Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A growth and digestibility trial was conducted comparing the effect of an experimental enzyme at three different inclusions. A negative control containing no enzyme additions and a positive control containing a proven commercial enzyme were compared in a maize-soybean diet noting the performance of broilers and the digestibility of the grower feed. The commercial enzyme was a granular product with a xylanase activity of 38114.29 nkat/g and the second enzyme (ABO374) was a liquid experimental product with a xylanase activity of 1426.86 nkat/ml. Five diets were used i.e. control basal diet without enzyme supplementation (negative control), basal diet supplemented with the commercial enzyme (positive control) and three basal diets supplemented with the test enzyme at various inclusion levels (ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200). The positive control was supplemented with 200 g/ton of the commercial enzyme; ABO 50 was supplemented with ABO374 at an inclusion level of 2671 ml/ton, ABO 100 with 5342 ml/ton and ABO 200 with 10684 ml/ton. Supplementation with the test enzyme (ABO 50) significantly improved BW at 23 days of age by 4.6 % (1107.4 g vs 960.96 g) and at 37 days of age by 3.2 % (2311.75 g vs 2237.81 g) over the negative control. Body weight gain for the total period of the trial was significantly improved by 3.24 % (64.32 g/bird/day vs 62.24 g/bird/day) the test enzyme supplementation (ABO 50) when compared to the negative control. During the starter phase, test enzyme supplementation (ABO 50) led to an improvement of 4.58 % (1.25 vs 1.31) in FCR in comparison with the negative control. The FCR for the total trial obtained by the test enzyme supplementation was significantly lower than the FCR obtained by the positive control. The highest EPER obtained for this trail was by the test enzyme supplemented diets and this was significantly higher than the EPER obtained by the positive control. It is clear from this growth trial that the test enzyme (ABO374) at an inclusion level of 2671 ml/ton outperformed the commercial enzyme and that it has the potential to improve the production performance of broilers on a maizeSBM based diet. The total tract digestibility method and total collection method was used to conduct the digestibility trial. The total tract digestibility method measures the difference between the amounts of each nutrient consumed from the amounts of each nutrient excreted in faeces. Only apparent digestibilities are reported for the digestibility trial. Apparent digestibility does not take the endogenous protein fraction in the faeces into account. The endogenous protein fraction is derived from digestive enzymes and proteins from the intestinal walls that are secreted into the digestive tract. The grower negative control, positive control, ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200 diets used in the production trial were also used in the digestibility trial. Supplementation with the test enzyme showed no significant improvements on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic material, ash, crude protein, metabolisable energy or crude fibre. No significant improvements in the apparent digestibility of the amino acids (threonine, arginine, valine, lysine, methionine, cysteine and isoleucine) were noticed either and thus the digestibility of the grower feed were not influenced by the addition of enzymes due to the supplementation of the test enzyme ABO374. Pelletisation of the grower diets could have lead to the inactivation of the enzyme due to the high temperature at which pelletisation takes place. Another possible reason why enzyme supplementation did not increase nutrient digestibility, may be that the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides by the enzymes led to an increase in the concentration of oligosaccharides in the small intestine of the birds, thus leading to the decrease in nutrient absorption Key words: body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, European production efficiency ratio, maize, soybean meal, apparent digestibility, dry matter, organic material, ash, crude protein, metabolisable energy, crude fibre, xylanase, pellitisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Groei en vertering studie was uitgevoer om die effek van ‘n eksperimentele ensiem wat teen drie verskillende insluitingsvlakke by ‘n basale dieët bygevoeg is te vergelyk met ‘n negatiewe kontrole wat geen ensiem bevat het nie en met ‘n positiewe kontrole wat ‘n kommersiële ensiem bevat in ‘n mielesojaboon oliekoek dieët op die produksie vermoë van braaikuikens en die verteerbaarheid van die groei voer. Die kommersiële ensiem was ‘n granulêre produk met ‘n xylanase aktiwiteit van 38114.29 nkat/g en die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) was ‘n vloeistof produk met ‘n xylanase aktiwiteit van 1426.86 nkat/ml. Vyf diëte was gebruik nl. ‘n basale dieët met geen ensiem byvoeging (negatiewe kontrole), basale dieët met die byvoeging van die kommersiële ensiem (positiewe kontrole) en drie basale diëte wat met die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem teen drie verskillende insluitings vlakke (ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200). Die kommersiële ensiem was by die positiewe kontrole bygevoeg met ‘n insluitings vlak van 200 g/ton, ABO374 was bygevoeg by ABO 50 met ‘n insluitings vlak van 2671 ml/ton, ABO 100 met 5342 ml/ton en ABO 200 met 10684 ml/ton. Die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO 50) het gelei tot die betekenisvolle verbetering van die liggaamsmassa van die voëls by die ouderdom van 23 dae met 4.6 % (1107.4 g teenoor 960.96 g) en by die ouderdom van 37 dae met 3.2 % (2311.75 g teenoor 2237.81 g) teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Liggaams massa toename vir die hele periode van die studie was betekenisvol verhoog met 3.24 % (64.32 g/kuiken/dag teenoor 62.24 g/kuilen/dag) met die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Voeromset verhouding was betekenisvol verbeter met 4.58 % (1.25 teenoor 1.31) toe die kommersiële ensiem bygevoeg was teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Die hoogste europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding wat verkry is vir die hele studie periode is deur die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374). Hierdie groei studie dui dus duidelik aan dat die gebruik van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) baie beter resultate as die kommersiële ensiem opgelewer het teen ‘n insluitings vlak van 2671 ml/ton, dus het ABO374 die potensiaal om die produksie potensiaal van braaikuikens op ‘n mielie-sojaboonoliekoek dieët te verbeter. Die totale spysverteringskanaal verteerbaarheid metode was gebruik om die verteerbaarheid studie uit te voer. Die totale spysverteringskanaal verteerbaarheid metode meet die verskil tussen die nutriënt inhoud van die voer en die nutriënt inhoud van die mis. Slegs die skynbare verteerbaarheid van nutriënte word vir hierdie verteerbaarheidstudie gerapporteer. Skynbare verteerbaarheid sluit nie die endogene proteïenfraksie wat afkomstig is van verteringsensieme of die proteïene afkomstig vanaf die spysverteringskanaal se intestinale wande af in nie. Die negatiewe kontrole, positiewe kontrole, ABO 50, ABO 100 en ABO 200 groei diëte gebruik in die produksie studie is gebruik vir die verteringsstudie. Die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem het geen betekenisvolle resultate opgelewer ten opsigte van droë materiaal, organiese material, as, ru-proteïen, ru-vesel of metaboliseerbare energie nie. Daar was ook geen betekenisvolle resultate opgelewer wanneer die eksperimentele ensiem bygevoeg was nie ten opsigte van die verteerbaarheid vir aminosure (treonien, arginien, valien, metionien, sisteïen en isoleosien) nie en dus is die verteerbaarheid van die groeivoer glad nie beïnvloed deur die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem nie. Die verpilling van die groei voer mag dalk gelei het tot die inaktivering van die eksperimentele ensiem deur dat dit blootgestel was aan hoë temperature. ‘n Ander moontlike rede vir die mislukking van die ensiem kon gewees het dat die afbreking van die nie-stysel polisakkariedes deur die ensiem kon gelei het tot die verhoging van die oligosakkariede konsentrasie in die laer spysverterings kanaal en dus kon dit lei tot ‘n verhoogde deurvloeitempo, gevolg deur ‘n afname in die absorpsie van nutriënte. Sleutel woorde: Liggaamsmassa, liggaamsmassa toename, voeromsetverhouding Europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding, mielie, sojaboonoliekoek, skynbare verteerbaarheid, droëmaterial, organiesematerial, as, ru-proteïen, ru-vesel, metaboliseerbare energie, verpilling.

À partir d'un modèle existant de dynamique de populations de pucerons, nous avons développé une méthode permettant de quantifier la contribution de parasitoïdes à la réduction du maximum de densité de pucerons. La méthode a été validée, sur deux ans en champ de soya, en utilisant le modèle biologique composé du puceron du soya (Aphis glycines Matsumura) et de Aphelinus certus Jasnosh, son parasitoïde le plus abondant au nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. La méthode a estimé que les densités naturelles de A. certus n'avait réduit les pics de densités de pucerons que de 1-6%. La cause de cette faible régulation est associée à un établissement tardif des populations de A. certus en champ de soya, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents restent inconnus. À cet effet, les proportions d'hyperparasitisme sur A. certus, avant le pic de densité de pucerons, étaient trop faible pour que l'hyperparasitisme puisse en être tenu responsable. Concernant la dynamique des populations de pucerons, nous avons proposé une re-paramétrisation du modèle mentionné précédemment afin de faciliter l'interprétation de ses paramètres lorsque la colonisation des champs par les pucerons n'était pas simultanée. Cette stratégie nous a permis d'établir que l'occurrence du pic de densité de puceron du soya est facilement prédictible de sa date de colonisation en champ. Nous recommandons l'utilisation de modèles afin de prédire les pics de densité de pucerons et d'utiliser la méthode d'estimation de l'impact afin d'incorporer des stratégies de relâchers augmentatifs de parasitoïdes aux programmes de lutte existants contre les pucerons. / Building upon an existing aphid population dynamics model, we develop a method to quantify the contribution of parasitoids in reducing the maximum aphid density. We validated the method, over a two years study in soybean fields, using the biological model made of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) and Aphelinus certus Jasnosh, its most abundant parasitoid in north-eastern North America. The method estimated that natural populations of A. certus reduced peak soybean aphid densities by only 1-6%. The cause of this low regulation is associated to the late establishment of A. certus population in soybean field, although the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Proportion hyperparasitism on A. certus, before peak soybean aphid densities, were too low for hyperparasitism to be accounted for the poor efficacy of A. certus in regulating the soybean aphid. Regarding aphid population dynamics, we proposed a re-parameterisation of the aforementioned model to facilitate the interpretation of its parameters when field colonization by aphids is not simultaneous. This allowed us to identify a high predictability in peak aphid densities from colonization time for the soybean aphid. We recommend using models to forecast peak aphid densities and to use the impact assessment method to incorporate augmentative parasitoid release strategies into aphid management programmes.

A soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao herbicida glifosato tem sido a cultura derivada da engenharia genética mais cultivada atualmente no mundo. Como todo alimento GM a soja tem sido alvo de investigação em relação a sua Biossegurança. Novas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas e aplicadas neste campo de pesquisa, sendo que métodos rápidos e eficientes de análise proteômica têm sido utilizados para avaliação e monitoramento da segurança e inocuidade alimentar, indicando mudanças no perfil protéico entre variedades convencionais e GM. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os mapas protéicos de amostras de soja convencionais e suas derivadas geneticamente modificadas tolerantes ao herbicida glifosato, utilizando técnicas de análise proteômica com ênfase para inocuidade alimentar. Foram utilizadas seis amostras de soja, sendo três convencionais parentais e três derivadas GM, cultivadas entre 2004-2005, em Goiás. O extrato bruto protéico foi submetido à análise por eletroforese unidimensional e bidimensional. A eletroforese 2D, foi realizada utilizando tiras com gradiente de pH de 3-10 e 4-7. As imagens dos mapas protéicos das seis variedades, produzidas em replicatas, foram analisadas pelo software ImageMaster 2D Platinum. O potencial alergênico do extrato protéico bruto foi avaliado para todas as variedades utilizando soro de pacientes alérgicos à soja através de immunoblotting. Nos resultados obtidos observou-se a presença das principais frações protéicas da soja pela eletroforese unidimensional sem alteração significativa entre as amostras parentais e GM, exceto para uma banda de 115 kDa presente nas amostras parentais, mas ausente nas amostras GM. A partir da análise por eletroforese 2D foram identificadas as formas peptídicas correspondentes às frações de β-conglicinina e glicinina bem como diversas outras proteínas encontradas na soja como o inibidor de tripsina e a lipoxigenase. Através do software foi possível observar que um spot apresentou diferença estatística entre as amostras analisadas, expresso em maior concentração nas amostras GM do que nas parentais. Nos testes de alergenicidade, os extratos protéicos das variedades GM demonstraram reatividade similar em relação as suas respectivas variedades parentais. A proteína de 115 kDa foi sequenciada e identificada como a proteína precursora da cadeia α da β-conglicinina e o spot das amostras GM que apresentou diferença estatística significativa foi identificado como a proteína precursora de G4 glicinina. A diferença observada entre as variedades parentais e GM para as subunidades α de β-conglicinina e G4 glicinina pode ter ocorrido devido a variações normais observadas entre diferentes variedades de soja. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade de aplicação das ferramentas proteômicas na identificação de alterações de perfis protéicos de amostras de soja parentais e GM. Pelos dados obtidos podemos concluir que as diferenças apresentadas não comprometem a inocuidade alimentar das amostras de soja GM em relação a suas respectivas variedades parentais. / Genetically modified soya-tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate culture has been derived from the more cultivated genetic engineering in the world today. As GM soya beans whole food has been investigated in relation to your biosafety. New strategies have been developed and applied research in this field, and fast and efficient methods of analysis proteomics have been used for assessment and monitoring of food security and safety, indicating changes in own protein profile between conventional and GM varieties. The aim of this work was to assess the maps soy protein samples of conventional and genetically modified their derived to the herbicide glyphosate-tolerant, using Proteomics analysis techniques with emphasis on food safety. Six samples were used for conventional soya, three and three derived from GM parental, grown between 2004-2005. The crude protein extract own was subjected to analysis by electrophoresis one-dimensional and two-dimensional. 2D electrophoresis using Strip was held with pH gradient of 3-10 and 4-7. Protein maps images of six varieties produced in replicates have been analysed by the 2D Platinum software ImageMaster. The potential allergenic in crude protein extracts was evaluated for all varieties using allergic patient serum soya by immunoblotting. In the results obtained noted the presence of the main protein fractions of soya by one-dimensional electrophoresis without significant change between parental and GM samples, except for a band of 115 parental kDa present in the sample, but absent in GM samples. From the analysis by 2D electrophoresis peptides forms were identified corresponding to fractions of β-conglicinina and glicinina as well as several other proteins found in soy as trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase. Through the software has been possible to observe that a spot presented statistical difference between the samples tested, expressed in greater concentration in the samples GM in parenting. In tests of allergenicity, GM varieties protein extracts showed similar reactivity in respect of their parental varieties. 115 KDa protein was sequenced and identified as the protein precursor of α subunit of β-conglicinina and the spot that GM samples presented significant statistical difference was identified as the G4 glicinina protein precursor. The difference between parental and GM varieties for subunits α of β-conglicinina and G4 glicinina may have occurred due to normal variation between different varieties of soy. The results demonstrate the viability of applying the tools Proteomics in identification of protein profiles changes of soya samples parental and GM. By data obtained can be concluded that the differences do not compromise the safety of food GM soybean samples with regard to their parental varieties.

A presente pesquisa objetivou o desenvolvimento de um estudo de caso voltado à valoração de resíduo agroindustrial de soja gerado na Coplacana (Unidade de Grãos, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil), com o intuito de se determinar o potencial deste material como um recurso com vistas às frações proteicas através de método analítico verde. O Brasil é um dos principais países produtores de alimentos, contudo, ainda enfrenta a realidade do desperdício em todas as etapas desta cadeia produtiva. A geração de resíduos está associada ao desperdício no uso de insumos, às perdas entre a produção e o consumo, e aos materiais gerados ao longo da cadeia agroindustrial. Para que as indústrias consigam alcançar seu desempenho ambiental, também estarem de acordo com as exigências legais e mercadológicas é preciso gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos gerados na cadeia produtiva associada a novos modelos de gestão empresarial. Neste sentido, o reaproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais no país apresenta-se como uma porta de entrada para novos modelos de negócios, e tem demandado uma reconfiguração de todos os processos, produtos e serviços verdes e sustentáveis para além dos muros de uma empresa, rumo à bioeconomia circular. Procedeu-se o desenvolvimento da pesquisa através da revisão de literatura pertinente, apresentação geral da empresa, entrevista junto aos gestores, estudo de caso e apresentação dos resultados. No que tange ao levantamento da quantidade de material residual da cadeia de soja gerado na Coplacana, concluiu-se com base nos resultados encontrados que, um novo modelo de negócios (lançamento do Food Tech Hub) e métodos (com base na tecnologia de micro-ondas para digestão, extração e transformação de resíduos agroindustriais em escalas de laboratório e industriais) se colocam como uma alternativa viável, robusta e aderente aos novos pressupostos da empresa. / The present research aimed at the development of a case study focused on the evaluation of soybean agro-industrial residue generated at Coplacana (Grain Unit, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil), whose main objective was to determine the potential of this material as a resource with views to the protein fractions by green analytical method. Brazil is one of the main food producing countries, however, it still faces the reality of waste in all stages of this production chain. The generation of waste is associated with the waste in the use of inputs, the losses between production and consumption, and the materials generated along the agro-industrial chain. In order for industries to achieve their environmental performance, they are also in accordance with legal and marketing requirements. It is necessary to manage solid waste generated in the production chain associated with new business models. In this sense, the reuse of agro-industrial waste in the country presents itself as a gateway to new market models, and has demanded a reconfiguration of all green and sustainable processes, products and services beyond the walls of a company, towards the circular bio-economy. The research was developed through a review of relevant literature, general presentation of the company, interview with managers, case study and presentation of results. Regarding the survey of the amount of residual material from the soybean chain generated at Coplacana, it was concluded based on the results found that a new business model (Food Tech Hub launch) and methods (based on micro- waves for digestion, extraction and transformation of agroindustrial waste in laboratory and industrial scales) are considered as a viable alternative, robust and adherent to the new assumptions of the company.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soy is one of the products of most relevance to the Brazilian economy. Estimating soybean productivity through remote sensing is a potential tool for precision farming, qualifying and quantifying the productive potential of crops. The main objective of the work was to relate the data obtained through field from radiometric dates with the productivity of soybean cultivation and validate the data obtained through remote sensing platforms orbital (CBERS and LANDSAT) with the use of vegetation index. The study area is located at the Federal University of Santa Maria, with a total area of 16.14 hectares. Readings were made in each of the 15 points of working with the grid Espectrorradiometer. With the field data and Satellite images of vegetation indices were calculated. In 2009/2010 the best multiple regression models found to have been for the groups of vegetation Indices 1 (CRI, Near-Infraredt B4, REP VARI and WBI), 4 (CRI, REP, NDMI, VARI and SAVI) and 11 (Red B3, SAVI, REP and VARI) where the coefficients of determination and determination adjusted reached 97.70% and values 96.40%; 98.00% and 96.30% and 97.72% and 96.41% for groups 1, 4 and 11 respectively, and have low values of standard deviation. Showing that the combination of vegetation index of the groups in question can be used to estimate crop with good accuracy. It is important to highlight that all groups had good correlations with soybean productivity with 43 days after planting. The multiple regression analysis and Stepwise Backward with the vegetation Indices calculated with data from LANDSAT images of dates 24/01, 09/14/02 and 04, 2010, did not show significant values for any regressions. / A soja é um dos produtos de maior relevância para a economia brasileira. A estimativa de produtividade de soja por meio de sensoriamento remoto é uma ferramenta potencial para agricultura de precisão, qualificando e quantificando o potencial produtivo da lavoura. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi relacionar os dados obtidos através de radiometria de campo com a produtividade do cultivo da soja e validar os dados obtidos através de plataformas de sensoriamento remoto orbital (CBERS e LANDSAT) com a utilização de índices de vegetação. A área de estudo situa-se na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com área total de 16,14 hectares. Foram feitas leituras com o Espectrorradiômetro, em cada um dos 15 pontos da grade de trabalho. Com os dados de campo e das imagens dos Satélites foram calculados os Índices de Vegetação. Na Safra 2009/2010 os melhores modelos encontrados para Regressão Múltipla foram para os grupos de Índices de Vegetação 1 (CRI, IV Próximo B4, REP VARI e WBI) , 4 (CRI, REP, NDMI, VARI e SAVI) e 11 (Vermelho B3, SAVI, REP e VARI) onde os coeficientes de determinação e de determinação ajustado chegaram a valores de 97,70% e 96,40%; 98,00% e 96,30% e 97,72% e 96,41% para os grupos 1, 4 e 11, respectivamente, e apresentaram valores baixos de desvio padrão. Mostraram que a combinação dos índices de vegetação dos grupos em questão pode ser utilizada para estimativa de safra com boa precisão. É importante destacar que todos os grupos tiveram boas correlações com a produtividade para soja com 43 dias após o plantio. As análises de Regressão Múltipla e Stepwise Backward com os Índices de Vegetação, calculados com os dados das imagens do LANDSAT das datas 24/01, 09/02 e 14/04 de 2010, não apresentaram valores significativos para nenhuma das regressões.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5158735 bytes, checksum: d64b50bf830c8bd62e17003f74b24b43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the profile and stability of amino acids in meals and feeds used in shrimp farming. The study was divided into three experiments. In the experiment I the percent composition and profile of amino acids in fish meal and soya meal feeds with protein levels of 35 and 40% used in shrimp farming were evaluated. Comparing the results of amino acid profile of the feeds used in this study with those determined by chemical score, it can be noted that feeds A and B were not satisfactory in the content of essential amino acids, except lysine, which showed chemical score (CS) higher than the standard. The fish meal and soya meal used in the formulation of commercial feed (RA) had amino acid profile superior to those found in meals used for obtaining commercial feed (RB). In experiment II the aim was to evaluate the stability of amino acids in commercial feeds with different protein contents subject to leaching. The feed samples were exposed to the leaching process during time period of 04, 08 and 12 hours. Analyses of degradation of amino acids were performed using an elution gradient in HPLC system. In all feeds evaluated it was found that lysine and histidine are essential amino acids which suffered less degradation processes. It is important to mention that arginine is considered an important amino acid for growth of shrimp, and that both diets with 35% protein (RB35 and RA35) had losses of 79 and 89% respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that the leaching process significantly reduces the content of amino acids in the feeds. The physical structure of the feed does not prevent the degradation process of amino acids in the leaching process. Experiment III was to evaluate the stability of amino acids in meals and commercial feeds with different protein levels subjected to hightemperature storage. The samples were exposed to temperature of 50 􀀀 C and evaluated every 5 days for 30 days. Analyses of degradation of amino acids were performed using an elution gradient in HPLC system. In all evaluated meals it was observed that valine and arginine suffered greater losses of amino acids during the experiment and histidine and alanine suffered less degradation processes. It was observed difference in the content of all amino acids studied after the exposure of feeds to the temperature of 50 º C, with reduction of the amino acid content of the feeds. The results obtained in this study indicate that meals and feeds exposed to high temperatures had their amino acid content significantly reduced. / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o perfil e estabilidade de aminoácidos em farinhas e em rações utilizadas na carcinicultura. O trabalho foi subdividido em três experimentos. No experimento I foi avaliada a composição centesimal e o perfil de aminoácidos em farinha de peixe, em farinha de soja e em rações com teores proteicos de 35% e 40% utilizadas na carcinicultura. Comparando-se os resultados de perfil de aminoácidos das rações utilizadas na presente pesquisa com os determinados pelo escore químico (EQ), nota-se que as rações A e B não se mostraram satisfatórias quanto ao teor de aminoácidos essenciais, com exceção apenas da lisina que mostrou EQ superior ao padrão. As farinhas de peixe e soja utilizadas na formulação da ração comercial (RA) apresentaram perfil de aminoácidos de qualidade superior aos encontrados nas farinhas utilizadas para obtenção da ração comercial (RB). No experimento II, o objetivo foi avaliar a estabilidade de aminoácidos em rações comerciais com diferentes teores proteicos, submetidas à lixiviação. As amostras de ração foram expostas ao processo lixiviatório durante período de tempo de 04, 08 e 12 horas. As análises de degradação de aminoácidos foram realizadas utilizando-se um sistema de HPLC, em modo de gradiente de eluição. Destacadamente, em todas as rações avaliadas, observou-se que a lisina e a histidina, foram os aminoácidos essenciais que sofreram menor processo degradativo. É importante ressaltar que a arginina é considerada um aminoácido importante para o crescimento de camarões, e que, em ambas as rações com 35% de proteína (RA35 e RB35) tiveram perdas de 79% e 89%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo indicam que o processo de lixiviação diminui consideravelmete o conteúdo de aminoácidos das rações. No processo de lixiviação a estrutura física da ração não impede o processo de degradação dos aminoácidos. O experimento III teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade de aminoácidos em farinhas e em rações comerciais com diferentes teores proteicos, submetidas a temperaturas elevadas de armazenamento. As amostras foram expostas à temperatura de 50􀀀C, e avaliadas a cada cinco dias durante trinta dias. As análises de degradação de aminoácidos foram realizadas utilizando-se um sistema de HPLC, em modo de gradiente de eluição. Em todas as farinhas avaliadas observou-se que valina e arginina, foram os aminoácidos que sofreram maior perda durante o período do experimento, enquanto que histidina e alanina sofreram menor processo degradativo. Observou-se diferença significativa no conteúdo de todos os aminoácidos estudados depois da exposição das dietas à temperatura de 50ºC, com redução do conteúdo de aminoácidos das rações. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo indicam que farinhas e rações expostas a temperaturas elevadas diminuem consideravelmente o conteúdo de aminoácidos.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-12T14:40:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MANOEL ADALBERTO GUEDES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2010..pdf: 50106664 bytes, checksum: 34f901feb3d5f72b034f278eff076db9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T14:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MANOEL ADALBERTO GUEDES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2010..pdf: 50106664 bytes, checksum: 34f901feb3d5f72b034f278eff076db9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08 / O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em: determinar as características físicas de grãos de soja, feijão e milho (comprimento, largura, espessura, circularidade, esfericidade, perímetro, área projetada e volume) por três métodos de medição; sendo o método convencional o uso de paquímetro e a projeção da imagem dos grãos em papel milimetrado na parede; a comparação desses valores com o método de medição proposto, que é a utilização de scanner de mesa para determinação dessas características através de técnicas de processamento digital de imagens; determinar a massa específica aparente e real, e fazer a determinação da porosidade da massa de grãos através de cálculos utilizando-se a relação entre massa específica aparente e real e comparar com valores do picnômetro; em seguida se armazenou 50 grãos de cada uma destas cultivares em quatro recipientes lacrados com uma solução de água com ácido sulfúrico em B.O.D., por 120 dias a 20°C, em quatro teores de água 14,16,18 e 20% (b.u.); a cada dez dias foi determinada a variação de cores, por dois métodos, um deles utilizando o colorímetro Minolta e o outro a digitalização desses grãos com scanner de mesa HP 2400, para analisar a interação do teor de água e tempo de armazenamento na alteração da coloração do tegumento dos grãos. Os valores de teor de água para determinar as características físicas da soja foram 9,87, 13,7, 16,48, 18,2 e 19,76% (b.u.); os métodos de medição são estatisticamente confiáveis; a massa específica real, comprimento, largura, espessura, perímetro, área projetada e volume, aumentaram com o aumento do teor de água; a massa específica aparente, circularidade e esfericidade, diminuíram com o aumento do teor de água; a intensidade da cor verde e vermelha do padrão de cores RGB e as coordenadas de cores L*, a* e b* do padrão CIELAB, diminuíram com o aumento do teor de água; a intensidade da cor azul teve um aumento com o acréscimo do teor de água. Os valores de teor de água para determinar as características físicas do feijão foram 12,32, 14,18, 15,54, 17,11 e 19,52% (b.u.); os métodos utilizados de medição não divergiram do resultado entre si; a massa específica real, comprimento, largura, espessura, perímetro, esfericidade, área projetada e volume, aumentaram com o aumento do teor de água, a massa específica aparente e circularidade diminuíram com o aumento do teor de água; a intensidade da cor verde, vermelha, azul e a coordenada L* diminuíram com o aumento do teor de água e as coordenadas de cores, a* e b*, apresentaram um aumento com a elevação do teor de água. Os valores de teor de água para determinar as características físicas dos grãos de milho foram 11,76, 14,03, 16,27, 19,50 e 20,50% (b.u.); os métodos utilizados de medição não divergiram de resultado entre si; a massa específica real e aparente diminuiu com o aumento do teor de água; o comprimento, largura, espessura, circularidade, esfericidade, perímetro, área projetada e volume, aumentaram com o aumento do teor de água; não houve variações significativas nos histogramas dos grãos de milho. / The objective of this work consists in: determine the physical characteristics of soybean, beans and corn (length, width, thickness, circularity, sphericity, perimeter, projected area and volume) by three methods; as the conventional method using a caliper and projection image of the grain on the wall on graph paper and compare these values with the proposed measuring method, which is the use of flatbed scanner for determine these characteristics using techniques for digital image processing; determining the bulk and true density, and make the determination of the porosity of the grain mass by calculation using the relationship between the bulk and true density and compare with values of pycnometer; then it has stored 50 grains of each one of these cultivars in four containers sealed with a solution of water with sulfuric acid in the B. O. D., for 120 days at 20 °C, in four moisture content 14, 16,18 e 20% (w. b.); each ten days determined the range of colors, by two methods, one using a Minolta colorimeter and the other to the digitalization of the same grain with flatbed scanner HP 2400, to analyze the interaction of moisture content and storage time on the change in the color of the tegument of grains. The values of moisture content to determine the physical characteristics of soybean were 9.87, 13.7, 16.48, 18.2 and 19.76% (w.b.); the measurement methods are statistically reliable, the true density, length, width, thickness, perimeter, projected area and volume increased with increase moisture content, the bulk density, roundness and sphericity decreased with increase moisture content, the intensity of the color green and red, of the pattern RGB color, and the color coordinates L* a* b* of the pattern CIELAB, decreased with increasing moisture content; the intensity of blue color was increased with increasing moisture content. The values of moisture content to determine the physical characteristics of the beans were 12.32, 14.18, 15.54, 17.11 and 19.52% (w.b.); the methods used for measuring did not diverged in results among themselves, the true density, length, width, thickness, perimeter, sphericity, projected area and volume increased with the increase of moisture content, the bulk density and circularity decreased with the increase of moisture content, the intensity of the color green, red, blue and the coordinated L* decreased with the increase of moisture content and the color coordinates, a* and b*, increase had with the increase of the moisture content. The values of moisture content to determine the physical characteristics of the grains corn were 11.76, 14.03, 16.27, 19.50 and 20.50% (w.b.); the methods used for measuring not diverged in results among themselves, the true density and bulk density decreased with the increase of moisture content; the length, width, thickness, circularity, sphericity, perimeter, projected area and volume, increased with the increase of moisture content; no significant variations in the histograms of corn grain.

Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Cesar Benedito Batistella / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ito_VanessaMayumi_D.pdf: 2213403 bytes, checksum: a16f218d14a3434ec925c550641af635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Resumo: Os tocoferóis e fitoesteróis são componentes minoritários presentes em plantas e óleos vegetais. Os tocoferóis apresentam atividades vitamínicas e propriedades antioxidantes. A vitamina E é composta por 4 tocoferóis (a, b, g e d) e 4 tocotrienóis (a, b, g e d). Os fitoesteróis possuem propriedades anticolesterolêmica e anticarcinogênicas. Uma das principais fontes de tocoferóis e fitoesteróis são os destilados desodorizados de óleos vegetais. Os destilados desodorizados são constituídos de ácidos graxos, triglicerídeos, fitoesteróis, hidrocarbonetos, aldeídos, cetonas, tocoferóis, dentre outros. Neste trabalho foram estudados dois tipos de destiladores moleculares: centrífugo e de filme descendente (agitado). Os destilados desodorizados de óleo de soja, canola e girassol foram processados no destilador molecular de filme descendente. A recuperação de ácidos graxos livres em função da razão entre as vazões das correntes de destilado e de resíduo apresentou o mesmo perfil para os três destilados desodorizados estudados. O destilado desodorizado de óleo de soja, abundante no Brasil, foi processado no destilador molecular centrífugo. O processo de destilação centrífugo foi estudado tanto experimentalmente quanto por simulação. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial visando analisar o comportamento das variáveis (temperatura do evaporador e vazão de (alimentação). Observou-se que ocorre uma maior eliminação de ácidos graxos livres a altas temperaturas do evaporador e baixas vazões de alimentação. Tanto o processo de destilação molecular de filme descendente quanto o centrífugo duplicaram a concentração inicial de tocoferóis. Através do processo de destilações sucessivas triplicou-se a concentração de tocoferóis e, com destilações sucessivas seguidas de uma etapa de cristalização, quaduplicou-se a concentração de tocoferóis em relação à concentração original / Abstract: Tocopherols and phytosterols are minority compounds present in vegetables oils. Tocopherols show vitaminic activities and antioxidant properties. Vitamin E is composed by four tocopherols (a, b, g and d) and four tocotrienols (a, b, g and d). The phytosterols have anticholesterolemic and anticarcinogenic properties. The main natural sources of tocopherols and phytosterols are the vegetable oil deodorized distillate (VODD). The deodorized distillates are composed by fatty acids, acylglycerols, sterols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones and tocopherols. In this work, two kinds of molecular distillation equipments were studied: centrifugal and falling film (wiped). The soybean, canola and sunflower oil deodorized distillates were carried out at falling film molecular distilator. The free fatty acids recovery in function of the Distillation mass/Residue mass ratio shows similar behavior to the three VODDs. Soybean oil deodorized distillate, abundant in Brazil, was chosen to be processed in the centrifugal molecular distiller. This centrifugal molecular distillation process was studied experimental and simulated. The factorial design was carried out to analyze the variable behavior (evaporator temperature and feed flow rate). The free fatty acids elimination occurs at higher evaporator temperatures and lower feed flow rate. The falling film and centrifugal molecular distillation process duplicates the tocopherol concentration. Through successive distillations, the tocopherol concentration was three times higher and with the crystallization, the tocopherol concentration was four times in relation to the original concentration / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

A soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao herbicida glifosato tem sido a cultura derivada da engenharia genética mais cultivada atualmente no mundo. Como todo alimento GM a soja tem sido alvo de investigação em relação a sua Biossegurança. Novas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas e aplicadas neste campo de pesquisa, sendo que métodos rápidos e eficientes de análise proteômica têm sido utilizados para avaliação e monitoramento da segurança e inocuidade alimentar, indicando mudanças no perfil protéico entre variedades convencionais e GM. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os mapas protéicos de amostras de soja convencionais e suas derivadas geneticamente modificadas tolerantes ao herbicida glifosato, utilizando técnicas de análise proteômica com ênfase para inocuidade alimentar. Foram utilizadas seis amostras de soja, sendo três convencionais parentais e três derivadas GM, cultivadas entre 2004-2005, em Goiás. O extrato bruto protéico foi submetido à análise por eletroforese unidimensional e bidimensional. A eletroforese 2D, foi realizada utilizando tiras com gradiente de pH de 3-10 e 4-7. As imagens dos mapas protéicos das seis variedades, produzidas em replicatas, foram analisadas pelo software ImageMaster 2D Platinum. O potencial alergênico do extrato protéico bruto foi avaliado para todas as variedades utilizando soro de pacientes alérgicos à soja através de immunoblotting. Nos resultados obtidos observou-se a presença das principais frações protéicas da soja pela eletroforese unidimensional sem alteração significativa entre as amostras parentais e GM, exceto para uma banda de 115 kDa presente nas amostras parentais, mas ausente nas amostras GM. A partir da análise por eletroforese 2D foram identificadas as formas peptídicas correspondentes às frações de β-conglicinina e glicinina bem como diversas outras proteínas encontradas na soja como o inibidor de tripsina e a lipoxigenase. Através do software foi possível observar que um spot apresentou diferença estatística entre as amostras analisadas, expresso em maior concentração nas amostras GM do que nas parentais. Nos testes de alergenicidade, os extratos protéicos das variedades GM demonstraram reatividade similar em relação as suas respectivas variedades parentais. A proteína de 115 kDa foi sequenciada e identificada como a proteína precursora da cadeia α da β-conglicinina e o spot das amostras GM que apresentou diferença estatística significativa foi identificado como a proteína precursora de G4 glicinina. A diferença observada entre as variedades parentais e GM para as subunidades α de β-conglicinina e G4 glicinina pode ter ocorrido devido a variações normais observadas entre diferentes variedades de soja. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade de aplicação das ferramentas proteômicas na identificação de alterações de perfis protéicos de amostras de soja parentais e GM. Pelos dados obtidos podemos concluir que as diferenças apresentadas não comprometem a inocuidade alimentar das amostras de soja GM em relação a suas respectivas variedades parentais. / Genetically modified soya-tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate culture has been derived from the more cultivated genetic engineering in the world today. As GM soya beans whole food has been investigated in relation to your biosafety. New strategies have been developed and applied research in this field, and fast and efficient methods of analysis proteomics have been used for assessment and monitoring of food security and safety, indicating changes in own protein profile between conventional and GM varieties. The aim of this work was to assess the maps soy protein samples of conventional and genetically modified their derived to the herbicide glyphosate-tolerant, using Proteomics analysis techniques with emphasis on food safety. Six samples were used for conventional soya, three and three derived from GM parental, grown between 2004-2005. The crude protein extract own was subjected to analysis by electrophoresis one-dimensional and two-dimensional. 2D electrophoresis using Strip was held with pH gradient of 3-10 and 4-7. Protein maps images of six varieties produced in replicates have been analysed by the 2D Platinum software ImageMaster. The potential allergenic in crude protein extracts was evaluated for all varieties using allergic patient serum soya by immunoblotting. In the results obtained noted the presence of the main protein fractions of soya by one-dimensional electrophoresis without significant change between parental and GM samples, except for a band of 115 parental kDa present in the sample, but absent in GM samples. From the analysis by 2D electrophoresis peptides forms were identified corresponding to fractions of β-conglicinina and glicinina as well as several other proteins found in soy as trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase. Through the software has been possible to observe that a spot presented statistical difference between the samples tested, expressed in greater concentration in the samples GM in parenting. In tests of allergenicity, GM varieties protein extracts showed similar reactivity in respect of their parental varieties. 115 KDa protein was sequenced and identified as the protein precursor of α subunit of β-conglicinina and the spot that GM samples presented significant statistical difference was identified as the G4 glicinina protein precursor. The difference between parental and GM varieties for subunits α of β-conglicinina and G4 glicinina may have occurred due to normal variation between different varieties of soy. The results demonstrate the viability of applying the tools Proteomics in identification of protein profiles changes of soya samples parental and GM. By data obtained can be concluded that the differences do not compromise the safety of food GM soybean samples with regard to their parental varieties.

Thesis (M. Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm larvae meal (Tenebrio molitor) in a diet on productivity, gut morphology, carcass characteristics and bone morphometrics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 42 days. In each experiment, a total of 360 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments, each treatment having four replications, and 18 chickens per replicate. Five diets were formulated to contain yellow mealworm replacement levels at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% to meet the nutrient requirements of Ross 308 broiler chickens. Data was analysed using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System, Version 9.3.1 software program. Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test was applied for mean separation where there were significant differences (P<0.05). A quadratic regression model was used to determine the levels for optimal responses in the variables measured. The first experiment determined the effect of replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm larvae meal on productivity and gut morphology of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Replacement of soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet had no effect (p > 0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live body weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet did not affect (p > 0.05) caecum weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet increased (p < 0.05) gastro intestinal tract, crop, ileum and large intestine weights. Crop and ileum lengths of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days were not affected (p > 0.05) by replacement of soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in the diet. However, replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet increased (p < 0.05) gizzard, caecum and large intestine lengths of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days. Yellow mealworm meal in a diet did not affect (p > 0.05) gut organ digesta pH values of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days. The second experiment determined the effect of replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet on productivity, gut morphology, carcass characteristics and bone morphometrics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Replacement of soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet did not affect (p > 0.05) growth rate, FCR, ME intake and nitrogen retention of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. However, replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet affected (p < 0.05) feed intake and live body weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Broiler chickens on diets containing 75 or 100% yellow mealworm meal had higher (p < 0.05) intakes than those on diets containing no yellow mealworm meal. Similarly, male broiler chickens on diets having 50% yellow mealworm meal had higher (p < 0.05) live body weights than those on diets containing no yellow mealworm. Quadratic equations indicated that feed intake and live body weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens were optimized at yellow mealworm meal replacement levels of 13 and 61%, respectively. The present study showed that replacing soya bean meal with yellow mealworm meal in a diet did not affect (p > 0.05) gut organ digesta pH values, gut organ weights, gut organ lengths, meat colour, meat pH values, bone morphometric values, carcass part weights and meat sensory attributes of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 42 days. However, meat from chickens on diets containing yellow mealworm meal was softer (p < 0.05) than meat from chickens on diets having 100% soya bean meal. It is concluded that soya bean meal can be replaced with yellow mealworm larvae meal in a diet at 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels without having adverse effects on production and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 42 days