with the model have been compared with those obtained in the pilot plant and with the commercial simulator Batchsim of Pro/II. The methanol-water mixture is the first mixture that has been experimented in the pilot plant and has served for the start-up of the pilot plant.After the binary mixture has been successfully studied, the model has been applied to a ternary mixture (cyclohexane-toluene-chlorobenzene). The results obtained by simulation have been compared with the experiences in the pilot plant and with the simulator Batchsim of Pro/II, in order to study the capacity of the model to describe industrial situations.Once the model has been validated for real mixtures without azeotrope, the model has been applied to a binary azeotropic mixture with a minimum boiling point (toluene-n-butanol) in order to study if the model can predict the behavior of this kind of mixtures. Also, the results obtained with the model have been compared with those obtained in the pilot plant and with those obtained with the simulator Batchsim of Pro/II.In the last part of the thesis, the resolution of the binary azeotrope toluene-n-butanol has been studied with the simplified model, by adding n-octanol. The results obtained by simulation have been compared with those obtained in the pilot plant and those obtained with the simulator Batchsim of Pro/II. It can be concluded that the simplified model is a useful and valid tool that permits the study of the separation of binary and multicomponent mixtures by batch distillation, and also binary azeotropic mixtures. The model permits to contribute to the reuse of volatile organic compounds, like solvents, and to study zero discharge in the batch chemical industries, specially in the industry of fine chemicals. These kind of industries need simplified and quick models, like the model presented in this thesis, in order to accomplish environmental restrictions.The simplified model is also interesting for being applied to calculate operation times in batch process scheduling and in this way to contribute to a better planning of industrial plants.

The work conducted in this thesis is two-fold. First, binary vapor liquid equilibria of several solvent/CO2 systems are measured at 40 ?? The systems analyzed are all gas-expanded liquids (GXLs) characterized with a Jerguson Cell apparatus. A Jerguson cell is a windowed pressure vessel that allows one to measure the height of the condensed liquid. Using this height and the known overall contents in the cell, one can calculate the liquid composition without using any external sampling. Secondly, this same setup is attached to a sampling system, and solid solubility (fractional crystallization) is measured for various GXL systems. The CO2 acts as an antisolvent in what is commonly known as a gaseous antisolvent (GAS) system. Essentially, this work shows that expansion of the tested solvents with CO2 will cause the precipitation of the solid solute. This work also analyzes the affect two solutes have on each other in a quaternary GAS system. Gas-expanded liquids combine desirable gaseous properties and liquid properties to yield a very useful solvent for many applications. An advantage of GXLs is that a relatively small change in pressure or temperature can greatly affect the solvation properties. The tunability of GXLs increases as the amount of the gas (usually CO2) increases in the liquid phase. With the benign chemical nature and environmental impact of CO2 processing, GXLs and supercritical fluids (SCFs) have garnered a lot of attention for industry and academia. Supercritical fluids in this work refer to pure CO2 above its critical temperature and pressure.

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