Under de senaste åren har antalet DDoS-attacker i Internets applikationsskikt ökat. Detta problem behöver adresseras. Den här rapporten presenterar ett antal existerande metoder för att upptäcka och skydda mot DDoS-attacker i applikationsskiktet. En metod för detta ändamål är att hitta avvikelser av olika typer hos de attackerande klienterna, för att urskilja mellan attackerande och vanliga klienter. Detta är ett brett utforskatförsvarsområde med många positiva resultat, men dessa metoder har ett antal brister, som att de kan resultera i både falska positiva och negativa resultat. En metod som ännu inte har undersökts tillräckligt är resurs-baserat försvar. Det är en metod med mycket potential, eftersom den tydligare kan skilja på goda och onda klienter under en DDoS-attack. Speak-up är en sådan metod och är huvudfokus i denna rapport. För- och nackdelarna med Speak-up har undersökts och resultaten visar på att Speak-up har potential till att bli ett kraftfullt verktyg mot DDoS-attacker. Speak-up har dock sina begränsningar och är därför inte det bästa alternativet under vissa typer av dessa DDoS-attacker. / In recent years, the internet has endured an increase in application layer DDoS attacks. It is a growing problem that needs to be addressed. This paper presents a number of existing detection and protection methods that are used to mitigate application layer DDoS attacks. Anomaly detection is a widely explored area for defence and there have been many findings that show positive results in mitigating attacks. However, anomaly detection possesses a number of flaws, such as causing false positives and negatives. Another method that has yet to become thoroughly examined is resource based defence. This defence method has great potential as it addresses clear differences between legitimate users and attackers during a DDoS attack. One such defence method is called Speak-up and is the center of this paper. The advantages and limitations of Speak-up have been explored and the findings suggest that Speak-up has the potential to become a strong tool in defending against DDoS attacks. However, Speak-up has its limitations and may not be the best alternative during certain types of application layer DDoS attacks.

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An organizational culture of safety affects employees' attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and values related to safe practice as well as their behaviors and level of engagement. The purpose of this project was to determine the influence of introducing the just culture model through staff engagement in an interactive workshop. A convenience sample of acute care staff were recruited for this 1-sample pretest and posttest project design. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture instrument was used to measure safety culture perceptions on 7 dimensions pre and post intervention. For the theoretical framework, Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and Kantar's empowerment theory were used. Welch's t test results showed significant improvement in perception scores overall (t = 2.7, p < 0.01), with posttest mean scores ('= 3.7) higher than pretest mean scores ('= 3.5). The dimension-specific mean posttest scores were significantly higher on 3 of the 7 dimensions including teamwork (t = 2.99, p < 0.05), feedback and communication (t = 2.14, p < 0.05), and frequency of event reporting (t = 2.31, p < 0.05). Major implications for social change include reduction of preventable errors and iatrogenic events; creating a healthcare environment that is safe, fair, transparent, and reliable; creating organizational learning through evidence-based patient safety training; and promoting the use of perception surveys to measure and improve the culture in one's organization. The project may provide a road map for just culture implementation. Future qualitative and quantitative research should explore effects of a just culture on safety reporting patterns and specific events such reducing medication errors or risk-taking behaviors.

Ethics and compliance training of sales managers in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry showed little evidence that eLearning interventions developed to address employees' (a) awareness of unethical sales practices, (b) ability to judge a selling practice as unethical, and (c) intentions to speak up about unethical sales practices have had the desired effects. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an entertainment-education video to an eLearning course, to improve ethical issue awareness, ethical judgment, and speaking-up behaviors in the pharmaceutical sales profession. Social cognitive theory and the extended elaboration likelihood model provided a theoretical framework for studying the effects of entertainment-education. The primary research question was, if entertainment-education programs can be used as an effective methodology to improve ethical decision-making and increase intentions to speak up, compared to a narrative-style eLearning course. In this quantitative study, 64 sales professionals from a U.S.-based pharmaceutical company were randomly assigned to either an entertainment-education video or an eLearning group to compare the effects of intervention format on ethical issue awareness, ethical judgment, and intentions to speak up, measured using two ethical scenarios and surveys. Although both treatments had a significant effect on behavioral intentions to speak up, there was only a moderate difference between the two groups t(62) = 2.20, p = .032 when participants observed a patient safety issue. Results from this study may impact social change by providing compliance managers with evidence to evaluate the use of entertainment-education strategies to increase sales representatives' intentions to speak-up when they observe behaviors that may put patient safety at risk.

Background: Previous research shows that openness in the Swedish public sector is limited and the social workers as a professional group rarely speaks out about their work situation. Aim: The aim of this study is to clarify which elements social workers experience enables and limits them to speak out concerning their work situation.  Methods: The study is based on seven individual qualitative interviews with social workers from different municipalities in Sweden. For analysis system theory and coping strategies are used. Results: Different factors are distinguished that both enables and limits social workers to use the coping strategie voice. The management style has been crucial and a democratic management style are preferred since they are more open to dialogue and were more encouraging to criticism. The openness between the levels at the workplaces turned out to be limited. The higher levels of management rarely included the social workers in dialogue and there were clear signs of a hierarchical view of communication.Conclusion: The social workers apply voice as a strategy to a greater extent than previous research shows. Despite the fact that the social workers are good at speaking out, the openness in the workplace turned out to be limited and this is something that needs to be developed and strengthened.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Paulo Soares.pdf: 804694 bytes, checksum: 472e650649bcf6a6f561003846304b45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As part of the wider context of Project DIRECT: Em direção à linguagem do trabalho (PUC-SP/LAEL), this study aims at investigating grammatical elements that contribute to text cohesion and organization, both below (verbal and nominal group) and above clause (conjunction and pronominal reference), in the framework of Systemic-Functional Grammar (Halliday, 1994). It analyses the text structures (the logical metafunction) of two magazines: the North American Newsweek and the specifically directed to EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students, the Brazilian version of Speak up. The study makes use of the computational program Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 1999). Results show that the Speak up texts have a structure with more elements of what Bathia (1983) calls language simplification, characterized by lesser complexity in logical terms: more simple verb tenses, usually only represented as suffix in the process (simple past, present and future tenses); more nominal groups with premodifiers and postmodifiers with prepositional phrases; more coordinate conjunctions and first-person pronouns, whereas the Newsweek texts evidence greater linguistic elaboration in terms of textual complexity due to the frequent use of: complex verbal tenses, with auxiliaries (perfect and progressive tenses, future with going to and passive); lexically-dense nominal groups due to extensions resulting from information chaining through the construction of successive nominalizations and defining relatives clauses; besides reduced clauses, subordinate conjunctions and thirdperson pronouns / Como parte do contexto mais amplo do projeto DIRECT: Em direção à linguagem do trabalho (PUC-SP/LAEL), este estudo tem como objetivo investigar elementos gramaticais que contribuam para organização e coesão do texto, tanto abaixo (grupo verbal e nominal) quanto acima da oração (conjunção e referência pronominal), no arcabouço teórico da Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994). Para tanto, analisa as estruturas dos textos (a metafunção lógica) de duas revistas: a norte-americana Newsweek e a versão brasileira da Speak up, esta especificamente voltada para estudantes de inglês como língua estrangeira (ILE). O estudo faz uso do programa computacional Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 1999). Os resultados mostram que os textos da Speak up contêm uma estrutura com maior número de elementos do que Bhatia (1983) denomina simplificação da linguagem, caracterizada por menor complexidade em termos lógicos: tempos verbais mais simples, em geral representados no processo como sufixo (passado, presente e futuro simples); mais grupos nominais com pré-modificadores e pós-modificadores com sintagmas preposicionados; mais conjunções coordenadas e pronomes de primeira pessoa, ao passo que os textos da Newsweek evidenciam maior elaboração lingüística em termos de complexidade textual, devido ao uso freqüente de: tempos verbais complexos, com auxiliar (perfectivo, progressivo, futuro com going to e passivo); grupos nominais densos lexicalmente como resultado de extensões decorrentes do encadeamento de informações, por meio da construção de sucessivas nominalizações e relativas definidoras; além de orações reduzidas, conjunções subordinadas e pronomes de terceira pessoa