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Developing a strategy to distribute short shelf life products in the high crime township of KwaMashu in South AfricaGill, Paramjit Singh 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: United National Breweries (SA) (PTY) Limited (UNB) has been manufacturing, marketing and
distributing sorghum beer for the last twenty years. Sorghum beer has a short shelf life of five
days and hence requires an integrated and efficient distribution system to back its production
and marketing. Though the company has changed owners twice during this period, it has
retained its knowledge base. The company has outgrown most of its competitors over the last
four years, however in order to maintain its leadership, it has identified better market
penetration through improved distribution as a major area of opportunity.
Almost seventy percent of UNB products are sold and consumed in the townships. These
products are almost exclusively consumed by black South Africans. The analysis done by the
company on the basis of population and market segmentation indicates that the maximum
opportunity of product growth lies in townships most of which are affected by high level of
crime. KwaMashu is one such township in Durban.
B B Bakeries (BBB) has been manufacturing, marketing and distributing bread in most
provinces of South Africa. They are part of Premier Foods. Though their business has been
growing in KwaZulu Natal for the last three years, they have been focussing on improving
distribution in these markets. Bread, like sorghum has a short shelf life and hence depends
heavily on an effective and efficient distribution system. New product variations are also being
explored to gain more market share.
The aim of this study project was the development of an effective physical distribution system
for short shelf life products in crime affected KwaMashu township. “An analysis of the external
environment is undertaken to discover the opportunities and threats that are evolving and that
need to be addressed by the organization” (Drummond & Ensor; 2005: 33). The external
environment for analysis was broken down into three key steps, each becoming more specific to
the organization. The first step was an analysis of the macro- environmental influences that the organization faces. This was followed by an examination of the competitive environment the
organization operates within and for this Porter’ five forces model was chosen. Finally the
integration of such inputs which emerged out of the social environment, business understanding
and empirical data was done to come up with a comprehensive strategy. The departure point
was the analysis of the characteristics of the environment prevailing in the township. These
included study of crime, inputs from police and community policing forum, needs of informal
businesses, role of locals to the trade, their possible impact on thefts and hijackings and changes
if any envisaged in the near future.
The outcome of the study addresses the penetration of the retail segment despite the crime
environment. It had to take risk to vehicles, staff and cash while planning distribution while
ensuring that the company maintains a hold on the retail market to a reasonable degree.
Company’ future growth plans which included new product introductions also had to be taken
into account.
Out of the possible alternatives, the outsourcing of distribution to local vendor drivers was
recommended. Practical guidelines regarding the implementation of such a system keeping in
view the unique environment, in which business is conducted, were discussed.
Recommendations were made keeping such challenges in view while also supporting the
company’ current and future plans. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: United National Breweries (SA) (PTY) Beperk (UNB) vervaardig, bemark en versprei
sorghum bier vir die afgelope twintig jaar. Sorghum bier het ‘n kort rakleeftyd van
vyf dae and vereis dus ‘n geïntegreerde en effektiewe verspreidingstelsel om die
produksie en bemarking te rugsteun. Alhoewel die maatskappy twee keer van eienaars
verwissel het oor die afgelope vier jaar, het die kennisbasis behoue gebly. Die
maatskappy het die meeste van sy kompetisie ontgroei oor die afgelope vier jaar maar
om voor te bly is markpenetrasie deur verbeterde verspreiding as ‘n belangrike
geleentheid gedefiniëer.
Byna sewentig persent van UNB se produkte word verkoop en verbruik in swart
woongebiede. Hierdie produkte word byna uitsluitlik verbruik deur swart Suid-
Afrikaners. Die analise wat die maatskappy on die basis van die bevolking en
marksegmentasie gedoen het dui aan dat die maksimum groeipotensiaal in juis in dié
swart woonbuurte lê wat deur hoë vlakke van kriminaliteit geaffekteer word.
KwaMashu is een so ‘n woonbuurt in Durban.
BB Bakeries (BBB) produseer, bemark en versprei brood in die meeste provinsies van
Suid-Afrika. Die maatskappy is deel van Premier Foods. Alhoewel die besigheid in
KwaZulu Natal gegroei het oor die afgelope drie jaar, het hulle ook gefokus op die
verbetering van verspreiding in hierdie markte. Brood is ‘n kommoditeit wat net soos
sorghum bier, ‘n kort rakleeftyd het en dus afhanklik is van effektiewe en suksesvolle
verspeidingsisteme. Nuwe produktvariasie word ook ondersoek ten einde groter
markaandeel te verkry. Die doel van die studie is om die ontwikkeling van fisiese verspreidingsisteme vir
kort rakleeftydprodukte in die kriminaliteit geaffekteerde KwaMashu woongebied.
“An analysis of the external environment is undertaken in order to discover the
opportunities and threats that are evolving and that need to be addressed by the
organization” (Drummond & Ensor 2005:33). ‘n Analise van die eksterne omgewing
moet afgebreek word in drie sleutel stappe waarvan elkeen telkens meer spesifiek op
die organisasie toegespits word. Die eerste stap is die analise van die makroekonomiese
faktore wat die organisasie beïnvloed. Dit word opgevolg deur ‘n
ondersoek van die kompetisie (mikro) omgewing waarbinne die organisasie sake
doen. Hirvoor is Porter se bekende ‘five forces’ model gekies. Laastens word ‘n
spesifieke kompeterende analise gedoen waarin die kragte wat voorspruit uit die
sosiale omgewing, besigheidsbenadering en empiriese date geintegreer word vir ‘n
omvattende strategie. Die vertrekpunt is die analise van die eienskappe van die
omstandighede in ter sake swart woongebiede. Hierdie sluit die studie van
kriminaliteit met polisie, gemeenskap en polisiëringsforums-perspektiewe, die
behoeftes van informele besighede met die rol van plaaslike handelaars en hul impak
op diefstal en skakings asook veranderings wat in die nabye toekoms geantisipeer
word.
Die resultaat van die studie het implikasies vir die deurdringingskrag van die
kleinhandel ten spyte van die kriminaliteit in die omgewing. Risiko ten opsigte van
voertuie, personeel en kontant moet in ag geneem word tydens
verspreidingsbeplanning. Daar moet verseker word dat die maatskappy sy houvas op
die kleinhandel mark tot ‘n redelike mate behou. Daarmee word die maatskappy se
toekomstige groeiplanne met die invoer van nuwe produkte ondersteun. Van die moontlike alternatiewe word die uitkontraktering van plaaslike afleweraars
aanbeveel. Praktiese riglyne vir die implimentering van sodanige sisteme word
bespreek en aanbeveel in terme van die maatskappy se huidige en toekomstige
beplanning.
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Motivations and expectations of a locally specific group of volunteer home based carers serving people with HIV/AIDS in the Mariannhill regionMahilall, Ronita 31 January 2006 (has links)
South African health systems are struggling to cope with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Home based care has become an invaluable resource that relieves overburdened and under-resourced hospitals. Home based carers provide basic nursing care and support to patients and their families, in the patient's home.
Little is know about what motivates home based carers. Minimal research has been undertaken to investigate the expectations and experiences of these noble voluntary helpers. This study was conducted with a sample of home based carers at Community Outreach Centre, St Mary's, Mariannhill. Being field focused it used a qualitative research approach and participatory action research methodology. Focus group discussions were conducted with home based carers to explore their needs, motivations and expectations of Community Outreach Centre.
The study enlightens us about issues related to home based care that directly affect them. Despite the painful realities of their lives, they appeared positive about serving as volunteer home based carers. / Social work / M.A. Social Science (Social Work)
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The evaluation of the effectiveness of the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) strategy for control of pulmonary tuberculosis / The effectiveness of directly observed treatment short course strategy (DOTS) for pulmonary tuberculosisMkuzo, Tandeka Victoria 28 February 2005 (has links)
no abstract available / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)
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The psychosocial well-being of teenaged orphans in a rural community, Kwazula-NatalGumede, Phiwayinkosi Richmond 11 1900 (has links)
Dealing with HIV and AIDS and parental illness and death are realities many teenagers have to face, yet little is known about their psychosocial well-being. This study gauged the psychosocial well-being of teenaged orphans in a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal. Using a narrative approached, data were collected by means of interviews. The study examined the nature of social support available to teenaged orphans and their subjective experiences of well-being. Findings suggest that these teenagers were confronted with drastic changes before and after the deaths of their parents. The ramifications of these and the different ways of coping with orphanhood were explored. Foster parents and other care-givers were found to provide differentially in the needs of the teenagers and this impacted on their well-being and coping. This study extends the literature on children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS by considering the specific experiences of teenagers. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)
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The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poachingGriffiths, Megan Laura 02 1900 (has links)
The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poaching, is tactically addressed in this dissertation. The aim is to expose the nature and extent of these crimes; the victims, offenders and modus operandi involved; the adjudication of wildlife offences; the causes and consequences concerned; the relevant criminological theories to explain these crimes; and recommendations for prevention. This research intends to examine the contemporary pandemic of rhino poaching in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and offer potential techniques for intervention. Furthermore, one of the main goals of the study is to reveal and enhance the extremely neglected field of conservation criminology. A general disregard by society for the environment, as well as the overall ineffectiveness and corruption of criminal justice and conservation authorities, comes to the fore. The purpose of the research is therefore to suggest possible prevention strategies in order to protect the rights of endangered species. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)
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Principals' interpretation of their role in implementing the national curriculum statement : a study of three KZN Vryheid principalsMsane, Sikhumbuzo Goodenough January 2009 (has links)
Principals were struggling with the interpretation of their roles in the implementation of the NCS in South African schools, parlty due to the huge change and complexity of the NCS. It was found that principals did not understand their roles in the implementation of the NCS, and as a result did not develop staff, were not familiar with the roles of educators as specified by policy and shifted the burden of developing educators to the Department of Education. A qualitative research approach was employed. A reputational case sampling was conducted on three secondary school principals in the KZN Vryheid District. A semi structured interview and a semi-structured questionaire were employed on these three principals to gather data. Theme analysis was used to determine how principals interpreted their roles in the implementation of the NCS. I found that principals did not have enough understanding of their roles in the implementation of the NCS. However, principals complained that the Department of Education was more concerned about expanding access to education than quality of education. They also lamented that teachers had a low self- esteem with the profession. I found that principals required detailed workshops on their roles in the implementation of the NCS, ongoing curriculum leadership training, and required LTSM resources and equipped laboratories.
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Ecology of the ichthyofauna in three temporarily open/closed estuaries on the Natal coastHarrison, Trevor D January 1994 (has links)
The ichthyofauna of three small Natal estuaries, the Mhlanga, Damba and Zotsha was sampled over a period of two years. A total of 68 kinds of fishes representing 24 families, 39 genera and 56 species were captured during this study. Forty seven kinds of fishes were recorded in the Mhlanga of which Gilchristella aestuaria,Oreochromis mossambicus, Valamugil cunnesius, Valamugil sp. and juvenile mugilids numerically dominated. In terms of biomass, O. mossambicus, V. cunnesius, Liza alata, Myxus capensis and Mugil cephalus dominated the ichthyofauna of the Mhlanga. In the Damba, 24 kinds of fishes were recorded. The most abundant fishes captured were Glossogobius callidus, M. capensis and O. mossambicus. M. capensis, M. cephalus, O. mossambicus and G. callidus dominated the fish biomass captured in the Damba. A total of 56 kinds of fishes were recorded in the Zotsha during this study. The ichthyofauna of the Zotsha was numerically dominated by juvenile mugilids, G. aestuaria, O. mossambicus, Rhabdosargus holubi, Terapon jarbua, Ambassis productus and G. callidus. The species which dominated the fish biomass in the Zotsha were O. mossambicus, L. alata, Valamugil robustus, Valamugil buchanani, M. capensis, M. cephalus and V. cunnesius. Classifying the species captured according to whether they were resident estuarine species, freshwater species, estuarine-dependent marine species and marine species revealed that the first three groups were all well represented in the systems. The only system in which marine species made any significant contribution to the ichthyofauna was the Zotsha. Oreochromis mossambicus was the dominant freshwater species in all three estuaries during this study. Gilchristella aestuaria and Glossogobius callidus were the principal estuarine species in the Mhlanga and the Damba respectively. Both G. aestuaria and G. callidus were the dominant estuarine species captured in the Zotsha. The principal estuarine-dependent marine fishes captured in the Mhlanga were V. cunnesius, Valamugil sp., juvenile mugilids, M. capensis, M. cephalus and L. alata. In the Damba, M. capensis and M. cephalus were the dominant estuarine-dependent marine species and in the Zotsha juvenile mugilids, R. holubi, T. jarbua, A . productus, M. capensis, V. cunnesius, V. robustus, M. cephalus and L. alata predominated. The results of this study indicate that the estuaries are dominated at different periods by different assemblages of fishes. This is linked to the spawning and migration patterns of the various species as well as the hydrological regime of each estuary. During the winter these systems are normally closed with relatively deep waters and high food resource and habitat availability. Freshwater and estuarine species mainly inhabit the upper reaches of the systems while estuarine-dependent marine species mainly occupy the middle and lower reaches and dominate the fish community. When these systems open with the onset of the spring/summer rains, adult and sub-adult estuarine-dependent marine species emigrate to the marine environment and juveniles begin recruiting into the systems. Spring is also the peak breeding period of resident estuarine and freshwater species, resulting in an increase in the contribution of these fishes to the overall population during this period. When closed estuaries open many of them drain and this results in the fishes concentrating in the lower reaches of the system where moderate water depths are present, thus further contributing to an increase in the proportion of freshwater and estuarine species in this region. The breaching of closed estuaries also results in a slump in food resources and habitat availability. Competition and possible increased vulnerability to avian predation (due to the shallow nature of the systems), may contribute to a decrease in the proportion of estuarine and freshwater species in summer. The prolonged spawning and recruitment of 0+ juveniles of estuarine-dependent marine species results in an increase in the proportion of these fishes present in the estuaries during summer. In autumn, these systems normally close, water levels rise and available food resources and habitat increase. This allows the redistribution of freshwater and estuarine species upstream, leaving estuarine-dependent marine species to dominate the middle and lower reaches. Although temporarily open/closed estuaries along the Natal coast may not be as diverse as permanently open estuaries in terms of their ichthyofauna, their importance must not be underestimated since by providing a continuous sequence of sheltered habitats along the coast they may contribute significantly to the viability of estuarine-dependent marine fish stocks.
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Addressing gender- based violence in the age of Aids: Rural youth engaging peers through social mediaGeldenhuys, Martha Maria January 2016 (has links)
This study responds to the following research question: How might rural school youth engage peers using social media in a participatory cultures framework to contribute to addressing gender-based violence in their community? This question is supported by the following secondary questions: How do rural school youth understand gender-based violence in their community. how might rural school youth use social media within a participatory cultures framework to engage peers in addressing GBV How can rural school youth engage with their peers via social media to facilitate youth agency in a participatory cultures framework This qualitative study is positioned in a critical paradigm and employs a visual participatory research methodology to contribute to addressing gender-based violence in the age of HIV and AIDS. The participants in this study are five learners (3 boys and 2 girls) with five of their peers (3 boys and 2 girls) from a secondary school in rural Vulindlela in KwaZulu-Natal, purposively selected from Grade 9 classes. Digital storytelling was employed as the main visual method of data generation to express the participants’ understanding of, and solutions to, genderbased violence. The stories were used by the participants to engage their peers around the topic via social media and to enable them to reflect on their own agency. The study draws on Jenkins’ theory of participatory cultures as a heoretical framework. Thematic analysis was applied to make meaning of the findings. The findings show that rural school youth understand gender-based violence (GBV) as a complex problem. Youthful learners are able to competently apply social media to address GBV and engage their peers through social media – hifting the power to participate as agents of change.The findings have implications for youth, the school, and the community. The youth are seen as knowledgeable actors who should inform intervention programmes aimed at social change. Social media can offer an engaging environment for peer learning and support. For digital participation, the youth need to acquire digital skills at school which could be integrated throughout the curriculum, drawing on participatory cultures. In the community, youth as knowledge producers are competent in leading, guiding, and instructing community members using social media spaces as more people have access to inexpensive digital technology that allows them to participate in community intervention programmes aimed at social change. I conclude by arguing that youth can express lived realties on GBV and solutions to GBV through visual methods such as digital storytelling. Their engagement on social media such as Facebook can be viewed as intervention by assuming agency through a guided process of solving community problems collaboratively with peers through the process of participatory cultures. This democratic process strengthens agency for community benefit and highlights a new youth and peer culture where youth circulate new and self-made content aimed at social action through their continuous reflection – a shift in power as the voices and actions of youth are acknowledged.
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Snacking preferences of primary school children as a guideline to develop a sensory acceptable snack food item enhanced with Moringa oleiferaGovender, Karina January 2016 (has links)
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Applied Science in Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Introduction: South Africa, like many other developing countries, is challenged by malnutrition among children. Globally, the nutritional status of children is a cause for great concern. The nutritional shift towards diets laden with sugar, fat and salt contribute towards the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Snacking plays a pivotal role in the diets of children; however, the consumption of unhealthy snacks or ‘junk’ food poses a serious risk to a child’s nutritional well-being. Moringa oleifera was selected for snack food development in this study, as this plant is a significant source of nutrients.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the snacking preferences of children (grades 4-7 in four schools in Verulam, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, in order to develop a sensory acceptable snack enhanced with Moringa oleifera.
Methodology: Two hundred primary school children between grades 4-7 were selected through stratified random sampling of schools in Verulam, KZN, South Africa through informed consent to participate in this study. In addition, ten parents/caregivers formed part of the preliminary study to determine the snacking habits of children in the selected grades. This information was reported in the form of themes. A Snack Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) was administered to children for the sole purpose of determining snacking preferences. This was supplemented by an observational study to assist with identifying the most frequent tuck shop purchases.
Thereafter, once the top three snack items were identified, the main study continued with the development of a healthy snack, through three cooking trials before an appropriate product was developed. The final product was made using three different amounts of dried Moringa leaves (1g Moringa, 2g Moringa and 3g Moringa per 22g portion) in a maize chip.
The developed product was then subjected to nutrient testing in order to determine the vitamin A, zinc, iron and calcium content of the three different variants. The carbohydrate, fat, energy and sodium values were calculated by using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International standardised methods. Microbiological and shelf life testing were also conducted to ensure the chips were safe for human consumption.
Consumer acceptance sensory evaluation was conducted among the children (n=100) to determine the most preferred amount of Moringa leaf in the snack food item (either 1g of Moringa or 2g Moringa). To determine which of the two variants (sample 1 containing 1g of Moringa and sample 2 containing 2g Moringa) was preferred, two variants of the product were sampled by the participants; samples were coded in order to prevent bias.
Results: Overall, the results from the focus group study revealed that children consumed snacks frequently and were given money regularly to purchase snack items from the school tuck shop. Price was a trend noted in factors that affect snack selection. The parents/caregivers responded positively towards purchasing a snack that was nutrient-rich. However, it was noted that the price should be reasonable. Results of the SFFQ indicated that the most popular snack items were chips, cold drinks and sweets; therefore these items were reviewed to determine the most viable option for further development. It was decided by the researcher and the supervisor that chips would be the snack item enhanced with three different amounts of Moringa. The consumer acceptance sensory evaluation comprised two chip samples (123 and ABC). The results of the consumer acceptance sensory evaluation showed that sample ABC (2g Moringa/22g serving) was preferred to sample 123 (1g Moringa/22g serving) for most of the sensory attributes (taste and texture).
The Moringa chips (both samples) contain almost half the amount of sodium (52.8mg) when compared to a popular corn chip brand (100mg). Moringa chips contained almost less than 1 gram of fat compared to 8 grams of fat found in the corn chips children usually consume. One portion (22g) of the Moringa chips contributes a significant amount of non-haem iron (57.89%, 48.25% and 35.61% for sample 1, 2 and 3 respectively) for females aged between 9-13 years old.
Conclusion: Moringa chips (2g/22g serving) received a positive response from children in the sample population. The use of indigenous plants such as Moringa, could be beneficial in food based strategies aimed at addressing malnutrition.
Recommendations: This study concluded that food based strategies such as the development of the Moringa chips, should be considered as a means to create a healthy option for children in low socio-economic schools. / M
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The effectiveness of the Superintendents of Education Management (SEMs)Ngubane, Madodenzani Hezekia January 2006 (has links)
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education of the
Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 2006. / This study involves an investigation into the effectiveness of the Superintendents of Education Management (SEMs). In order to gain insight into the effectiveness of the SEMs relevant literature pertaining to effective leadership was reviewed. The literature review deals mainly with the following aspects:
> Effective leadership.
> Characteristics of effective SEMs.
> Tasks of effective SEMs.
Literature on the following aspects of effective leadership was also reviewed:
> The occupational world of the SEMs.
> Building and maintaining of relationships.
The descriptive method of research was used to collect data with regard to the effectiveness of the SEMs. The investigation was aided by an empirical research comprising a structured questionnaire completed by 153 principals in the Msinga Circuit Management Centre, Ukhahlamba Region of the KwaZuIu-Natal Department of Education, in an effort to obtain the views of the principals on the effectiveness of the SEMs in their circuits. The respondents consisted of one hundred and nine (109) male principals and forty four (44) female principals. The age of the respondents ranges from thirty one (31) to over fifty (+50) years. Thirty two (32) out of 185 principals could not afford to complete the questionnaires citing different reasons.
The descriptive method of research was used to analyse the collected data. From the information gathered the following are the most important findings of the research regarding the effectiveness of the SEMs:
> SEMs trust the principals as their colleagues and have empathy for the task they perform.
> SEMs base their leadership on the values of the community.
> SEMs have good management skills and base their leadership on the needs of their subordinates.
> SEMs understand the importance of a healthy school climate for effective teaching and learning.
> Principals have a high opinion of sound tactics used by SEMs in matters involving cultural groups.
> SEMs are open-minded and work collaboratively with the principals by taking their opinion into account.
> SEMs play a vital role in encouraging the networking of schools in their circuits.
The study also revealed that:
> There is no effective cooperation between the SEMs and the teacher unions.
> Principals are not happy with the salary backlog for educators because it affects the performance of educators in the classrooms.
> SEMs do not communicate their circuit mission statements to all stakeholders.
> SEMs have done nothing to assist the educators who failed to meet the curriculum objectives, which has a negative impact on the schools' final results.
Based on the findings, the following recommendations were submitted:
> That the SEMs should encourage and monitor the implementation of Whole School Evaluation (WSE), the Developmental Appraisal System (DAS) and Integrated Quality Management Systems (IQMS). This will provide the SEMs
with relevant information concerning the performance of educators in schools. The analysis of information from the abovementioned systems will provide the department with the grey areas that need urgent attention.
>. That the SEMs in consultation with all the stakeholders should formulate the circuit policy.
> That the schools should be divided into clusters in terms of proximity and cluster coordinators. This will help SEMs with timeous distribution of information to schools.
In conclusion a summary was presented based on the findings of the study. The following are some of the recommendations that have been made for further study:
> That the influence of the SEMs in the final school results, more especially Grade 12, be investigated.
> That the impact of the salary backlog on educators in their teaching and learning tasks in the schools be investigated.
> "Why a lack of punctuality seems to be a way of life for some educators in high ranking positions.
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