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Who mines what belongs to all? A historical analysis of the relationship between the state and capital in the South African mining industryZogg, Philipp Emanuel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the relationship between the state and mining capital in South Africa
since the beginning of gold mining. It provides a historical analysis centered around the
notion that neither state nor capital have been able to dominate each other wholly but
retained their respective relative strength and independence. By applying a qualitative
approach, this thesis seeks to determine whether this notion still holds true today, how the
relationship between the state and mining capital has evolved over time and by what
factors was it determined. I suggest that structurally the nature of the state-capital
relationship continues to endure fifteen years after apartheid.
Accordingly the thesis is organized in terms of two critical junctures, one in the 1920s
and one in the long 1970s when the balance of power between the state and mining
capital experienced a number of shifts. Recent developments in post-apartheid South
Africa seem, as of now at least, to represent more of a continuation of the shift that
materialized in the long 1970s rather than a new conjuncture of its own or one in the
making. Contrasting these findings with the adamant calls of the ANCYL for a
nationalization of mines indicates that nationalization as the ANCYL foresees it does not
seem to be informed by a historical understanding of the mining capital-state relations
and that it is ceteris paribus unlikely to materialize. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis ondersoek die verhouding tussen die staat en mynbou kapitaal in Suid-Afrika
sedert die begin van die goudwedloop. Op grond van ’n historiese oorsig word daar aan
die hand gedoen dat nòg die staat nóg mynbou kapitaal mekaar oorheers het en dat
hierdie tendens vyftien jaar na apartheid steeds voortduur.
Die magsbalans tussen die staat en kapitaal word egter gekenmerk deur twee
uiteenlopende periodes, naamlik die Twintiger jare en die langdurige Sewentigs.
Verwikkelinge in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika suggereer ’n voortsetting van die dinamika
van die Sewentigs. Volgens onlangse uitlatings deur die ANC Jeugliga blyk dit asof die
beweging nie bewus is van die kompleksiteit van hierdie historiese verhouding nie en dat
dit dus hoogs onwaarskynlik is dat nasionalisering in terme van ANC Jeugliga beleid die
lig sal sien.
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The link between poor public participation and protest : the case of KhayelitshaMchunu, Ntuthuko Albert 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The upsurge in the number of public protests in most South African municipalities, including the City of Cape Town, continues unabated. While public protest is a democratic right, provided for in the Constitution (RSA 1996), the violent nature and persistence of protests at municipal level are a cause for concern. The associated violence often leads to the destruction of both public and private property, disruptions in economic activities, loss of lives and severe injuries to innocent victims.
The prevalence of public protests continues despite the fact that the new democratic dispensation ushered in a paradigm geared for transforming local government from a racially-segregated institution into a democratic and autonomous sphere of government, with a broad developmental mandate. This new dispensation gave birth to the “invited spaces” of participation, which are aimed at providing scope for the public to influence, direct, control and own the development and decision-making processes.
In order to determine factors that contribute to public protests in Khayelitsha the study adopted a qualitative research paradigm. Personal interviews, focus group discussion and participatory observation were some of the research methods used to collect primary data.
The study indicates that lack of authentic and empowering public participation opportunities in the decision-making processes of the City of Cape Town alienates the public and leads to public disengagement from available municipal processes.
It has been during this period of alienation that the public have been “inventing own spaces” of participation, in the form of public protests demanding that public voices be heard. The study also indicates that poverty, unemployment and glaring gaps of social inequality, reinforced by comparison to available examples in the neighbourhood, are root causes of public protests.
The new public participation model that has been developed from this research should be adopted by South African municipalities as an essential public participation strategy. It empowers the public to negotiate a new “social contract” with the authorities primarily based on the public’s terms. It is only when authentic and empowering public participation is practised by municipalities that violent public protests can be minimised. Such authentic and empowering public participation provides latitude for the public to influence, direct, control and even own their “own” development and decision-making processes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toename in voorvalle van openbare protes in byna alle Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale gebiede, insluitend die van die Stad Kaapstad, duur onverpoosd voort. Terwyl openbare protes weliswaar ’n demokratiese reg is wat in die Grondwet (RSA 1996) verskans word, is die huidige ingeburgerde en gewelddadige aard daarvan rede tot ernstige kommer. Hierdie gewelddadigheid lei dikwels tot vernietiging van sowel openbare as private eiendom. Ook ekonomiese aktiwiteite word ontwrig; daar is lewensverlies en ernstige beserings aan onskuldige slagoffers .
Die hoë voorkoms van openbare protes duur voort, ondanks die feit dat die nuwe demokratiese bestel ’n paradigmaskuif ten gunste van transformasie in die plaaslike regeringstelsel beteken het. Alles was in plek om weg te beweeg van rasgesegregeerde instellings na ’n demokratiese, outonome regeringsfeer met ’n breë, ontwikkelingsgedrewe mandaat. Hierdie nuwe bedeling het “genooide ruimtes” vir deelname geskep, wat geleentheid sou skep om invloed en rigtinggewende beheer te verkry oor daardie prosesse van besluitneming wat deelnemers se eie lewens raak.
Om die faktore te bepaal wat tot openbare protes in Khayelitsha bydra, is ’n kwalitatiewe navorsingsparadigma gekies. Persoonlike onderhoud, fokusgroepbespreking en deelnemende waarneming is van die navorsingsmetodes wat ingespan is om primêre data te versamel. Hierdie navorsingstudie het bevind dat, ondanks die “genooide ruimtes”, daar steeds ’n gebrek aan egte en bemagtigende openbare deelnemingsgeleenthede in die besluitnemingsproses van die Stad Kaapstad bestaan, en dat dit die publiek vervreem en daartoe lei dat burgers hul aan die beskikbare deelnemingsgeleenthede onttrek.
Gedurende hierdie periode van vervreemding het die publiek van Khayelitsha hulle eie “geskepde ruimtes” ontwikkel. Dit was gegiet in die vorm van openbare protes, waar die stemme van die algemene publiek gehoor kon word. Die studie het ook aangedui dat armoede, werkloosheid en opvallende voorbeelde van sosiale ongelykheid (te vinde in die onmiddellike omgewing) aanleidende faktore vir protesaksie was.
Die nuwe openbare deelnemingsmodel wat uit die navorsing ontwikkel is, kan aan alle Suid-Afrikaanse munisipaliteite ’n onontbeerlike geleentheid bied om ’n doeltreffende openbare deelnemingstrategie te ontwikkel. Dit bemagtig die publiek om ’n nuwe onderhandelde “maatskaplike kontrak” met die owerhede, hoofsaaklik op die publiek se terme, te sluit. Slegs wanneer die publiek aan egte, bemagtigende openbare deelname blootgestel word, sal daar sprake van ’n vertrouensverhouding met die owerhede wees en sal gewelddadige protesaksie tot die minimum beperk kan word. Sodanige egte en bemagtigende openbare deelname skep ruimte vir die publiek om hulle “eie” ontwikkeling te beïnvloed en mede-beheer te bekom oor die besluitnemingsprosesse wat daarmee gemoeid is.
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An evaluation of the integration of the 'white' town of Pietersburg and the 'black' township of Seshego after the local government elections of 1995Mabotja, Mpheta Samuel 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The emergence of urban systems in South Africa was from the start shaped by racial bias.
The black people of this country were refused any form of participation in town planning.
To aggravate the situation, urban space was manipulated in a manner that each racial
group had its own residential space. The manipulation of urban space gave rise to what is
called "the Apartheid City." This "Apartheid city" is characterised by stark contrast in
development between a well-serviced, first world town lying side by side with underserviced
third world townships.
The "Apartheid City" of Pietersburg-Seshego has been undergoing restructuring since
1990. The Local Government Transitional Act (LGTA) has served as an intervention
whereby the two formerly unequal areas had to integrate and become one city. The
central aim of this study is to evaluate, by using a series of indicators, the integration
level that has been achieved since 1995, i.e. since the first local government elections.
The study will focus on three key areas to reflect the level of integration, namely, land
use patterns, ward demarcation, and integration of personnel.
The main conclusion is that though one council has been formed where there were
previously two, spatial inequalities and racially-based ward demarcations between the
former Pietersburg town and the former Seshego township persist. On the other hand,
personnel drawn from the administrations of former white Pietersburg and former
Lebowa civil service has not been fully integrated. The former Pietersburg municipality
personnel is still white male dominated in both senior and middle management levels
while the former Lebowa personnel is black male dominated found in the lowest levels of
the TLC structure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontstaan van metropolitaanse sisteme in Suid Arfika was nog altyd gekenmerk deur rasse
bevooroordeling. Die swart bevolking van Suid Afrika was nog altyd in die verlede uitgesluit
van deelname aan stadsbeplanning. Om die situasie nog te vererger, was metropolitaanse areas
op so 'n wyse gemanipuleer, dat groepe van verskillende rasse elk hul eie residensiële allokasie
gehad het. Hierdie manipulasie van metropolitaanse areas het die ontstaan van die
"apartheidstad" tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie "apartheidstad" word gekenmerk deur 'n skerp
kontras in ontwikkeling tussen 'n goed voorsiene eerste wêreld deel aan die een kant en 'n
swak voorsiene derde wêreld deel aan die ander kant.
Die "apartheidstad" van Pietersburg - Seshego het sedert 1990 herstrukturering ondergaan, Die
"Plaaslike Owerheidsoorgangs Wet" het gedien as 'n middelom twee histories ongelyke areas
te integreer om een stad te vorm. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om die vlak van integrasie
sedert 1995 te evalueer deur gebruik te maak van sekere indikatore. Die studie fokus op drie
aspekte wat die vlak van integrasie weerspieël naamlik grondgebruikspatrone, wykafbakening
en personeel integrering.
Die belangrikste gevolge is dat daar nou een plaaslike raad is waar daar voorheen twee was
terwyl ruimtelike ongelykhede en ras gebaseerde wyksafbakening nog steeds plaasvind tussen
Pietersburg en die vorige Seshego nedersetting. Die nuwe personeelstruktuur - wat bestaan
hoofsaaklik uit voormalige wit lede van die Pietersburg raad en hoofsaaklik swart lede van die
voormalige Lebowa staatsdiens - is nog nie ten volle geintegreerd nie. Die personeel van die
Pietersburg Munisipaliteit is nog steeds oorwegend wit en manlik gedomineerd in beide die
middel en senior bestuursposte en die Lebowa personeel is hoofsaaklik swart en manlik
gedomineerd in die laer pos bekleding in die struktuur van die nuwe plaaslike
regeringstruktuur.
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Black in-migration from the Eastern Cape into the Cape Metropolitan area : profile of the migrant and reasons for movingBritz, Andre Alfrieda January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Migration is the (usually free) movement of individuals from one place to
another. Migration is formally conceptualized as the movement of households
from relatively poorer regions - the sending areas -- to relatively better-off
regions -- the receiving areas -- thereby enhancing the households' chances of
improved access to resources. The migrant can be defined as a person that has
gone out of his/her own free will from one place to another. In this sample and
study, a distinction will be made between household heads born in the CMA,
household heads that arrived before 1994, and household heads that arrived in
the CMA in 1994 and thereafter. These migrants will be called "Household Head
Born CMA", "Household Head older migrants", and "Household Head recent
migrants" respectively.
Informal squatter settlements are mushrooming at the outskirts of the CMA and
very little is known about the motivation of migrants to leave their rural areas. In
explaining the occurrence of migration and of why people migrate, one has to
consider the push-pull theory. In the sending areas there are certain push
factors, pushing the migrant out of the area. In the receiving area, there are pull
factors, pulling the migrant towards the area. Migrants are also not a random
selection of people. They have specific traits and differ from non-migrants in
certain respects (age, life-cycle stage, marital status, education, occupation and
status, cultural attributes and traditionalist vs. innovator). It was found in this
study that the CMA as opposed to the Eastern Cape has certain differences,
thereby pulling and pushing the migrant into and out of the areas respectively.
Also, migrants seem to have different characteristics than that of the nonmigrant. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swart In-Migrasie vanaf die Oos Kaap tot die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Area
(KMA):
Profiel van die Migrant en Migrasie Redes
Oorsig
Migrasie is die (gewoonlik vrye) beweging van indiwidue van een plek na 'n
ander. Migrasie word formeel gedefinieer as die beweging van huishoudings
vanaf afsend-areas tot ontvangs-areas. Die huishouding se kanse op beter
toegang tot hulpbronne word verbeter. 'n Migrant is 'n persoon wat uit vrye wil
van een area na die volgende trek. Onderskeid word gemaak tussen die
huishouding-hoof wat gebore is in die KMA, die huishouding-hoof wat die KMA
binne-getrek het voor 1994, en die huishouding-hoof wat die KMA binnegetrek
het tydens 1994 en daarna.
Informele nedersettings, oftewel plakkerskampe, is besig om vinnig toe te neem
aan die buitwyke van die KMA en baie min inligting is beskikbaar oor wat
potensiële migrante motiveer om die landelike gebiede te verlaat. Wanneer
daar na die beweegredes gekyk word, is dit noodsaaklik om die "stoot en trek"
teorie te oorweeg as 'n moontlike verduideliking. Migrante is ook nie 'n lukrake
versameling van mense nie. Hulle het baie spesifieke eienskappe wat verskil
van nie-migrante In sekere opsigte (ouderdom, lewens-siklus fase,
huwelikstatus, opvoeding, beroep en status, kulturele eienskappe en so meer).
In hierdie studie is gevind dat die Ooskaap en die KMA so verskil dat migrante
na die KMA aangetrek word.
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The inability to recruit and retain previously disadvantaged professionals in a South African Steel MerchantWylie, Ross James 06 1900 (has links)
The Steel Merchant offers a service of stocking and distributing steel products
and value added services throughout Africa. The company is the largest steel
merchant in Africa employing over 5500 employees.
The South African government implemented the Employment Equity Act, No 55,
(1998) and Broad-Based Black Economic Act, No 53, (2003) to readdress the
discrimination of the past and create fair opportunities for Previously
Disadvantaged Individuals (PDI) in the workplace.
The Steel Merchant's business environment is severely affected by these
legislations and is required to comply with the provisions of the Act or will receive
fines and penalties.
Since the Acts inception the merchant continues to struggle in recruiting and
retaining PDIs in professionally qualified and management positions. The
organization has experienced strategic drift by falling from a Black Economic
Empowerment (BEE) Procurement Recognition/Status Level of 5 down to level 6.
The research identified various factors within the organization that are hindering
its overall ability to adapt and progress in terms of Employment Equity (EE) and
BEE. The study is focused on identifying the internal and external barriers that
prevent the effective implementation of BEE and EE strategies in order to recruit
and retain previously disadvantaged professionals at the Steel Merchant.
The Research Objectives are:
• To evaluate the effect of organizational culture and climate on the
implementation of Employment Equity, Affirmative Action (AA) and BEE
Strategies
• To analyze the importance of Human Resource Management (HRM) in
the development of recruitment and retention strategies of previously
disadvantaged professionals
• To investigate the differences in gender and race leadership qualities and
behavior
• To identify and assess the barriers in implementing employment equity
recruitment and retention strategies
• To determine how government legislation will influence the Steel
Organizations' competitiveness internationally
Internal secondary data was used to analyze the Merchant's Human Resource
Management, EE and BEE performance. External secondary data from the
South African government departments was used to analyze the legislative Acts
and how the company performs compared to the industry standards.
A quantitative research approach was followed in the investigation. A questionnaire was developed using closed-ended questions to obtain information related to the respondent's demographical background as well as their opinion on each objective.
The questionnaire was distributed by email to 1 00 employees and weighted according to racial group (Black, White, Coloured and Asian) and gender (Male and Female). The method allowed the researcher to receive and analyze the
information quickly at no financial cost. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the results and describe the
behaviour of each racial and gender group contained in the sample. The data methods used were:
• Percentages
• The mean, mode and median
• Standard Deviation
The conclusions from the sample were used to generalize about the steel merchant population whilst research from recognized academics was utilized to authenticate and substantiate the research findings improving the accuracy and
reliability of the research.
The results of the study identified the following factors have contributed to the
merchant's inability to recruit and retain PDI at professionally qualified and
management levels:
• The Steel Merchant has a white male dominated organizational culture
and ineffective HRM strategies
• Black shareholders have contributed little towards previously disadvantaged development creating resentment by employees
• Employment Equity, Black Economic Empowerment and Affirmative action has created racial divides, a lack of trust and will negatively influence the
company's competitiveness internationally.
The research identified various problems that hinder the implementation of EE
and BEE policy at the steel merchant which makes it difficult to recruit and retain
talented PDI. The following recommendations have been made to minimize
resistance and integrate EE and BEE policies to improve recruitment and
retention in the organization:
• Define and communicate the BEE/EE vision and strategy
• Delayer hierarchal levels
• National Culture Training
• Implement Performance Management Systems
• lncentivize Knowledge Sharing
• Re-evaluate the recruitment policies
• Train, develop and mentor PDI
• Develop career paths and succession plans
• Create a leadership development program
• Create a shared understanding of EE
• Address white fears through empowerment
• Black shareholders should be actively involved with the development of PO employees
• Harness African culture to succeed internationally.
EE and BEE is obligatory and will inevitably influence the company's
performance. The Steel Merchant has the resources and capabilities to eliminate
resistance and implement effective HRM strategies to recruit and retain talented
POl in professional and management positions. By achieving this objective, the
company's Broad Based Black Employment Equity (BBBEE) rating will advance
resulting in a sustainable competitive advantage and more business opportunities in the future. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.A.
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Loan products to manage liquidity stress when broad-based black economic empowerment (BEE) enterprises invest in productive assets.Finnemore, Gareth Robert Lionel. January 2005 (has links)
Investments in productive assets by broad-based black economic empowerment (BEE) enterprises in
South Africa (SA) during the 1990s have been constrained, in part, by a lack of access to capital. Even if
capital can be sourced, BEE businesses often face a liquidity problem, as conventional, equally
amortized loan repayment plans do not take into account the size and timing of investment returns, or
there are lags in the adjustment of management to such new investments. The aim of this dissertation,
therefore, is to compare five alternative loan products to the conventional fixed repayment (equally
amortized) loan (FRL) that lenders could offer to finance BEE investments in productive assets that are
faced with liquidity stress, namely: the single payment non-amortized loan (SPL); the decreasing
payment loan (DP); the partial payment loan (PPL); the graduated payment loan (GPL); and the deferred
payment loan (DEFPLO-2). This is done firstly by comparing loan repayment schedules for the six loans
using a loan principal of R200 000, repaid over 20 years at a nominal contractual annual interest rate of
10%. Secondly, data from five actual BEE loan applications to ABSA Bank and Ithala in KwaZulu-Natal
(KZN) during 2003 are used to compare how the FRL, SPL, DP, GPL, and DEFPLO-l, affect
investment profitability, and both the borrower's and the lender's cash-flows, assuming that the lender
sources funds from a development finance wholesaler.
Results for the first part of the study show that the SPL has smaller initial annual repayments than the
FRL (R20 000 versus R23 492) that ease liquidity stress in the early years after asset purchase, but
requires a nominal balloon repayment of both interest and principal in year 20 of R220 000. The SPL is
also the most costly loan, with total nominal and real repayments that are R130 162 and R43 821,
respectively, more than the FRL. The PPL has the lowest total nominal and real repayments assuming
that the borrower can make the nominal balloon repayment in year 5 of R202 173. If not, the ending
balance of the loan in year 4 would have to be refinanced at current market interest rates. In this
situation, the PPL uses very similar financing terms to that of the variable rate long-term loans already
used in SA, and thus may not be a useful option to consider for BEE investments facing a liquidity
problem. Interest rates may have risen over the last four years of the loan, encouraging lenders to add a
premium into the interest rate for the refinanced loan, which could worsen the liquidity position of the
BEE enterprise. The DP requires higher initial nominal annual loan repayments (R6 508 more than the
FRL) that do not ease the liquidity problem in the early years of operation. The DP loan, however, has total nominal and real repayments that are R59 838 and R23 118, respectively, less than the FRL. A
GPL with diminishing, finite interest-rate subsidy seems to have the most potential to ease the BEE
investment's liquidity stress. The 17YRGPL used to buy land had total nominal and real repayments that
were R84 634 and R67 726 (after subsidy), respectively, less than the FRL. If the GPL was used to
purchase machinery-type assets, then the 6YRGPL would have required total nominal and real
repayments of R13 957 and R12 596, respectively, less than the FRL. Finally, the DEFPLO-2 loan
required a total nominal repayment of R531 128 (R61 290 more than the FRL) and a total real
repayment of R345 358 (R26 095 more than the FRL). Clearly, the GPL and DEFPLO-2 loan repayment
schedules can partly resolve the liquidity problem in the early years (assuming no major income shocks),
although the DEFPLO-2 plan requires higher total repayments than the FRL. The question remains
whether lenders would be prepared to implement these two financing plans for BEE investments in
productive assets, where the funds to finance the diminishing, finite interest-rate subsidy or the
deferment would be sourced, and how the interest-rate subsidy would affect asset values.
In the second part of the study, the profitability of the five proposed BEE investments in KZN during
2003 was compared for the five loan products using the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rateof-
return (lRR) capital budgeting procedures. The loan terms, interest rates, principal and characteristics
of each BEE firm are different with current rates of return on equity varying by business type.
Companies A (five-year loan) and C (10-year loan) are agribusinesses with a higher expected current
rate of return of 8% on machinery investments, while companies B (eight-year loan), D (15-year loan),
and E (20-year loan) invest in farmland with a lower expected current annual rate of return of 5%. The
five business plans may not be representative in a statistical sense of all BEE firms in KZN, but were
used because they were readily available. Initially it was assumed that donor/grant funds from a
development finance wholesaler were lent to an intermediary (like a commercial bank), which in turn,
could finance the five investments using any of the five alternative loans, with the lender's repayment to
the wholesaler being via a FRL. It was then assumed that the lender could repay its borrowed funds
using the same loans, or combinations of them, that it had granted to these companies. Results show that
GPLs and DEFPLs can resolve the liquidity problem associated with investments like land in the early
years after purchase provided that projected business performance is adequate, while the SPL and GPL
are preferred for BEE projects with stronger initial cash-flows like machinery investments. The study
also shows that the loan product that best improves the borrower's liquidity is not always best suited to
the lender. In most cases, the GPL suited the borrower, but in four of the five cases, the lender would prefer the SPL and to repay the wholesaler using the SPL. The SPL, however, is unlikely to be used,
given the large negative real net cash-flows that it generates when the final payments are due.
Recent SA experience with the GPLs (interest rate subsidies funded by private sector sugar millers via
Ithala) and the DEFPLs (via the Land Reform Empowerment Facility (LREF) which is a wholesaler of
funds in SA) suggests that there is scope to alleviate the liquidity problem if a wholesaler of funds can
offer such terms to private banks and venture capital investors who then on-lend to finance BEE asset
investments that are otherwise considered relatively high credit risks. This would shift the liquidity
problem away from the client to the wholesaler of the funds, but requires access to capital at favourable
interest rates. Such capital could be sourced from dedicated empowerment funds earmarked by the
private sector, donors and the SA government.
The lesson for policymakers is that broad-based BEE could be promoted in other farm and non-farm
sectors in SA using similar innovative loan products to complement cash grant funds via financial
intermediaries, bearing in mind the limitations of the GPL and DEFPL - such as how to finance the
subsidy or deferment, and the impact of income shocks. Donor and National Empowerment Fund capital
could be used to allocate grants to provide previously disadvantaged individuals with own equity and
also to fund finite, diminishing interest-rate subsidies via GPLs, or to fund DEFPLs (many LREF loans
have been leveraged by a cash grant component). This could create an incentive for public/private
partnerships, as public/donor funds could be then used to attract private sector funds to finance broadbased
BEE investments in SA that satisfy empowerment criteria. The five case studies did not show how
the GPLs and DEFPLs could make all profitable (positive net present value) but financially infeasible
(returns do not match the size and timing of the lender's financing plan) BEE investments in productive
assets under the FRL feasible, except for Company E that showed a positive NPV and IRR when the
19YRGPL was used. They did, however, show how the alternative loans could improve liquidity for
investments with either strong or poor cash-flows. The financiers consulted to source case studies in
KZN in 2003 at the time of the study could not provide the researcher with any profitable, but
financially infeasible, BEE business plans. This raises some concern about how effective these
empowerment loan products could be in the future as there is uncertainty over how many potential BEE
investments in productive assets in SA are likely to be profitable but financially infeasible. Further
research is thus needed to assess the impact of these alternative loans on a wider range of broad-based
BEE investments, particularly non-farm projects, than considered in this dissertation. / Thesis (M.Agric.Mgt.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Elim : a cultural historical study of a Moravian mission station at the Southern extreme of AfricaVan der Hoven, Liane 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Afrikaans Cultural History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / Elim, a mission station of the Moravian Church, was established in 1824. The settlement is situated 48 kilometres from the southern extreme of the African continent. Vogelstruiskraal farm, is a sparsely populated area, a unique community has developed where the congregation is the community and the community is the congregation. ...
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A reconceptualisation of the concept of social capital: a study of resources for need satisfaction amongst agricultural producers in Vhembe, LimpopoVermaak, Nicolaas Jakobus 28 February 2006 (has links)
Social capital, in broad terms, refers to norms, networks, trust and forms of social connections in societies that allows people to gain access to resources. This study involves a reconceptualisation of the concept of social capital. An overview of social capital literature reveals that economic needs are still dominant in both the theory and practice of development efforts that make use of social capital. It would therefore appear that the social capital paradigm is not balanced in that it does not clearly provide for the satisfaction of the diverse range of needs that people, particularly those in the rural communities, often experience. A resource-orientated approach is suggested in broadening the concept social capital to include the satisfaction of a wider variety of needs.
An effort is made in the literature study, to capture the manifestations of social capital in different societies globally, with particular emphasis on community life in developing communities of the world. In addition, the discussion of social capital is deepened to include need satisfaction. A matrix of needs, as proposed by Max-Neef (1991), is used to argue that social capital would better be seen as a synergetic resource for the satisfaction of various needs. Instead of understanding social capital as a need, single satisfier, or as a `factor of production', an argument is put forward that such a conception of social capital is incomplete and inaccurate and that, instead, social capital should be understood as a multi-dimensional resource that can be used to service various needs of communities.
Extensive fieldwork amongst agricultural producers in the Vhembe district of Limpopo provided ample evidence of social capital, although a precise fit with the mainstream theoretical perspectives was not found. The unusual profile of social capital reaffirmed the argument that social capital is present in different forms in rural developing communities and that social capital can best be seen as multi-dimensional because it has the ability to satisfy a wide variety of needs at different levels. Better use can be made of the concept of social capital by viewing it as multi-dimensional and linked to resources relevant to a wide variety of needs. Further research is needed if social capital is to be used by development planners. / Sosiale kapitaal verwys breedweg na norme, netwerke, vertroue en verskillende vorme van sosiale skakeling. `n Oorsig oor sosiale literatuur toon dat ekonomiese behoeftes die sosiale kapitaal teorie en praktyk domineer, veral tydens ontwilkkelingspogings wat gebruik maak van sosiale kapitaal. Hierdie studie behels `n heroorweging van die konsep sosiale kapitaal. Die sosialekapitaal - paradigma blyk ongeballanseerd te wees aangesien dit nie volkome voorsiening maak vir die verskeidenheid van behoeftes wat mense in landelike gemeenskappe dikwels ondervind nie. Deur die sosiale kapitaal konsep te verbreed, naamlik volgens die bevrediging van `n verskeidenheid van behoeftes, word `n hulpbrongebasseerde benadering tot sosiale kapitaal voorgestel.
Tydens die literatuurstudie is gepoog om die manifestasies van sosiale kapitaal in verskillende samelewings van die wêreld vas te lê, met besondere verwysing na ontwikkelende gemeenskappe van die wêreld. Daarbenewens word die bespreking oor sosiale kapitaal spesifiek gekoppel aan behoeftebevrediging. `n Behoefte matriks, soos voorgestel deur Max-Neef (1991), is gebruik om te betoog dat sosiale kapitaal eerder as `n medewerkende hulpbron gesien behoord te word vir die bevrediging van verskillende behoeftes. Volgens hierdie siening word sosiale kapitaal nie beperk tot die bevrediging van enkele ekonomiese behoeftes nie.
Hoewel uitgebreide veldwerk genoegsame bewyse van sosiale kapitaal opgelewer het, kon `n presiese ooreenstemming met die hoofstroom sosiaal teoretiese perspektiewe nie gevind word nie. Die ongewone profiel van sosiale kapitaal het die argument bevestig dat sosiale kapitaal as `n multidimensionele hulpbron verstaan behoord te word. Dit het die vermoë om `n wye verskydenheid behoeftes op verskillende vlakke te bevredig. Die konsep sosiale kapitaal kan beter gebruik word mits dit as multidimensioneel gesien word, asook gekoppel word aan hulpbronne wat relevant is aan `n wye verskeidenheid behoeftes. Verdere navorsing is nodig vir sosiale kapitaal om deur ontwikkelingsbeplanners gebruik te word. / Summary in Afrikaans and English / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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A social and cultural history of Grahamstown, 1812 to c1845Marshall, Richard Graham January 2009 (has links)
This thesis examines the development of Grahamstown from its inception in 1812 to the mid-1840s, paying particular attention to the social and cultural life of the town. It traces the economic development of the town from a military outpost to a thriving commercial settlement, noting the essential factor of the town's proximity to the Cape frontier in this process. The economic interaction between diverse groups in the town mirrors the social and cultural interaction which occurred between British settlers, Khoekhoe and Africans. The result of these interactions was the creation of a new, distinctively South African urban society and culture, despite the desire of the white settlers to reproduce a “typical” English environment in their new home. The conflict between attempts to anglicise the urban environment and the realities of Grahamstown's situation on a colonial frontier was reflected in the architecture and layout of the town. Attempts to recreate an English social environment also failed. New classes arose in the town in response to the economic opportunities available on the frontier. Although some settlers prospered, many did not, and the presence of an impoverished white working class undermines settler historians' picture of settler success and affluence. The poorest people in the town, though, were the increasing numbers of Khoekhoe and Africans who migrated from the surrounding countryside, and who were unequally incorporated into the urban community as a colonial labouring class. In response to these unique circumstances, white settlers in Grahamstown developed a powerful political and propaganda machine, which helped lay the foundations of a distinct settler identity in the eastern Cape.
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Small town South Africa: the historical geography of selected Eastern Cape towns and current development initiatives within themWhite, Richard Charles Crookes 03 June 2013 (has links)
Small towns can be seen as the fundamental building blocks of tbe urban system. Through time, some of these towns have lost the primary reason for their existence. Some towns that have been declining or stagnating include old mining and industrial towns, such as Indwe in the Eastern Cape or Welkom in the Free State. Some towns have also changed the main focus of tbeir economy, for example, from that of mining to that of tourism, as in the case of Utrecht in Kwa-Zulu Natal (Nel, 2002). In light of the above, this thesis seeks to critically evaluate what has happened in selected small towns in the Eastern Cape. The research investigated a number of towns in the Eastern Cape, looking at the history and influence of colonisation, population dynamics, education levels, employment opportunities, migration and the influence of capitalism on the economic and social structure of the town, as well as tbe evolution of its economy. The research sample consisted of interviews witb local historians, community leaders, development agencies and individuals who were benefiting from tbe various development initiatives/project in the towns. These interviews, in conjunction with the literature identified, were conducted in the selected small towns, assessing whether development was succeeding and, in conclusion, identifying witb reference to the study sites, what was learnt. The research process generated a number of lessons that need to be taken into consideration when attempting social and economic upliftment in small towns. These include: the need for leadership, support from the local population and the need for financial assistance to support and uplift the community. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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