The genus Sorbus is an example of a taxonomically complex group (TCG) with diversity derived from hybridisation, polyploidy and apomixis. The focus of this study was to elucidate the evolutionary relationships among nine Sorbus species including endemics of the Devon and north Somerset region of the south west UK, determine main routes of polyploid formation and investigate reproductive sustainability in order to make recommendations for Sorbus conservation. Molecular analysis showed that genetic structure patterns and genotypic diversity support the hypothesis that the study polyploids are a product of rare interspecific hybridisation, of single origins and are maintained through apomictic reproduction. PCoA, Neighbour Joining analysis and parental simulations reveal a reticulated relationship, with diversification the result of hybridisations between sexual diploid Sorbus torminalis and both tetraploid and triploid species. Hybridisation between S. torminalis and tetraploid Sorbus margaretae (subgenus Aria) have likely given rise to the study members of subgenus Tormaria through production of a triploid which has subsequently backcrossed to Sorbus torminalis to form further tetraploids. The discovery of a cryptic hybrid in subgenus Aria also suggests occasional hybridisation events among tetraploids are a possible route for further tetraploid formation These events illustrate key routes of polyploid formation, both illustrating the role of triploids in tetraploid formation via the triploid bridge and the key role in sexual diploids in diversification in Sorbus. Hand pollination experiments showed that self-incompatibility in the triploid species (Sorbus subcuneata) means reliance on congeneric pollen from sympatric tetraploid species for seed production. Reproductive sustainability in this species is severely compromised through spatial isolation from compatible congeners. Our findings are strong support for the development of conservation strategies that aim to safeguard current diversity through actions that increase reproductive sustainability and recruitment opportunities, and promote opportunities for on-going hybridisation for future diversification of Sorbus in this region.

We want to point out a rare occurrence jarabiny oskorušovej (rowanberry) (Sorbus domestica L.) oskoruša, in diploma work in Slovakia as well as in the Czech Republic. The main aim of the thesis was mapping rowanberry in southern Moravia and western Slovakia, recording of the presence of trees and their health, recovery jarabiny oskorušovej (rowanberry) fruit trees as well. The mapping took place in the following locations: Region: Trnava - Smolenice, Dechtice Piešťany : Chtelnica, Lower Lopašov Kočín, Lančár, Vrbové, Island Pezinok : Modra, Šenkvice Myjava : U Janoškov Hodonín : Tasov, Kněždub, Tvarožná Lhota, Radějov Breclav : Lednice. These trees situated at an altitude between 170 to 355 m n. m. There were found 74 trees of different age and health in total. The circuit tree was measured at hight 1,30 meter and trunk circuit ranged from 0.1 to 5.06 m, and also measured the hight of crown, which ranged from 3.5 to 19 m and crown diameter, which was from 2.25 to 19.5 meters. Age of the trees were in the range of 9-450 years. Therre were created maps on the base Google Earth software with all GPS position of the trees. Trees were photographically documented. The final results of the work were processed to the grafs, there was evaluated girth of trunk in the hight 1.30 meters, estimated age, hight of trees, cubic crown, crown diameter and shape of leaves. The fruit was assessed width, length, sugar content and weight were divided according to shape. The fruits have significant nutritional value, they are a source of vitamins and fiber, and people use them not only as medicine but also for the production of spirits.

Sorbus L. gentis yra plačiai paplitusi pasaulyje. Šermukšnio genties augalų augalinės žaliavos fitocheminė sudėtis tiriama pasaulio mokslininkų, tačiau duomenys apie galimą fenolinių junginių įvairavimą yra nepakankami. Siekiant ištirti Lietuvoje natūraliai augančių ir auginamų kolekcijose šermukšnių (Sorbus L.) rūšių ir veislių lapų, žiedų ir vaisių flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinės ir kiekinės sudėties įvairavimą, optimizuota efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos (ESC) metodika. Ištirta paprastųjų šermukšnių (S. aucuparia L.) lapų, žiedų ir vaisių ėminių flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinė ir kiekinė sudėtis bei nustatyti įvairavimo ypatumai augalo vegetacijos periodo metu. Ištirta Lietuvoje natūraliose augavietėse augančių S. aucuparia L. lapų ėminių flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinė ir kiekinė sudėtis. Nustatyta kolekcijose auginamų Sorbus L. genties rūšių ir veislių augalų flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinė ir kiekinė sudėtis bei jų kaupimosi dėsningumai. Atlikti Sorbus L. genties rūšių ir veislių vaisių fenolinių junginių antioksidacinio aktyvumo tyrimai taikant pokolonėlinės reakcijos metodą, nustatytas ryšys tarp fenolinių junginių kiekio šermukšnių vaisiuose ir antioksidacinio aktyvumo. / Sorbus L. genus is widespread in the world. In the course of research carried out in various countries, analysis of the phytochemical composition of Sorbus L. species has been performed, however, information about possible variation of phenolic compounds is insufficient. In order to investigate qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves, inflorescences and fruits of Sorbus L. growing in natural habitats and grown in collection in Lithuania HPLC method was developed. Variation patterns of the contents of phenolic compounds flavonoids in leaves, inflorescences and fruits of S. aucuparia L. during the growth season were determined. Qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves of S. aucuparia L. growing in natural habitats in Lithuania was investigated. Qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids of species and varieties of genus Sorbus L. plants, grown in collections, was investigated. Antioxidant activity of fruits of species and varieties of genus Sorbus L. was investigated applying postcolumn HPLC method and relationship between the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was revealed.

Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: Sorbus L. genties augalo S. aucuparia L. lapų ir žiedų tyrimas. Bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis paprastojo šermukšnio augalinėse žaliavose nustatytas UV spektrofotometriniu metodu, fenolinės rūgštys ir flavonoidai nustatyti ESC metodu. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti S. aucuparia L. lapuose ir žieduose esančius fenolinius junginius, jų kiekinės sudėties įvairavimą augalo vegetacijos metu ir augalinių žaliavų (lapų ir žiedų) laikymo metu. Darbo uždaviniai: Surinkti ir susisteminti literatūros duomenis apie Sorbus aucuparia L., paprastojo šermukšnio augalinių žaliavų cheminę sudėtį, fenolinių junginių analizės metodus, poveikį ir panaudojimą medicinos praktikoje; Ištirti S. aucuparia L. lapų ir žiedų kiekybinę fenolinių junginių sudėtį ir nustatyti bendro fenolinių junginių kiekio įvairavimą augalo vegetacijos metu; Ištirti S. aucuparia L. lapų ir žiedų kokybinę ir kiekybinę fenolinių rūgščių ir flavonoidų sudėtį ir nustatyti jų kiekinės sudėties kitimą augalų vegetacijos periodo metu; Nustatyti S. aucuparia L. lapuose ir žieduose esančių fenolinių junginių kiekybinės sudėties kitimus augalinių žaliavų laikymo metu. Išvados: S. aucuparia L. augalinės žaliavos gali būti kaip šaltinis išskiriant biologiškai aktyvius junginius, kurie gali būti naudojami medicinos praktikoje. S. aucuparia L. lapuose ir žieduose esančių junginių kiekis kinta augalo vegetacijos metu; lapuose daugiausia fenolinių junginių sukaupiama gegužės - birželio mėn., žieduose – žydėjimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object and methods: Sorbus aucuparia L. leaves and flowers study. Total amaunt of phenolic compounds in mountain ash leaves and flowers were evaluated using UV spectrophotometry, phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified and evaluated using HPLC. Aim: to identify and evaluate the content of phenolic compounds in rowan leaves and flowers during mountain ash vegetation and during plant materials (leaves and flowers) storage. Objective: to collect and organise the information about the use of Sorbus aucuparia L., S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers acumulated compounds, phenolic compounds analysis methods and the impact of the use in medical practice; to perform quantitative analysis of S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers phenolic compounds and to determine the total phenolics content during rowan growing season; to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers phenolic acids and flavonoids and to determine the variation of the phenolics content during rowan growing season; to determine phenolic compounds content changes in Sorbus aucuparia L. plant materials (flowers and leaves) during them storage. Conclusions: S. aucuparia L. leaves and flower is a source of biological active substances which can be used in medicinal practice. Phenolic compounds content in S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers change during vegetation; mainly phenolic compounds in leaves was accumulated in May - June, in flowers - in the beginning of flowering and massive... [to full text]

This diploma thesis was elaborated on the theme "The study of factors influencing service tree (Sorbus domestica L.) micropropagation". The experiments were carried out in in vitro laboratory of the Mendeleum - Institute of Genetics and Plant Breeding of the Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice. The aim of this work was to acquire and improve the knowledge of in vitro cultivation of serviceberry and the genus Sorbus L. in general. The trees growing in experimental land of the Faculty of Horticulture MZLU in Lednice were selected as experimental material. The composition of cultivation medium was verified for plant growth and multiplication purposes. The influence of two different cytokinins BA (benzyl-adenine) and zeatin was evaluated. The shoot number and shoot length were measured. The highest multiplication rate evaluated by the origin of new formed shoots was accomplished on media supplemented with BA (0.1 mg.l-1). Nevertheless the shortest height of shoots was measured on this media. It was valid for both cytokinins that number of shoots was increasing with increasing cytokinin concentration whilst the shoot height was decreasing.

Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: šermukšnių (Sorbus L.) rūšių ir veislių lapų fenolinių junginių kiekybinės sudėties ir antioksidantinio aktyvumo tyrimas. Antioksidantinis aktyvumas nustatytas ABTS ir FRAP spektrofotometriniais bei efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos pokolonėliniais metodais (ESC-ABTS ir ESC-FRAP). Darbo tikslas: ištirti šermukšnio (Sorbus L.) genties augalų lapų bendrą fenolinių junginių kiekį ir jo įvairavimą atskirose rūšyse ir veislėse bei įvertinti ekstraktų antioksidantinį aktyvumą spektrofotometriniais ir ESC pokolonėliniais metodais. Darbo uždaviniai: Nustatyti bendrą fenolinių junginių kiekį šermukšnių augalinėse žaliavose Folin-Ciocalteau metodu. Atlikti šermukšnio genties rūšių lapų kokybinę ir kiekybinę fenolinių junginių analizę ESC metodu. Įvertinti ekstraktų antiradikalinį aktyvumą ABTS spektrofotometriniu metodu. Atlikti ekstraktų redukcinių savybių tyrimą FRAP spektrofotometriniu metodu. Įvertinti atskirų junginių indėlį į bendrą ekstrakto antioksidantinį aktyvumą ESC-ABTS ir ESC-FRAP pokolonėliniais metodais. Įvertinti koreliacinį ryšį tarp bendro fenolinių junginių kiekio ir ekstraktų antioksidantinio aktyvumo. Išvados: Spektrofotometrinės analizės metu didžiausi fenolinių junginių kiekiai nustatyti S. caucasica Zinserl. rūšies (82,52±0,94 mg/g) ir ‘Alaya krupnaya’ veislės (131,76±7,04 mg/g) lapų pavyzdžiuose. Didžiausias redukcinis aktyvumas FRAP metodu (TE, µmol/g) nustatytas S. caucasica Zinserl. rūšies ir ‘Alaya krupnaya’ veislės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object and methods: quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in rowan (Sorbus L.) species and hybrids and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS and FRAP spectrophotometric methods and by high performance liquid chromatography post-column reaction. Aim: to investigate quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and its variance in different rowan (Sorbus L.) species and hybrids and assess antioxidant activity of extracts by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Objective: Evaluate quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in Sorbus L. species and hybrids leaves by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Evaluate qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in rowan species by high performance liquid chromatography. Assess free radical scavenging activity and determine reduction power of rowan leaves extracts by ABTS and FRAP spectrophotometric assay. Estimate correlation between quantity of phenolics and antioxidant activity in Sorbus L. leaves extracts. Assess input of individual compounds in overall antioxidant activity of extracts evaluated by HPLC-ABTS and HPLC-FRAP post-column methods. Results: In spectrophotometric analysis, the highest amount of phenolic compounds were determined in S.caucasica Zinserl. (82,52±0,94 mg/g) and ‘Alaya krupnaya’ (131,76±7,04 mg/g) leaves extracts. The highest antioxidant activity (TE, µmol/g) was observed in S.caucasica Zinserl. and ‘Alaya krupnaya’ ethanolic extracts using FRAP... [to full text]

This work deals with the occurrence of the wild service and its growth characteristics in the forest complex Halín near of the Dobruška.Mapping and data collection took place in the growing season of the year 2013. On the basis of the inventory natural investigation of Bachelor's thesis was selected interest area with an acreage of 11 hectares. Here were selected 75 individual trees of wild services, for which were detected the basic mensurational characteristics such as the DBH, height, crown base and perimeter. Using the variables of the growth area, the degree of competition, the ingrowth of the wild service tree to the other crowns and response of changing of perimeter was provided the most suitable criteria for successful wild service tree establishment. According to data collection were introduced optimal dimensions of the growth area for higher efficiency of increment of wood mass. The resulting values should in practice facilitate the care and tending of this woody.

This thesis deals with the determination of vitamin C in different varieties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia). The theoretical part describes the botanical characteristics of both plants, the extension in the CZ and in the world, methods of reproduction, the content of meaningful health substances and the importance of both plants in food-processing industry. Attention is paid to vitamin C, which is in their fruits in high quantity. Conclusion of the theoretical part discusses various methods of determination of vitamin C. The aim of the experimental part was to comparison of the vitamin C content in different varieties cornelian cherry and mountain ash. The chosen method for the determination of vitamin C by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection was first tested on standards. Selected validation parameters of this method was then determined. Validated method was used to determine the content of vitamin C in nine varieties cornelian cherry and six varieties of the mountain ash. For comparison were also tested some samples of the determination of total vitamin C after reducing dehydroascorbic acid by using dithiothreitol (DTT).

The main drivers of microevolution in the genus Sorbus are interspecific hybridisation and polyploidy. The fate of new hybrid and polyploid taxa is determined by their mode of reproduction. Especially apomixis could be very advantageous for these new taxa. The S. aria agg. (subg. Aria) plays an important role within the genus since its members are involved in all hybridisation events and thereby is responsible for the substantial part of variation of the genus. Flow cytometry, molecular markers and multivariate morphological analyses were employed to evaluate the processes generating the variability in the S. aria group. Three ploidy levels were detected among species from subg. Aria in the Czech Republic. All of them could be found in the South Moravia, whereas only tetraploids occur in the Bohemia region. Moreover, most of the Czech taxa (5 out of 7) grow also only in the South Moravia which is therefore considered as a centre of diversity of the genus Sorbus in the Czech Republic. Flow cytometry seed screen revealed 7 modes of reproduction among the individuals from S. aria agg. A wide range of sexual and apomictic types of reproduction including reduced and unreduced gametes was detected. All of the diploid individuals are completely sexual. Among polyploid taxa, most of the species are...

Diploma thesis "Quality of the small fruits during the storage" follows up the characteristic of the different species of small fruits and less known species of small fruits and their substance composition, possibilities of quality rating and storing of these fruit species. The cornelian cherry fruits, varieties 'Vydubecký', 'Lukjanovský' and 'Fruchtal' and the rowan tree fruits, varieties 'Discolor' and 'Businka' and how do they behave during the storage was the main subject of the practical part. The cornelian cherry and the rowan tree fruits were storaged in two temperature variants (18 °C; 4,5 °C). The state of health, the fruits quality and weight loss were evaluated. The content of soluble dry basis, total acids and antioxidant capacity of the fruits were determined using the laboratory experiments.