Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ιζηματογενείς δομές και υφές, και την βιοστρωματογραφία κατα-λήγουμε στο συμπέρασμα ότι η ιζηματογενής ακολουθία κατά μήκος της νότιας ακτής της Ζακύνθου από το χωριό Κερί μέχρι και τη χερσόνησο του Άγιου Σώστη έχει επη-ρεαστεί από ισχυρή τεκτονική δραστηριότητα, παράγοντας τουλάχιστον τέσσερις κύ-κλους με αυξανόμενο κοκκομετρικό μέγεθος προς τα πάνω. Η παρουσία της ακολου-θίας Bouma και των οριζόντων ολίσθησης συστήνουν ένα βαθύ θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον απόθεσης. Η κοκκομετρική ανάλυση έδειξε μια σταδιακή πλήρωση του κάθε κύκλου ιζηματογένεσης, αλλά και ολόκληρης της περιοχής. Επιπροσθέτως, η ανάλυση του TOC και του CaCO3 έδειξε ότι υπάρχει μια σχέση του ποσοστού τους με το περιβάλ-λον απόθεσης, καθώς και ότι υπάρχουν αρκετά καλές πιθανότητες για ανάπτυξη μη-τρικών πετρωμάτων με μέτρια έως καλή δυνατότητα γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων. / Taking into account sedimentary structures and textures, and biostratigraphy we conclude that the sedimentary sequence along the southern coast of Zakynthos is-land from Keri village as far as Ag. Sostis peninsula was influenced by strong tec-tonic activity, producing at least four coarsening upward cycles. The presence of Bouma sequence and slump horizons within the studied sediments introduce gener-ally deep sea depositional conditions. Grain size analysis showed a gradual upward swallowing of depositional conditions both to each cycle and general to the whole area. In addition, TOC and CaCΟ3 analysis showed that there is a relation of their content with the depositional conditions and moreover there are quite enough condi-tions for the development of source rocks with fair to good hydrocarbon generation.

A Bacia de Santos é uma das principais bacias brasileiras para exploração e produção de hidrocarbonetos, e vem recebendo grandes investimentos em pesquisa nos últimos anos. O estudo das rochas geradoras serve como importante ferramenta para o estudo de modelos de geração, explusão e migração de hidrocarbonetos e na identificação de sistemas petrolíferos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação de intervalos e áreas com maior potential para a geração de hidrocarbonetos dentro do pacote sedimentar estudado (Cretáceo-Terciário). As amostras de calha de 6 poços exploratórios, obtidas junto à Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), foram analisadas através da geoquímica orgânica (Carbono Orgânico Total (COT), Pirólise Rock Eval e análise de Biomarcadores) e da petrologia orgânica (Reflectância da Vitrinita e Palinofácies) e foram interpretadas juntamente com os resultados do estudo de outros 10 poços exploratórios, obtidos pela Geochemical Solutions International cedidos para este trabalho. Esses 16 poços formam um perfil strike SW-NE que recobre praticamente toda a extensão da bacia. Amostras das formações Marambaia, Juréia, Santos, Itajaí-Açu, Itanhaem, Guarujá e Florianópolis foram analisadas, apresentando resultados semelhantes para o tipo de matéria orgânica, sua origem e ambiente deposicional (querogênio tipo II e III, originado pela mistura de material de origem terrestre e marinha depositado em ambiente transicional levemente oxidante). Os perfis analisados identificaram dois intervalos de maior conteúdo de carbono orgânico, maturação e potencial de geração de petróleo, um entre 2500 e 3000 metros de profundidade, que pode estar relacionado a eventos transgressivos do Terciário, e outro entre 4000 a 5000 metros de profundidade, possivelmente relacionado a um importante evento transgressivo de caráter regional ocorrido durante o Turoniano. A matéria orgânica encontrada nos poços situados na região sudoeste do perfil foi a que apresentou as melhores condições para a geração de hidrocarbonetos, tornando-se mais empobrecida na direção nordeste. Com base nos resultados geoquímicos e petrográficos obtidos, a matéria orgânica presente na Formação Itajaí-Açu possui o melhor potencial para geração de hidrocarbonetos, principalmente na porção basal do intervalo, na região sudoeste da bacia. / The Santos Basin is one of the main Brazilian sedimentary basin for hydrocarbon exploration and production and has been the focus of major geological research on hydrocarbon occurrences in recent years. Source rock studies are important tools for construction of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and migration models of the basin and for identifying petroleum systems. The main objective of the present study is to identify areas and intervals with hydrocarbon generation potential inside the sedimentary sequence studied (Cretaceous-Tertiary). Cutting samples from 6 petroleum exploration wells obtained from the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) were analysed by organic geochemical methods (Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Rock Eval Pyrolysis and Biomarkers analysis) and organic petrography (Vitrinite Reflectance and Palynofacies) and were interpreted together with results from organic geochemical studies on samples from 10 addictional petroleum exploratory wells obtained from Geochemical Solution International (GSI), provided for this study. These 16 wells form a SW-NE strike section, that covers the basin almost completely in this direction. The samples from Marambaia, Juréia, Santos, Itajaí-Açu, Itanhaem, Guarujá and Florianópolis formations show similar results in regard to organic matter type, its origin and depositional paleoenvironment (type II-III kerogen, indicating a contribution of terrestrial and marine material, deposited in a transitional and slightly oxic environment). The stratigraphic profiles analysed identify two intervals with relatively high organic matter content, maturation and hydrocarbon generation potential, one between 2500 and 3000 meters depth, perhaps related to a Tertiary transgressive event and the other one between 4000 and 5000 meters depth, possibly related to an important regional transgressive event, which occurred during the Turonian. The organic matter encountered in the well samples located in the southwest of the SW-NE section has the best potential for hydrocarbon generation, whereas the organic matter of well samples located in the northwest direction has less potential to form hydrocarbons. Based on the results of the present study, the organic matter present in the Itajaí-Açu Formation has the best potential for hydrocarbon generation, in particular in the basal part of the formation in the southwest region of the basin.

A Bacia de Santos é uma das principais bacias brasileiras para exploração e produção de hidrocarbonetos, e vem recebendo grandes investimentos em pesquisa nos últimos anos. O estudo das rochas geradoras serve como importante ferramenta para o estudo de modelos de geração, explusão e migração de hidrocarbonetos e na identificação de sistemas petrolíferos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação de intervalos e áreas com maior potential para a geração de hidrocarbonetos dentro do pacote sedimentar estudado (Cretáceo-Terciário). As amostras de calha de 6 poços exploratórios, obtidas junto à Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), foram analisadas através da geoquímica orgânica (Carbono Orgânico Total (COT), Pirólise Rock Eval e análise de Biomarcadores) e da petrologia orgânica (Reflectância da Vitrinita e Palinofácies) e foram interpretadas juntamente com os resultados do estudo de outros 10 poços exploratórios, obtidos pela Geochemical Solutions International cedidos para este trabalho. Esses 16 poços formam um perfil strike SW-NE que recobre praticamente toda a extensão da bacia. Amostras das formações Marambaia, Juréia, Santos, Itajaí-Açu, Itanhaem, Guarujá e Florianópolis foram analisadas, apresentando resultados semelhantes para o tipo de matéria orgânica, sua origem e ambiente deposicional (querogênio tipo II e III, originado pela mistura de material de origem terrestre e marinha depositado em ambiente transicional levemente oxidante). Os perfis analisados identificaram dois intervalos de maior conteúdo de carbono orgânico, maturação e potencial de geração de petróleo, um entre 2500 e 3000 metros de profundidade, que pode estar relacionado a eventos transgressivos do Terciário, e outro entre 4000 a 5000 metros de profundidade, possivelmente relacionado a um importante evento transgressivo de caráter regional ocorrido durante o Turoniano. A matéria orgânica encontrada nos poços situados na região sudoeste do perfil foi a que apresentou as melhores condições para a geração de hidrocarbonetos, tornando-se mais empobrecida na direção nordeste. Com base nos resultados geoquímicos e petrográficos obtidos, a matéria orgânica presente na Formação Itajaí-Açu possui o melhor potencial para geração de hidrocarbonetos, principalmente na porção basal do intervalo, na região sudoeste da bacia. / The Santos Basin is one of the main Brazilian sedimentary basin for hydrocarbon exploration and production and has been the focus of major geological research on hydrocarbon occurrences in recent years. Source rock studies are important tools for construction of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and migration models of the basin and for identifying petroleum systems. The main objective of the present study is to identify areas and intervals with hydrocarbon generation potential inside the sedimentary sequence studied (Cretaceous-Tertiary). Cutting samples from 6 petroleum exploration wells obtained from the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) were analysed by organic geochemical methods (Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Rock Eval Pyrolysis and Biomarkers analysis) and organic petrography (Vitrinite Reflectance and Palynofacies) and were interpreted together with results from organic geochemical studies on samples from 10 addictional petroleum exploratory wells obtained from Geochemical Solution International (GSI), provided for this study. These 16 wells form a SW-NE strike section, that covers the basin almost completely in this direction. The samples from Marambaia, Juréia, Santos, Itajaí-Açu, Itanhaem, Guarujá and Florianópolis formations show similar results in regard to organic matter type, its origin and depositional paleoenvironment (type II-III kerogen, indicating a contribution of terrestrial and marine material, deposited in a transitional and slightly oxic environment). The stratigraphic profiles analysed identify two intervals with relatively high organic matter content, maturation and hydrocarbon generation potential, one between 2500 and 3000 meters depth, perhaps related to a Tertiary transgressive event and the other one between 4000 and 5000 meters depth, possibly related to an important regional transgressive event, which occurred during the Turonian. The organic matter encountered in the well samples located in the southwest of the SW-NE section has the best potential for hydrocarbon generation, whereas the organic matter of well samples located in the northwest direction has less potential to form hydrocarbons. Based on the results of the present study, the organic matter present in the Itajaí-Açu Formation has the best potential for hydrocarbon generation, in particular in the basal part of the formation in the southwest region of the basin.

A Bacia de Santos é uma das principais bacias brasileiras para exploração e produção de hidrocarbonetos, e vem recebendo grandes investimentos em pesquisa nos últimos anos. O estudo das rochas geradoras serve como importante ferramenta para o estudo de modelos de geração, explusão e migração de hidrocarbonetos e na identificação de sistemas petrolíferos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação de intervalos e áreas com maior potential para a geração de hidrocarbonetos dentro do pacote sedimentar estudado (Cretáceo-Terciário). As amostras de calha de 6 poços exploratórios, obtidas junto à Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), foram analisadas através da geoquímica orgânica (Carbono Orgânico Total (COT), Pirólise Rock Eval e análise de Biomarcadores) e da petrologia orgânica (Reflectância da Vitrinita e Palinofácies) e foram interpretadas juntamente com os resultados do estudo de outros 10 poços exploratórios, obtidos pela Geochemical Solutions International cedidos para este trabalho. Esses 16 poços formam um perfil strike SW-NE que recobre praticamente toda a extensão da bacia. Amostras das formações Marambaia, Juréia, Santos, Itajaí-Açu, Itanhaem, Guarujá e Florianópolis foram analisadas, apresentando resultados semelhantes para o tipo de matéria orgânica, sua origem e ambiente deposicional (querogênio tipo II e III, originado pela mistura de material de origem terrestre e marinha depositado em ambiente transicional levemente oxidante). Os perfis analisados identificaram dois intervalos de maior conteúdo de carbono orgânico, maturação e potencial de geração de petróleo, um entre 2500 e 3000 metros de profundidade, que pode estar relacionado a eventos transgressivos do Terciário, e outro entre 4000 a 5000 metros de profundidade, possivelmente relacionado a um importante evento transgressivo de caráter regional ocorrido durante o Turoniano. A matéria orgânica encontrada nos poços situados na região sudoeste do perfil foi a que apresentou as melhores condições para a geração de hidrocarbonetos, tornando-se mais empobrecida na direção nordeste. Com base nos resultados geoquímicos e petrográficos obtidos, a matéria orgânica presente na Formação Itajaí-Açu possui o melhor potencial para geração de hidrocarbonetos, principalmente na porção basal do intervalo, na região sudoeste da bacia. / The Santos Basin is one of the main Brazilian sedimentary basin for hydrocarbon exploration and production and has been the focus of major geological research on hydrocarbon occurrences in recent years. Source rock studies are important tools for construction of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and migration models of the basin and for identifying petroleum systems. The main objective of the present study is to identify areas and intervals with hydrocarbon generation potential inside the sedimentary sequence studied (Cretaceous-Tertiary). Cutting samples from 6 petroleum exploration wells obtained from the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) were analysed by organic geochemical methods (Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Rock Eval Pyrolysis and Biomarkers analysis) and organic petrography (Vitrinite Reflectance and Palynofacies) and were interpreted together with results from organic geochemical studies on samples from 10 addictional petroleum exploratory wells obtained from Geochemical Solution International (GSI), provided for this study. These 16 wells form a SW-NE strike section, that covers the basin almost completely in this direction. The samples from Marambaia, Juréia, Santos, Itajaí-Açu, Itanhaem, Guarujá and Florianópolis formations show similar results in regard to organic matter type, its origin and depositional paleoenvironment (type II-III kerogen, indicating a contribution of terrestrial and marine material, deposited in a transitional and slightly oxic environment). The stratigraphic profiles analysed identify two intervals with relatively high organic matter content, maturation and hydrocarbon generation potential, one between 2500 and 3000 meters depth, perhaps related to a Tertiary transgressive event and the other one between 4000 and 5000 meters depth, possibly related to an important regional transgressive event, which occurred during the Turonian. The organic matter encountered in the well samples located in the southwest of the SW-NE section has the best potential for hydrocarbon generation, whereas the organic matter of well samples located in the northwest direction has less potential to form hydrocarbons. Based on the results of the present study, the organic matter present in the Itajaí-Açu Formation has the best potential for hydrocarbon generation, in particular in the basal part of the formation in the southwest region of the basin.

L’objectif de cette étude est d’affiner notre compréhension de la distribution des hétérogénéités de concentration de la matière organique dans les roches mères en se basant sur des affleurements et des données de puits provenant des Formations Triasiques de Montney et Doig (Canada). La méthodologie développée dans cette étude est la suivante : (1) la corrélation de forages sur les principes de la stratigraphie séquentielles, (2) l’analyse d’échantillons prélevés sur des affleurements, des carottes et des débris de forages avec un Rock-Eval, un ICP-MS/AES (3) l’intégration des résultats des analyses géochimiques et pétrographiques dans le cadre stratigraphique, (4) l’utilisation du code numérique DIONISOS pour restaurer l’architecture stratigraphique des Formations de Montney et Doig et tester plusieurs scénarios de productivité primaire et de restriction du bassin.Les formations de Montney et Doig ont été découpées en quatre séquences elles-mêmes regroupées en deux cycles de second ordre (A et B) séparés par un hiatus majeurs. Cette étude montre que les formations triasiques de l’Ouest du Canada se sont déposées dans un bassin actif et non pas sur une marge passive. L’intégration des résultats des analyses géochimiques et pétrographiques dans le cadre stratigraphique fait ressortir deux niveaux d’accumulation de la matière organique : une dans le FSST de la séquence A et une dans le TST de la séquence B. La modélisation avec DIONISOS montre un effondrement majeur des apports sédimentaires entre le Trias inférieur et moyen. Dernièrement, cette étude met en avant le contrôle de premier ordre de l’évolution géodynamique sur l’accumulation de la matière organique. / The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of sedimentary organic matter heterogeneities in unconventional plays, based on outcrop and well data from the Triassic Montney and Doig Formations. The workflow comprises four steps: (1) well correlations, based on sequence stratigraphy, (2) Rock-Eval VI and ICP-MS/AES analyses of outcrop, core and cutting samples, (3) integration of the analyses results in the stratigraphic framework, (4) a process-based forward modeling of the stratigraphic evolution of the basin with DIONISOS in order to test multiple scenarios of primary productivity and basin restriction.The stratigraphic architecture of the Montney and Doig Fms has been subdivided into four sequences gathered in two second order cycles (A and B) separated by a major time gap (approx. 2 My). This study shows that the deposition of the Triassic series on the Western margin of North America took place in an active structural context and not on a passive margin. The integration of the geochemical and petrographic analyses results in the stratigraphic framework shows that significant organic accumulations are located in the FSST of sequence A and in the TST of sequence B. DIONISOS shows a major drop of the sedimentary inputs between Lower and Middle Triassic that is interpreted to be linked to the regional geodynamic evolution and the early stages of the Canadian Cordillera orogeny. Lastly, this study emphasizes the first order control of the geodynamic evolution on organic rich accumulation.

The Chimney Rock and Gothic units of the Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation have long been considered source rocks for the rich hydrocarbon fields of southeastern Utah. Fundamental questions about these units include: source and nature of the organic material, source rock character, and position of the source rocks in the existing sequence stratigraphic framework. The Chimney Rock and Gothic, historically referred to as shales, are composed of calcareous mudstone, dolomudstone, and calcareous sandstone. High total organic carbon (TOC) values are more closely linked to sequence stratigraphic position than lithology. In the Gothic, TOC values decrease upwards. Terrestrial maceral content increases upwards in both the Gothic and the Chimney Rock as determined through point-count and qualitative observation. Pyrolysis indicates that greater than anticipated terrestrial influence is present and is consistent for all wells. No distinct difference in geochemical character exists between the two units. Sequence stratigraphic boundaries appear to be as good as, or better, than traditional lithostratigraphic boundaries for determining high TOC occurrence and source rock location. Within repetitive major sea level transgressions the organic matter that fed the basin evolved from a marine-dominated signature to a terrestrial-dominated signature. / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία με τίτλο «Ιζηματολογική, γεωχημική μελέτη και παλαιογεωγραφική εξέλιξη - Δυναμικό γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων των Μειοκαινικών αποθέσεων στη Βορειοδυτική πλευρά του νησιού της Κέρκυρας», εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος με τίτλο «Γεωλογικές Διεργασίες στη Λιθόσφαιρα και Γεωπεριβάλλον», του τμήματος Γεωλογίας της σχολής Θετικών Επιστημών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Η περιοχή μελέτης ανήκει στη λεκάνη της Κέρκυρας και αποτελεί τμήμα ενός συγκλίνου, γνωστό ως Λεκάνη Καρουσάδων, το οποίο αναπτύσσεται στη βορειοδυτική πλευρά του νησιού, και δημιουργήθηκε εξαιτίας της δράσης της Ιόνιας επώθησης. Με βάση τον γεωλογικό χάρτη του Ι.Γ.Μ.Ε., φύλλο Βόρειος και Νότιος Κέρκυρα 1962, 1:50.000, τα μελετηθέντα ιζήματα αναφέρονται ως μολασσικές αποθέσεις ηλικίας Μέσου - Ανώτερου Μειοκαίνου. Για την ιζηματολογική ανάλυση συλλέχθηκαν 88 δείγματα, εκ των οποίων τα 8 από το Βόρειο τμήμα της Κέρκυρας, και τα υπόλοιπα 80 από τον κόλπο του Αγίου Γεωργίου Πάγων. Για την γεωχημική έρευνα, πραγματοποιήθηκε μια σειρά από χημικές αναλύσεις σε όλο των αριθμό των δειγμάτων, προκειμένου να υπολογιστεί η περιεκτικότητα των ιζημάτων σε Corg και CaCO3. Ο υπολογισμός της περιεκτικότητας σε Corg έγινε με τη μέθοδο τιτλοδότησης, που πρόκειται για την τροποποιημένη μέθοδο Walkley - Βlack σύμφωνα με τον Gaudette et al., 1974 και ο υπολογισμός της περιεκτικότητας σε CaCO3 έγινε με τη μέθοδο διάσπασης του CaCO3 με την χρήση οξικού οξέως CΗ3CΟΟΗ (Varnavas, 1979). Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των ιζηματολογικών και γεωχημικών χαρακτηριστικών των νεογενών σχηματισμών της βορειοδυτικής Κέρκυρας, με έμφαση στην περιοχή του κόλπου του Άγιου Γεώργιου Πάγων. Ειδικότερα, η λεπτομερής ανάλυση των ιζημάτων θα μας βοηθήσει στον προσδιορισμό των περιβαλλόντων ιζηματογένεσης τους και στον εντοπισμό πιθανών μητρικών πετρωμάτων υδρογονανθράκων, που σε συνδυασμό με την κατακόρυφη και πλευρική τους ανάπτυξη θα μας δώσει τη δυνατότητα δημιουργίας του εξελικτικού μοντέλου της περιοχής μελέτης. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την ιζηματολογική ανάλυση μας οδήγησαν στην κατασκευή δύο σεναρίων για την παλαιογεωγραφική εξέλιξη της περιοχής. Η διαφορά των δύο σεναρίων εστιάζεται στο χρόνο έναρξης της μετανάστευσης της τεκτονικής δραστηριότητας προς τα δυτικά και συνεπώς στο πότε η πίεση μετανάστευσε δυτικά και έξω από την περιοχή μελέτης. Το γεγονός ότι μεγάλο μέρος των αναλυθέντων ιζημάτων χαρακτηρίζεται από ικανοποιητικό έως υψηλό ποσοστό Corg μας έδωσε τη δυνατότητα να χαρακτηρίσουμε τα ιζήματα της περιοχής ότι έχουν καλή έως και πολύ καλή δυνατότητα γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων. Τέλος, έγινε μελέτη της ανθρακικής σειράς της Κέρκυρας, με βάση μόνο βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα και με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της πιθανότητας γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων. Προσδιορίστηκε ότι κύριο μητρικό πέτρωμα μπορούν να αποτελέσουν οι σχιστόλιθοι Ιουρασικής ηλικίας, με τους υπερκείμενους ασβεστόλιθους να μπορούν να αποτελέσουν το ταμιευτήριο πέτρωμα. / The present thesis, «Sedimentological, Geochemical analysis and Palaiogeographic evolution – Prospectivity of the Miocene deposits of the Northwestern part of Corfu island», was conducted as part of a postgraduate program in Geology. The study area is extended in the basin of Karousades, located at the northwestern part of Corfu Island and constitutes part of a syncline, which was created by the activity of the Ionian thrust. The sedimentological units were classified based on the geological map of I.G.M.E., North and South Corfu sheet 1962, 1:50.000, as Molasse formation of Middle-Upper Miocene. In order to determine the sedimentological parameters, a total of eighty-eight (88) samples were collected of which eight (8) samples were from the Northern part of Corfu Island and eighty (80) samples were from the gulf of Agios Giorgos Pagon. In addition, a series of geochemical analysis was accomplished in order to calculate the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and organic carbon (Corg) content. The analysis of Organic Carbon (Corg) content was based on the method of titration according to a modified Walklet – Black method (Gaudette et al., 1974) and the analysis of calcium carbonate was based on decomposition of CaCO3 using CH3COOH (Varnavas, 1979). The objective of this thesis is the study of sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the Neogene formations in northwest Corfu, with emphasis in the gulf of Agios Georgios Pagon. Specifically, detailed analysis of sediments will help us to identify the depositional environments and identify potential source rocks, which in combination with the vertical and lateral development will enable us to reconstruct the evolutionary model of the study area. The results obtained from our sedimentological analysis led to the construction of two scenarios for the paleogeographic evolution of the region. The difference between the two scenarios focuses on the start time of tectonic activity migration to the west and therefore, in when the pressure migrated west and outside the study area. The fact that many of the analyzed sediments are characterized by high Corg rate suggests that the studied samples have a good to very good source rocks potential. Finally, the study of carbonate formations of Corfu was based only on bibliographic data in order to assess the probability of finding potential source rocks. It was determined that the main source rock is constituted by shales of Jurassic age, with overlying limestone as the reservoir rock.

No / Mineral waters in Britain show a wide range of 87Sr/86Sr isotope compositions ranging between 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7059 from Carboniferous volcanic rock sources in Dunbartonshire, Scotland to 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7207 in the Dalradian aquifer of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The 87Sr/86Sr composition of the waters shows a general correlation with the aquifer rocks, resulting in the waters from older rocks having a more radiogenic signature than those from younger rocks. This wide range of values means that the Sr isotope composition of mineral water has applications in a number of types of studies. In the modern commercial context, it provides a way of fingerprinting the various mineral waters and hence provides a method for recognising and reducing fraud. From an environmental perspective, it provides the first spatial distribution of bio-available 87Sr/86Sr in Britain that can be used in modern, historical and archaeological studies

Rocks of the Morenci-Metcalf district consist of Precambrian metaquartzite-schist, granodiorite, and granite overlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments. Intrusion of igneous rocks, emplacement of breccia masses, and associated hydrothermal activity occurred in Laramide time. Breccias of the district are associated with the youngest sialic intrusive complex. This sequence includes intrusion of the Older Granite Porphyry stock, main stage district hydrothermal alteration, quartz veining, breccia formation, main stage district hydrothermal mineralization, and intrusion of the Younger Granite Porphyry plug. Breccia formation in the Morenci-Metcalf district is similar to breccia descriptions reported in the literature for other porphyry copper deposits. Three breccia types, of separate and distinct origins, are herein described as the Morenci, Metcalf and King, and Candelaria Breccias. The Morenci Breccia is an intrusion breccia that has formed along a pre-existing structural feature during the ascent and emplacement of the Older Granite Porphyry stock. It exhibits an oblate lenticular shape with angular to subrounded fragments in a matrix of quartz, K-feldspar, biotite, and minor rock flour. The Metcalf-King Breccias and numerous smaller breccia masses are the remnants of an original Older Granite Porphyry mantle above the ascending Younger Granite Porphyry complex. The breccia masses occur as large 'xenoliths' floating within the Younger Granite Porphyry plug and were formed by surging and collapse during emplacement of this intrusive. Fragments in the Metcalf and King Breccias grade from angular in the central core to rounded at the contacts and occur in a matrix of sericite, K- feldspar, quartz, and rock flour. The Candelaria Breccia is an explosion pipe and is the largest continuous breccia mass in the district. It is oval with an inverted cone appearance consisting of angular to subangular equidimensional fragments in a matrix of sericite, quartz, specularite, and rock flour. All the breccia masses occur within and subsequent to the district phyllic (quartz-sericite-pyrite) alteration zone. Main stage district copper mineralization postdates emplacement of the Older Granite Porphyry stock and breccia formation, and is prior to the intrusion of the Younger Granite Porphyry plug. Late stage quartz-sericite-pyrite-chalcopyrite veinlets occur in the Metcalf-King Breccia group. Field mapping and laboratory studies indicate that the Older Granite Porphyry stock appears to have been the main district mineralizer.

Pétrole et gaz proviennent de la décomposition de la matière organique dans la croûte terrestre. En s’enfouissant, les résidus organiques se décomposent en un solide poreux et carboné, appelé kérogène et en un fluide composé d’hydrocarbures et de petites molécules telles que de l’eau. Le processus de formation du kérogène n’est pas totalement élucidé et une modélisation aiderait à une meilleure compréhension à la fois de sa structure et de sa composition et serait utile à l’industrie pétrolière.Dans le présent travail, nous adoptons une approche thermodynamique ayant pour but, à l’aide de simulations numériques, de d’étudier la décomposition de précurseurs de kérogène d’un type donné –ici le type III- dans les conditions d’un réservoir géologique. La méthode dite de Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD) est appliquée pour étudier la décomposition de cristaux de cellulose et de lignine. Le potentiel d’interaction ReaxFF et le code LAMMPS sont utilisés. La REMD est une façon de surmonter de larges barrières d’énergie libre, en améliorant l’échantillonnage de configurations d’une dynamique moléculaire conventionnelle à température constante, en utilisant des états générés à températures supérieures.En fin de simulation, les systèmes ont atteint un état d’équilibre entre deux phases : une phase riche en carbone, composée d’amas de macromolécules, que nous appelons « solide » et d’une phase riche en oxygène et en hydrogène, composée de petites molécules, que nous dénommons « fluide ». L’évolution des parties solides de nos systèmes coïncide avec celle d’échantillons naturels de kérogènes de type III. / In deep underground, organic residues decompose into a carbonaceous porous solid, called kerogen and a fluid usually composed of hydrocarbons and other small molecules such as water, carbon monoxide. The formation process of the kerogen remains poorly understood. Modeling its geological maturation could widen the understanding of both structure and composition of kerogen, and could be useful to oil and gas industry.In this work we adopt a purely thermodynamic approach in which we aim, through molecular simulations, at determining the thermodynamic equilibrium corresponding to the decomposition of given organic precursors of a specific type of kerogen –namely type III- under reservoir conditions. Starting from cellulose and lignin crystal structures we use replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations, using the reactive force field ReaxFF and the open-source code LAMMPS. The REMD method is a way ofovercoming large free energy barriers, by enhancing the configurational sampling of a conventional constant temperature MD using states from higher temperatures.At the end of the simulations, we have reached for both systems, a stage where they can clearly be cast into two phases: a carbon-rich phase made of large molecular clusters that we call here the "solid" phase, and a oxygen and hydrogen rich phase made of small molecules that we call "fluid" phase.The evolution of solid parts for both systems and the natural evolution of a type III kerogen clearly match. Evolution of our systems follows the one of natural samples, as well as the one of a type III kerogen submitted to an experimental confined pyrolysis.