Malgré l’annonce répétée de leur disparition par de nombreux experts, les grossistes ont réussi à survivre aux évolutions de leur environnement. Trois études de cas approfondies de grossistes en fruits et légumes permettent de comprendre les ressources qui ont été mobilisées. L’analyse est conduite en utilisant la théorie néo-institutionnelle et en s’intéressant aux interactions spécifiques entre acteurs & institutions. Une empirie très fouillée éclaire des transformations qui ont affecté le champ des grossistes et les réponses spécifiques apportées par les acteurs locaux. Les résultats de l’analyse conduisent à une meilleure compréhension de la notion et du rôle des ressources dans le cadre des interactions avec l’institution. Cette thèse montre également l'intérêt des biographies institutionnelles pour comprendre les antécédents à l’action. Au final, ce travail décrit et explique les efforts des grossistes en fruits et légumes pour devenir des garants de la qualité alors même que beaucoup les croient obsolètes et les tenaient pour condamnés / Whilst experts have predicted the downfall of wholesaler, the latter has survived and e to environmental pressures. This thesis, consisting of three in-depth case studies, investigates into the resources mobilization underpinning wholesalers' survival. The meticulous empirical setting sheds light on the transformations impacting the wholesaling field and on local actors' specific responses. This thesis contributes to illuminate the meaning and role of resources vis-à-vis interactions with institutions. Moreover, it promotes the concept of Institutional Biography as a lens to better understand action origins. The model derived from my analyses describes and explains fruit and vegetables wholesalers’ efforts to become a guarantor for quality, despite prejudices about their inertia and predictions of their disappearance

La présente thèse tente d’identifier les difficultés et les spécificités linguistico-culturelles marquantes qui relèvent de l’environnement de l’interprétation (français/anglais-arabe) aussi bien en pratique qu’en formation. L’interprète arabophone utilise le dialecte au quotidien mais doit s’exprimer en arabe littéraire moderne dans les conférences internationales. Il fait alors face à une variété d’arabe non acquise depuis la naissance qui est sensiblement différente des dialectes locaux, notamment sur le plan morphosyntaxique. Ainsi, l’interprète arabophone peut être amené à déployer plus d’efforts que l’interprète francophone ou anglophone dans la production de son discours (traduisant quant à eux vers leur langue maternelle) et à travailler à proximité de la saturation cognitive (Gile, 2009). Nous avons collecté des données par trois moyens : a) un questionnaire rempli par 35 praticiens et enseignants de l’interprétation de conférence, b) deux types d’enquêtes par entretien, l’une auprès de 12 interprètes professionnels, et l’autre auprès de 14 étudiants et 8 enseignants-praticiens appartenant à 4 établissements et c) par l’analyse d’un corpus d’enregistrements de l’interprétation de 2 discours. Les explorations empiriques réalisées ont permis d’identifier un certain nombre de difficultés linguistiques que rencontrent les praticiens en activité ainsi que les enseignants et les étudiants participant à une formation d’interprètes. Nous y retrouvons notamment ce qui concerne la redondance dans le discours arabe et les difficultés qui découlent de la spécificité de l’arabe. L’ALM, notamment en phase de production orale, ne serait pas considéré comme une langue « A » au sens de l’AIIC. Il s’apparenterait plutôt à une langue « B ». Tous les participants ont mis l’accent sur la difficulté de la maîtrise de leur langue « A », l’ALM. L’analyse de corpus a notamment soulevé un grand nombre de fautes et de maladresses linguistiques dans le produit oral des interprètes professionnels. De ces constats, il résulte qu’il est important d’améliorer la maîtrise active de l’ALM chez les interprètes et les étudiants. Le perfectionnement linguistique dont il est question ne peut se faire par une simple immersion linguistique dans un pays arabophone. Il faudra en effet des efforts ciblés. / This thesis attempts to identify the key linguistic-cultural difficulties and specificities that are relevant to the interpretation environment (French/English-Arabic) in both practice and training. The Arabic interpreter uses the dialect in daily life, but has to speak modern literary Arabic in international conferences. He/she then faces a variety of Arabic which is not acquired since birth. It is significantly different from local dialects, in particular on the morphosyntactic level. Thus, the interpreter may have to make more efforts than the French or English interpreter in producing his speech (translating to their mother tongue) and working close to cognitive saturation (Gile, 2009). To carry out this study, we collected data in three ways: a) a questionnaire completed by 35 practitioners and teachers of conference interpreting, b) two types of interview surveys, one with 12 professional interpreters, and the other with 14 students and 8 teacher-practitioners from 4 institutions and c) by analyzing a the interpretations of 2 discourses. Empirical explorations led us to identify a number of language difficulties faced by practitioners as well as teachers and students participating in an interpreting training. We find in particular what concerns redundancy in the Arab discourse and the difficulties that arise from the specificity of Arabic. MLA, especially in the oral production phase, cannot be considered as an “A” language within the meaning of the AIIC, and is more like a “B” language. All participants emphasized the difficulty of mastering their “A” language, MLA. In particular, our corpus analysis revealed a large number of mistakes and linguistic blunders in the oral product of professional interpreters. From these findings, it is important to improve the active control of MLA among interpreters and students. The linguistic improvement in question cannot be done by a simple linguistic immersion in an Arabic-speaking country. It will indeed require targeted efforts.

<p>  </p> <p>Mutations drive evolution, generating variation that selection can act upon. Germline mutations are heritable genetic alterations that occur in the gametes prior to fertilization and until embryogenesis. The study of germline mutations is vital to understanding the genetic basis of heritable diseases and evolution. Somatic mutations are genetic alterations across the body that arise post-fertilization in non-gametic cells. Although somatic mutations in most animals cannot be inherited, they can still significantly affect an organism's reproductive success. In humans, for example, cancers can be the result of somatic mutations. Somatic mutations originate from both exogenous mutagens (e.g. UV radiation) and endogenous processes (e.g. DNA replication, aging). Beyond their origins, we know little about the distribution and frequency of somatic mutations across Animalia. Honey bees provide a unique model for the study of somatic mutations as they are haplodiploid: males come from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, while females come from fertilized eggs and are diploid. It is therefore possible to sequence and robustly identify somatic mutations in haploid males. I have developed a unique exploratory study to elucidate the distribution of somatic mutation accumulation in honey bee drones. With this, I aim to investigate processes generating somatic mutations. Our findings demonstrate that variance in somatic mutational load is better captured across individuals rather than within individuals (across tissues). I provide a comprehensive tissue atlas of somatic mutagenesis in haploids. Our findings drive us to enhance our view of mutagenesis from the tissue level down to the cellular level. </p>

L'autore analizza i punti salienti della nuova disciplina del lavoro a progetto introdotto con il D. Lgs. 10 settembre 2003, n. 276. L'analisi muove dall'individuazione delle ragioni sottese alla introduzione del lavoro a progetto che riguardano, l'inadeguatezza dei tradizionali modelli di subordinazione ed autonomia a rappresentare l'attuale mondo del lavoro e dell'impresa e l'incremento dell'abuso dei rapporti di collaborazione coordinata e continuativa, sottolineando che il legislatore, con il D. lgs. 276/2003 si è concentrato principalmente sul problema di abuso della legalità e per fronteggiarlo, ha lavorato sulla fattispecie, configurando una specifica tipologia contrattuale, caratterizzata da un tenore letterale spesso incerto e discutibile. L'A. evidenzia come la scelta del legislatore si dimostra inefficace, in primo luogo, a causa dell'indeterminatezza dell'elemento del progetto, programma o fase di esso ed inoltre, perché il sistema sanzionatorio di conversione in rapporto di lavoro subordinato in caso di assenza del progetto, non può che essere interpretato nel senso di una presunzione relativa a causa dei palesi vizi di incostituzionalità che si presenterebbero in caso contrario. Inoltre il sistema di tutele predisposto per i collaboratori coordinati e continuative a progetto appare leggero. / The Author points out the new statutory features of self-employed project contract, introduced with the D. Lgs. September 10, 2003, No 276. The analysis begins from the identification of the reasons of the introduction of this contract, which concern, on one hand, the inadequacy of conventional patterns of subordination and autonomy within the current world of work and enterprise and, on the second hand, the increasing abuse of the collaboration coordinated and continuous contract. The A. underlines that the new statutory has been focused mainly on the issue of the abuse of law and, in order to face it, has worked on the legal case specification, setting up a specific type of contract, featured by a uncertain and questionable wording. The A. underlines that the choice of the legislature is ineffective anyway. First of all, because the "project, program or phase of it" is a too much generical expression and second of all, because the sanctionative system can only be interpreted as a refutable presumption. Moreover, the system of safeguards provided for the coordinated and continuous project workers is very light.