Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die term deiksis is afgelei van die Griekse woord deiktikos wat 'wys na' betaken, en verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat in 'n taal gebruik word om die belangrikste orientasiepunte in 'n gespreksituasie te verwoord. Aile deiktiese interpretasies kan net relatief tot 'n spesifieke verwysingspunt (deiktiese sentrum) gemaak word. Vyf deiktiese kategoriee word onderskei. Persoonsdeiksis hou verband met die deiktiese persona, m.a.w. die spreker en aangesprokeneen moontlik 'n derde persoon indian hy/sy/dit in die gespreksituasie teenwoordig is. Persoonsdeiksis word hoofsaaklik in Noord-Sotho se kongruensie-en pronominale sisteem gereflekteer. Sosiale deiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat die spreker se houding teenoor die aangesprokene of die derde persoon weergee. In Noord-Sotho word leksikale items met 'n sosiaal--deiktiese funksie aangetrefwat die spreker se bewondering, afkeer of respek teenoor die aangesprokene reflekteer, asook verwantskapstenne en aanspreekvonne. Alhoewel Noord-Sotho se pro nominate stelsel neutraal is ten opsigte van geslag, is daar ander maniere om taalkundig 'n onderskeid tussen die geslagte te maak. Plekdeiktiese uitdrukkings word gebruik om die Jigging van 'n objek relatief tot die deiktiese sentrum te beskryf. Die posisie van die gespreksgenote of hulle fisiese gestaltes kan hierdie deiktiese sentrum uitmaak. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, lokatiewe kopulatiewe,lokatiewe bywoorde en sekere werkwoorde vir hierdie doe I aangewend. Tyddeiksis word in Noord-Sotho hoofsaaklik deur middel van temporale bywoorde geleksikaliseer en deur middel van tydsvonne in die werkwoord gegrammatikaliseer. Die interpretasie van hierdie uitdrukkings is van die deiktiese sentrum (tyd wanneer die uiting gemaak is) afhanklik. Temporale bywoorde sowel as die tydsvonn van die werkwoord beskryf die tyd wanneer die handeling plaasvind. Hierdie vonne sal aandui of die handeling v66r koderingstyd plaasgevind het (verlede tyd), of dit na koderingstyd sal plaasvind (toe~omende tyd), en of die handeling met koderingstyd saamval (teenwoordige tyd). Diskoersdeiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat gebruik word om na dele van die diskoers, of na naamwoordelike antesedente waarvoor daar nie 'n referent in die buitetaalse werklikheid bestaan nie, te verwys. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, pronomina van die derde persoon, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, sekere bywoorde, identifiserende kopulatiewe, sekere kwalifikatiewe en sekere voegwoorde vir hierdie doel aangewend. / The term deixis is derived from a Greek word deiktikos which means 'point at' and it is used in grammar to refer to those expressions which describe the essential points of orientation in a speech situation. The interpretation of deictic expressions can only be made in relation to a specific reference point (the deictic centre). Five deictic categories are distinguished. Person deixis concerns the deictic persons, that is the speaker, the addressee and possibly a third person if he/she/it is present in the speech situation. Person deixis is mainly reflected in the concordia! and the pronominal system of Northern Sotho. Social deixis refers to those expressions which reflect the speaker's attitude towards the addressee or the third person. Such expressions include lexical items which reflect the speaker's admiration, dislike or respect towards the addressee, as well as kinship terms and vocatives. Although the pronominal system of Northern Sotho is neutral with regard to sex, there are other linguistic ways in which gender distinctions can be drawn. Place deictic expressions are used to identify the location of an object relative to the deictic centre. The location of the speech participants or their bodies may constitute this deictic centre. Demonstratives, demonstrative-copulatives, locational copulatives, locative adverbs and certain verbs are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. Time deixis is mainly lexicalised by means of temporal adverbs and grammaticalised by means of tense morphemes in the Northern Sotho verb. The interpretation of these expressions depends on the deictic centre (time when the utterance is made). Time adverbs as well as the tenses describe the time of an event. These structures will indicate whether the action took place before coding time (past tense), whether it will take place after coding time (future tense), or whether it coincides with coding time (present tense). Discourse deixis pertains to those expressions which are used to refer to parts of the discourse, or to nominal antecedents of which the referent is not present in the extra-linguistic context of the utterance. Demonstratives, demonstrative copulatives, third person pronouns, certain adverbs, identifying copulatives, certain qualificatives and certain conjunctions are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. / African Languages / D Litt. et Phil. (Afrikatale)

The aim of the study is to survey the usage of closure as it is reflected in Northern Sotho Narratives. Chapter one This chapter introduces the objectives of the research and definition of the concepts narrative and closure. Reference is made to different scholars to substantiate the argument. Chapter two Plot serves as the basis of the study of closure in a novel. The interconnectedness of the elements of plot expressed by the presence of different closural patterns supports this. Major mutual relationships are distinguished, namely between author and reader as well as between author, reader and text. Chapter three The principles of brevity and single effect which differentiate a short story from other narratives play a major role in the study of closure. The five signals of closure and the mode of approaching the end also influence how closure is approached in this genre. Chapter four The study of folktales is divided into traditional and modern approaches. Despite their difference, opening and closing are commonly based on the syntactical position occupied by the opening and closing phrases. In the traditional approach the position is fixed while in the modern approach it is controlled by the presence of motifemes. This chapter embarks on the usage of closure in narrative poetry. The ending is doubly determined, based on structural elements and linguistic principles. Repetition and cessation of the idea expressed in a verse llne, are major poetic devises to illustrate closure. Chapter six This chapter summarizes the findings of the previous chapters and proposals for future research. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

According to the national Education Policy Act of 1996 and the norms and standards regarding Language policy, the promotion of multilingualism was stated as a prime objective, together with strong support of either home language or dual-medium education. Although the right to choose the language of learning and teaching (LoLT) which had to be an official language(or languages) lay with the individual. Hence the study is to persuade the department of Education in KZN to include isiXhosa and Sesotho languages as home language in KZN schools curriculum. The province of KZN is attracting many people especially Xhosas and Sotho’s from Eastern Cape and from other provinces such as Free State to mention few. These people come to KZN basically to seek jobs and stay in KZN under a vast ray of reasons. The city of Durban is like Johannesburg to them-‘’eGoli’’ in old days. However, in Gauteng almost two or more official languages are accommodated in schools, either being done as home language, first additional, second additional or even a third additional language. The choice lay with the individual. The Language Policy promoting multilingualism is implemented in Gauteng, why not in KZN- because the KZN total population of 9 426 014 based on census 2001 data indicate that there is no one speaking Sesotho in KZN but only 80% of isiZulu and 2.3% isiXhosa not mentioning English and Afrikaans1. Currently according to 2011 census, isiZulu is the mother tongue of 22.7% of South Africa’s population2. Furthermore, what is indicated by these census statistics starts in KZN schools where by the curriculum is designed in more convenient manner where by all Africans in KZN do IsiZulu as home language putting aside English and Afrikaans. The importance of mother-tongue, culture as well as multilingualism as the key concepts in diverse inclusive curriculum is not manifested in KZN school curriculum. The significant of 1976 Soweto up-raising lays in the right to choose the language of learning and teaching and it is part of democracy in South Africa. There should be options of languages to choose in schools most importantly giving a mother-tongue the first choice. Unfortunately there is no choice in KZN schools with regard to Africans group. More interestingly, there is a choice to listen to radio stations namely Umhlobowenene FM which broadcast in isiXhosa and Lesedi FM broadcasting in Sesotho. Nobody can say to another why one is listening to that Xhosa or Sotho radio in KZN, simply because is one’s choice. In the same manner that SABC enabled the broadcasting Xhosa and Sotho radios in KZN, so the department of Education in KZN can include isiXhosa and Sesotho as home languages and the choice of isiZulu as an additional language not as a home language. The results of the study do not reveal the poor academic performance of Xhosas and Sotho learners in the subject of isiZulu home language in KZN. But reveal the loss of identity, culture, and one’s roots. Hence language is a primary tool to enhance self-identity, it forms a fundamental part of culture and enables one to stick to own roots and embraces the sense of origin like being a proudly South African- a rainbow nation. / Educational Studies / M. A. (Inclusive Education)

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Arts. / This dissertation is a study of the iconology of paraphernalia produced by women, among the Ntwane. It represents the culmination of primary field research into the matelial culture of this group, as well as supplementary research conducted at the Africana Museum in Johannesburg, the South African Museum in Cape Town, the National Museumin B1u~!mfontein and the Duggan-Cronin Museumin Kimberley. My investigative methods consisted of unstructured interviews with both married and unmarried members of the Ntwane community at :Kwarrielaagte. Although the focus of my research was primarily on paraphernaIia produced and worn by women, I also interviewed Ntwane men in order to obtain a variety of interpretations and opinions as to the 'meanings' of the objects and traditions under analysis. In addition to the above mentioned field work and gallery research, I consulted a wide range of literature on critical theories, auch as marxism, structuralism end paststructuralism, 141 order to supplement my methodological approach to the iconology of women's art among the Ntwane. It also referred to literature on a number of traditional South. African groups, such as the Pedi and Ndebele. in order to identify the cross-cultural influ8nces between these groups and the Ntwane. The literature on these closely related However, this definition constitutes a gross oversimplification of the concept, for it doe) not allow for a shift in aesthetic criteria from culture to culture. It establishes the concept 'aesthetic' as an absolute, whereas in actuality, it is a value-laden term, whose problems of definition are exacerbated '.men attempting cross cultural research. It is therefore necessary at the outset of this dissertation to formulate a working definition of 'aesthetics' within the context of the Ntwane. It is suggeuted that the aesthetic componsnts of Ntwane objects include style. technique and medium, but extend beyond their formal qualities into activities such as ritual and custom. The socio-cultural activities performed by the Ntwane may be regarded as intrinsically significant to the formal characteristics of their paraphernalia. It may therefore be argued that their objects are the concrete. tangible manifestations of a set of underlying constructs. expressed in adherence to particular conventions of representation; furthermore, that the reduction of the aesthetic component of Ntwane objects to merely an ase ssment; of their formal criteria, would constitute an impoverishment of their levels of meaning. A formalist approach to the art of Ntwane women also fails to consider issues of change in the form and function of their paraphernalia and the effects of broader social transformations on the material culture of the Ntwane. Chapter One of my dissertation will comprise a brief survey of the literature on the Ntwane. In addition to identifying the existing information, methodological gaps in the literature will be mentioned. It is the partial aim of this dissertation to "fill in" some of the gaps by groups helped to shed light on signitficant aspects of Ntwane material culture, which in turn, provided me with greater insight into the iconology of their paraphernalia. / Andrew Chakane 2018

Those learners who generally struggle to relate to their teachers and peers, also appear to struggle with their parents. This research study is thus an investigation into the influence of the parent-child relationship on the self-concept of the Southern Sotho child. A literature study was done and the major dimensions of the self-concept were identified, namely, the physical self, the academic self, the social self, the value self, the family self and the psychic self. A questionnaire was developed to measure the self-concept of the child. Another questionnaire was used to measure the parent-child relationship. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that the parent-child relationship does have an influence on the self-concept of the Southern Sotho child, although certain contradictions to other research findings emerged. Problematic aspects of the research were discussed and recommendations for further research were made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

The issue of identity is receiving the most attention in recent times. Communities, groups and individuals tend to ask themselves who they are after the colonial period. The dawn of modern democracy and the fall of the Berlin Wall have become important sites of self-definition. In this study, I examine narratives of self-invention and selflegitimisation from a variety of texts ranging from poetic to dramatic voices. The author creates characters who represent his wishes, desires and fears in dramatic form. The other characters re-present the other members of his family. He uses autobiographical voices to re-create and re-present history, particularly his family history which has been dismembered by memory's inability to recover the past in its entirety. Memory, visions and dreams are used as tropes to negotiate the pain of loss. These narratives assist him to recapture that which has been lost dearly, and imaginatively re-members what has been dismembered. The autobiographical I shifts into an autobiographical we where the author uses his poetry to lambast the injustices of apartheid. The study further examines some aspects of postcolonial identity, which include the status of African writing and the role of africalogical discourse, the conception of home in apartheid South Africa as well as the juxtaposition of power between indigenes and settlers. These reflect the problem of marginality as a postcolonial condition and how the marginals can be returned to the centre of power. Marginalisation of the indigenes occurs by coercion, inferiorisation, tabooing certain political and cartographical spaces, harassment, torture and imprisonment. Despite these measures, the poetry of NS Puleng persisted to remove the fetish of apartheid disempowerment and disenfranchisement. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die term deiksis is afgelei van die Griekse woord deiktikos wat 'wys na' betaken, en verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat in 'n taal gebruik word om die belangrikste orientasiepunte in 'n gespreksituasie te verwoord. Aile deiktiese interpretasies kan net relatief tot 'n spesifieke verwysingspunt (deiktiese sentrum) gemaak word. Vyf deiktiese kategoriee word onderskei. Persoonsdeiksis hou verband met die deiktiese persona, m.a.w. die spreker en aangesprokeneen moontlik 'n derde persoon indian hy/sy/dit in die gespreksituasie teenwoordig is. Persoonsdeiksis word hoofsaaklik in Noord-Sotho se kongruensie-en pronominale sisteem gereflekteer. Sosiale deiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat die spreker se houding teenoor die aangesprokene of die derde persoon weergee. In Noord-Sotho word leksikale items met 'n sosiaal--deiktiese funksie aangetrefwat die spreker se bewondering, afkeer of respek teenoor die aangesprokene reflekteer, asook verwantskapstenne en aanspreekvonne. Alhoewel Noord-Sotho se pro nominate stelsel neutraal is ten opsigte van geslag, is daar ander maniere om taalkundig 'n onderskeid tussen die geslagte te maak. Plekdeiktiese uitdrukkings word gebruik om die Jigging van 'n objek relatief tot die deiktiese sentrum te beskryf. Die posisie van die gespreksgenote of hulle fisiese gestaltes kan hierdie deiktiese sentrum uitmaak. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, lokatiewe kopulatiewe,lokatiewe bywoorde en sekere werkwoorde vir hierdie doe I aangewend. Tyddeiksis word in Noord-Sotho hoofsaaklik deur middel van temporale bywoorde geleksikaliseer en deur middel van tydsvonne in die werkwoord gegrammatikaliseer. Die interpretasie van hierdie uitdrukkings is van die deiktiese sentrum (tyd wanneer die uiting gemaak is) afhanklik. Temporale bywoorde sowel as die tydsvonn van die werkwoord beskryf die tyd wanneer die handeling plaasvind. Hierdie vonne sal aandui of die handeling v66r koderingstyd plaasgevind het (verlede tyd), of dit na koderingstyd sal plaasvind (toe~omende tyd), en of die handeling met koderingstyd saamval (teenwoordige tyd). Diskoersdeiksis verwys na daardie uitdrukkings wat gebruik word om na dele van die diskoers, of na naamwoordelike antesedente waarvoor daar nie 'n referent in die buitetaalse werklikheid bestaan nie, te verwys. In Noord-Sothoword demonstratiewe, pronomina van die derde persoon, demonstratief-kopulatiewe, sekere bywoorde, identifiserende kopulatiewe, sekere kwalifikatiewe en sekere voegwoorde vir hierdie doel aangewend. / The term deixis is derived from a Greek word deiktikos which means 'point at' and it is used in grammar to refer to those expressions which describe the essential points of orientation in a speech situation. The interpretation of deictic expressions can only be made in relation to a specific reference point (the deictic centre). Five deictic categories are distinguished. Person deixis concerns the deictic persons, that is the speaker, the addressee and possibly a third person if he/she/it is present in the speech situation. Person deixis is mainly reflected in the concordia! and the pronominal system of Northern Sotho. Social deixis refers to those expressions which reflect the speaker's attitude towards the addressee or the third person. Such expressions include lexical items which reflect the speaker's admiration, dislike or respect towards the addressee, as well as kinship terms and vocatives. Although the pronominal system of Northern Sotho is neutral with regard to sex, there are other linguistic ways in which gender distinctions can be drawn. Place deictic expressions are used to identify the location of an object relative to the deictic centre. The location of the speech participants or their bodies may constitute this deictic centre. Demonstratives, demonstrative-copulatives, locational copulatives, locative adverbs and certain verbs are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. Time deixis is mainly lexicalised by means of temporal adverbs and grammaticalised by means of tense morphemes in the Northern Sotho verb. The interpretation of these expressions depends on the deictic centre (time when the utterance is made). Time adverbs as well as the tenses describe the time of an event. These structures will indicate whether the action took place before coding time (past tense), whether it will take place after coding time (future tense), or whether it coincides with coding time (present tense). Discourse deixis pertains to those expressions which are used to refer to parts of the discourse, or to nominal antecedents of which the referent is not present in the extra-linguistic context of the utterance. Demonstratives, demonstrative copulatives, third person pronouns, certain adverbs, identifying copulatives, certain qualificatives and certain conjunctions are used for this purpose in Northern Sotho. / African Languages / D Litt. et Phil. (Afrikatale)

The aim of the study is to survey the usage of closure as it is reflected in Northern Sotho Narratives. Chapter one This chapter introduces the objectives of the research and definition of the concepts narrative and closure. Reference is made to different scholars to substantiate the argument. Chapter two Plot serves as the basis of the study of closure in a novel. The interconnectedness of the elements of plot expressed by the presence of different closural patterns supports this. Major mutual relationships are distinguished, namely between author and reader as well as between author, reader and text. Chapter three The principles of brevity and single effect which differentiate a short story from other narratives play a major role in the study of closure. The five signals of closure and the mode of approaching the end also influence how closure is approached in this genre. Chapter four The study of folktales is divided into traditional and modern approaches. Despite their difference, opening and closing are commonly based on the syntactical position occupied by the opening and closing phrases. In the traditional approach the position is fixed while in the modern approach it is controlled by the presence of motifemes. This chapter embarks on the usage of closure in narrative poetry. The ending is doubly determined, based on structural elements and linguistic principles. Repetition and cessation of the idea expressed in a verse llne, are major poetic devises to illustrate closure. Chapter six This chapter summarizes the findings of the previous chapters and proposals for future research. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Largely based on material recorded during an internationally sponsored inter-university research tour through the Sesotho speaking area of southern Africa in August 2000, this thesis explores the state of the Basotho oral poetry, the dithoko `praise poems', the difela `mine workers' chants' and the diboko `family odes' at the beginning of the 21st century. Unlike the classical dithoko which were inspired by the wars or the battles in which the Basotho fought as well as cannibalism, those composed at the beginning of the 21st century are inspired by socio-economic and political situations of the poets. Lack of wars has resulted in the poets turning the praising to their chiefs and themselves. Changing socio-economic conditions inspired the difela compositions. The diboko though still a living tradition among the rural Basotho are not adhered to by some who are affected by modernism. Performance of the three oral genres has shifted from the natural settings such as the battlefield, working parties, traditional courts, assemblies, etc., to organized annual festivals such as Morija Arts & Cultural Festival which constitute the Basotho's `popular culture'. The subject-matter and themes of the dithoko have shifted from warfare to traditional chiefs, current heroic deeds of the poets, current political situations and religion. The difela are characterized by inclusion of new subject-matter. The diboko still play an important function as carriers of the names of the ancestors, the tribal idiosyncrasy of the clan and the history associated with the clan's establishment. The three Basotho oral genres demonstrate an emergence of a new phenomenon whereby one genre penetrates another, a phenomenon which may be called `migration of texts'. The last chapter explores the insights emanating from the entire research, and discusses suggestions on what should be done to ensure that the Basotho oral genres are maintained and improved. The video footage of the poets recorded at various places of the Free State and Lesotho have contributed to the success of the research. The thesis serves as a contribution to the Basotho's dynamic oral poetry on which scholars will hopefully do further research in the near future. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

This study takes place within a school situated on the north eastern side of Soshanguve, a township to the north of the capital city, Pretoria, also called Tshwane. The school draws most of its learners from an area that started as an informal settlement. Certain parts of this settlement are now well structured and it is gradually becoming a formal settlement. The children who form part of this study are those whose parents have migrated from neighbouring provinces such as Limpopo, North West and Mpumalanga, as well as from neighbouring countries such as Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Owing to this migration, the community around this school is multilingual. Multilingualism has led to phonic, grammatical, semantic and stylistic language interference. This interference has caused language change, which in turn has led to variations that affect the standard form of Sesotho sa Lebowa, the first language of the school. The school selected for this study has achieved very average matriculation results since its establishment in 1994. Although the school generally achieves a 100% pass rate in the subject Sesotho sa Lebowa, marks are generally low despite the fact that the learners are supposedly first language speakers of Sesotho sa Lebowa. The aim of this study is to investigate the reasons for the poor quality of these results. Matriculation results over the past four years attest to the fact that something needs to be done in order to reverse the negative trend of these results. / Linguistics / M.A. (Sociolinguistics)