Literary responses to Republican exile are diverse and autobiographical works have emerged as a significant modality of this exilic literature. Utilising poetics as a mode of inquiry, this thesis aims to examine some of the complex and nuanced ways in which exile has shaped autobiographical writing by both first and second-generation female exiles. To this end, I trace a poetics of exile in a selected corpus of nineteen autobiographical works by twelve authors: Constancia de la Mora, Isabel Oyarzábal de Palencia, Silvia Mistral, Clara Campoamor, Victoria Kent, Luisa Carnés, Remedios Oliva Berenguer, Francisca Muñoz Alday, Angelina Muñiz-Huberman, María Rosa Lojo, María Luisa Elío and Arantzazu Amezaga Iribarren. These texts were published across a seventy year period (1939 – 2009) in a number of geographical locations and written in a variety of circumstances. Exilic autobiographical texts are not homogeneous and relatively few have adhered to traditional models of autobiography. As such, the works examined are drawn from a variety of autobiographical sub-genres including propagandistic autobiographies, diaries, political essays, hybrid texts, autofiction, memoirs, childhood autobiographies, more experimental semi-autobiographical texts and a film. The main body of this thesis presents six aspects of a poetics of exile — the notion of the addressee, generic hybridization, polyphony, the propagation of collective memory, postmemory, and retroprogressive representations of childhood — and adopts a multi-disciplinary approach that draws upon a number of fields. This thesis aims to offer an illumination of the breadth and difference of women's exilic autobiographical writing as highlighted in the identification of six very different aspects of a poetics of exile.

Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo de todos os textos poéticos e ensaios que o escritor espanhol Max Aub publicou na revista Cuadernos Americanos, de 1947 a 1971. Além dessa produção, integra o corpus do trabalho a fortuna crítica composta pelos textos escritos em homenagem póstuma ao autor publicados na revista em 1973. Tanto os textos poéticos como os ensaios situam sua obra, escrita durante os anos de exílio no México, como sendo tributária das condições da época. A dissertação dedica-se, assim, a destacar como Aub interpreta seu contexto histórico nesses textos, formulando hipóteses que nem sempre coincidem com os estudos críticos de 1973. / This dissertation presents a study of poetic texts and essays written by the Spanish writer Max Aub, during his exile in Mexico, published in a Journal called Cuardernos Americanos from 1947 to 1971. We added to this corpus critical writings, a posthumous tribute to Aub, which were published in Cuardernos Americanos in 1973. Not only Aubs poetic texts but also his essays situate his work in his historical reality. This study highlights how the this historical context appears in his texts, formulating hypothesis which do not agree with the critical writings.

Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo de todos os textos poéticos e ensaios que o escritor espanhol Max Aub publicou na revista Cuadernos Americanos, de 1947 a 1971. Além dessa produção, integra o corpus do trabalho a fortuna crítica composta pelos textos escritos em homenagem póstuma ao autor publicados na revista em 1973. Tanto os textos poéticos como os ensaios situam sua obra, escrita durante os anos de exílio no México, como sendo tributária das condições da época. A dissertação dedica-se, assim, a destacar como Aub interpreta seu contexto histórico nesses textos, formulando hipóteses que nem sempre coincidem com os estudos críticos de 1973. / This dissertation presents a study of poetic texts and essays written by the Spanish writer Max Aub, during his exile in Mexico, published in a Journal called Cuardernos Americanos from 1947 to 1971. We added to this corpus critical writings, a posthumous tribute to Aub, which were published in Cuardernos Americanos in 1973. Not only Aubs poetic texts but also his essays situate his work in his historical reality. This study highlights how the this historical context appears in his texts, formulating hypothesis which do not agree with the critical writings.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré principalement à l’étude historiographique et sociologique de l’exil républicain espagnol de 1939 (connu aussi sous le nom de La « Retirada »), en France et au Mexique. Cela nous permet de dévoiler certains points méconnus et les plus critiques de cette partie de l’Histoire du XXe siècle. Nous y avons procédé à un examen panoramique de l’héritage actuel de cette histoire, longtemps restée enfouie dans les mémoires de celles et ceux qui l’on vécue directement ou indirectement.Ainsi, c’est en nous confrontant directement aux mémoires des trois générations d’héritiers de cette mémoire, en particulier en Espagne, en France et au Mexique, que nous avons pu éclaircir certains points jusque-là non abordés, ou faiblement, permettant de la sorte de mettre quelque peu sous rature les blancs encore persistants de cette histoire.Il s’agit d’un travail en trois parties. La première partie rappelle les faits objectifs liés à la guerre civile espagnole (objet de notre investigation) ; on entre de cette façon progressivement dans notre problématique globale : l’exil républicain en France et au Mexique. Peu à peu, nous abordons l’ensemble des événements passés, les objectifs et conséquences de certaines activités humaines, l’attitude de certains héritiers face à leur héritage traumatique, parfois méconnu et/ou oublié. Dans la deuxième partie nous mettons en avant la situation du Mexique Cardeniste 1934-1940, afin de mieux comprendre le rôle du Mexique dans la guerre civile espagnole, l’accueil que le Mexique réserve aux exilés républicains, ainsi que la contribution de l’exil républicain dans l’épanouissement économique, social et culturel du Mexique postrévolutionnaire. Dans la dernière partie, nous faisons un bilan de l’héritage actuel de cette partie de l’histoire du XXe siècle qui affecte encore actuellement des milliers de descendants. Quelques témoignages de première main (transmis ou obtenus suite à des entretiens directs) qui mettent l’accent sur des points très précis, nous prouvent que tout ce qui se rapporte à la révolution espagnole (1931-1939) baigne dans une lumière insolite, à cause de l’absence ou du refus de sa reconnaissance officielle. Par voie de conséquence, les séquelles perdurent et les cicatrices sont toujours très profondes. Nous concluons ce travail par l’examen des oeuvres littéraires et poétiques de Jordi Soler et de Gregorio Oliván, de quelques oeuvres d’art, de différents genres et de différentes époques. Tous ont la particularité de se rapporter à l’exil républicain espagnol. Au-delà de la dimension artistique, leur contenu référentiel peut être considéré comme de dignes témoignages historiques, rendant compte de la triste vérité du drame historique qui fut l’exil républicain de 1939. / This PhD work is mainly devoted to the historiographical and sociological study of the Spanish Republican exile from 1939 (also known as the “Retirada”), in France and Mexico. This allows us to reveal some unknown and the most critical points of this part of the history of the 20th century. We have proceeded to a panoramic review of the current heritage of this history which have been remained buried, for a long time, in the memories of people who have directly or indirectly experienced it. Thus, confronting us directly to the memories of three generations of heirs of this memory, especially in Spain, France and Mexico, we were able to clarify issues, not previously addressed, or poorly. In this way, it allows us to put under erasure some persistent blanks of this history. This work consist of three parts. The first part reminds the objective facts related to the Spanish Civil War (object of our investigation); in this way, we enter gradually into our global issue: Republican exile in France and Mexico. Little by little, we address all past events, the objectives and consequences of human activities, the attitude of some heirs face to their traumatic heritage, sometimes unknown and / or forgotten. In the second part we highlight the situation of Mexico, under the presidency of Cárdenas 1934-1940, in order to better understand the role of Mexico in the Spanish Civil War, the reception reserved by Mexico to the exiled Republicans, and the contribution of the Republican exile in the economic, social and cultural development of Mexico after its own revolution. In the last part, we make a review of the current heritage of this part of the history of the 20th century that still currently affects thousands of descendants. Some testimonies (transmitted or obtained as a result of interviews), that focus on very specific points, prove that all that relates to the Spanish Revolution (1931-1939) is immersed in a strange light, due to the absence or refusal of official recognition. Consequently, the after-effects remain and the scars are still very intense. We conclude this work, examining literary and poetic works of Jordi Soler and Gregorio Oliván, some masterpiece of different genres and periods. All have the characteristic to be related to the Spanish Republican exile. Beyond their artistic dimension, their reference content can be considered as worthy historical testimonies, reflecting the sad truth of the historical tragedy which occurs during the Republican exile in 1939.

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Este trabalho propõe-se a examinar a obra Jardín cerrado (1946) de autoria do poeta espanhol Emilio Prados, exilado no México. Tem por objetivo apontar o jardín cerrado como um território de busca da identidade do sujeito lírico, onde se realiza um deslocamento simbólico que é associado ao processo de elaboração poética. O trabalho constrói-se a partir da análise de sete textos poéticos, na sequência dos livros que compõem a obra, e pretende analisá-los sob o signo do trânsito que marca a experiência do exílio republicano espanhol para delinear a proposta de uma poética do escritor. / The proposed study aims to examine the literary work Jardín cerrado (1946) written by the Spanish poet Emilio Prados, exiled in Mexico. It aims to define \"jardín cerrado\" as a search territory of the identity of the lyrical subject where there is a symbolic displacement associated to the process of poetic creation. The study builds on the analysis of seven poetic texts presented according to the sequential books which compose the work. The study intends to analyse them under the image of the passage that describes the experience of the Spanish republican exile to outline the author\'s poetic proposal.

Esta tese consiste no estudo da representação de personagens escritores da obra narrativa de Max Aub (Paris, 1903 Cidade do México, 1972). O corpus está constituído por Campo cerrado (1943), Campo abierto (1951), Campo de sangre (1945), Campo del moro (1963), Campo francés (1965), Campo de los almendros (1968) e Vida y obra de Luis Álvarez Petreña (1971). Propõe-se que os romances citados colocam em movimento um processo de corrosão da imagem de autoridade dos personagens escritores. Tal processo contamina também a figura de Aub, que encena, nos Campos e em Vida y obra..., um debate sobre a diluição de seu poder de narrar. O lócus de enunciação do autor, que escreve a partir do exílio, consciente da derrota dos republicanos na Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), incrusta-se na forma dos romances, fraturando a imagem de potência dos personagens escritores. / This thesis examines the representation of characters who are writers in Max Aubs narrative work (Paris, 1903 Mexico City, 1972). The corpus is composed of Campo cerrado (1943), Campo abierto (1951), Campo de sangre (1945), Campo del moro (1963), Campo francés (1965), Campo de los almendros (1968) and Vida y obra de Luis Álvarez Petreña (1971). The study proposes that the aforementioned novels put in motion a process of corrosion of these characters image of authority. This process also contaminates the figure of Aub, who performs in Campos and Vida y obra..., a debate about the dilution of his power to narrate. The lócus of the authors enunciation, who writes from exile, and is aware of the Republicans defeat in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), embeds in the form of those novels, and fractures the image of potency of the characters who are writers.

Esta tese consiste no estudo da representação de personagens escritores da obra narrativa de Max Aub (Paris, 1903 Cidade do México, 1972). O corpus está constituído por Campo cerrado (1943), Campo abierto (1951), Campo de sangre (1945), Campo del moro (1963), Campo francés (1965), Campo de los almendros (1968) e Vida y obra de Luis Álvarez Petreña (1971). Propõe-se que os romances citados colocam em movimento um processo de corrosão da imagem de autoridade dos personagens escritores. Tal processo contamina também a figura de Aub, que encena, nos Campos e em Vida y obra..., um debate sobre a diluição de seu poder de narrar. O lócus de enunciação do autor, que escreve a partir do exílio, consciente da derrota dos republicanos na Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), incrusta-se na forma dos romances, fraturando a imagem de potência dos personagens escritores. / This thesis examines the representation of characters who are writers in Max Aubs narrative work (Paris, 1903 Mexico City, 1972). The corpus is composed of Campo cerrado (1943), Campo abierto (1951), Campo de sangre (1945), Campo del moro (1963), Campo francés (1965), Campo de los almendros (1968) and Vida y obra de Luis Álvarez Petreña (1971). The study proposes that the aforementioned novels put in motion a process of corrosion of these characters image of authority. This process also contaminates the figure of Aub, who performs in Campos and Vida y obra..., a debate about the dilution of his power to narrate. The lócus of the authors enunciation, who writes from exile, and is aware of the Republicans defeat in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), embeds in the form of those novels, and fractures the image of potency of the characters who are writers.

Este trabalho propõe-se a examinar a obra Jardín cerrado (1946) de autoria do poeta espanhol Emilio Prados, exilado no México. Tem por objetivo apontar o jardín cerrado como um território de busca da identidade do sujeito lírico, onde se realiza um deslocamento simbólico que é associado ao processo de elaboração poética. O trabalho constrói-se a partir da análise de sete textos poéticos, na sequência dos livros que compõem a obra, e pretende analisá-los sob o signo do trânsito que marca a experiência do exílio republicano espanhol para delinear a proposta de uma poética do escritor. / The proposed study aims to examine the literary work Jardín cerrado (1946) written by the Spanish poet Emilio Prados, exiled in Mexico. It aims to define \"jardín cerrado\" as a search territory of the identity of the lyrical subject where there is a symbolic displacement associated to the process of poetic creation. The study builds on the analysis of seven poetic texts presented according to the sequential books which compose the work. The study intends to analyse them under the image of the passage that describes the experience of the Spanish republican exile to outline the author\'s poetic proposal.

Spanish Republican philosophers in exile defended the Second Republic, legally proclaimed on April 14, 1931. They embraced the anti-fascist cause rising in the 1920s and the 1930s in Europe. During the Civil War, which lasted three years, they stood among the people. 1939 saw the victory of General Francisco Franco, supported by Nazi Germany and the Italy of Mussolini. Threatened with death, they had no choice but to escape from Spain. Some intellectuals experienced French concentration camps but, for the most part, they found refuge in Latin America, especially in Mexico and Venezuela. In exile, they swore to remain loyal to the Second Republic and to the spirit of the Spanish people. Moved by liberal views and humane ideals, these philosophers belonged to the vanquished, as those everywhere in Europe who rose against Fascist barbarity. As a result, their respective works are still widely unknown today – despite relentless efforts made to promote their thought to a larger audience for over half a century. In addition to the historical context of crisis during the interwar period, the situation of Spanish philosophy itself is suggestive. Indeed, Spanish philosophy was institutionalised at the beginning of the twentieth century only: the Schools of Madrid and Barcelona were created. These politics of cultural and intellectual renovation are first bestowed upon the generation of philosophers I study, born in the 1900s. When the Spanish War erupts, they had become professionals of international recognition. This shows the actual limits of academic philosophy, incapable of acknowledging unorthodox ways of philosophising. The experience of exile itself serves in my opinion as a catalyst: Spanish Republican philosophers in exile seek emancipation from academic conventions to philosophise freely; that is, in Spanish and according to the spirit of the people. No doubt “poetic reason” – the true invention of Spanish Republican exile – stems from this ideal of autonomous thinking.