Cette thèse porte sur une série d'études technologiques et d'applications physiques dans les domaines de la dynamique ultrarapide et contrôle cohérent. Du point de vue technologique, nous avons effectué une étude approfondie de couplage spatio-temporel induit par l'interaction de l'onde optique avec une onde acoustique au sein d'un cristal non linéaire pour le façonnage de l'impulsion laser ultra courte. Cette étude a été menée en utilisant des techniques interférométriques. Ces effets bien connus dans les façonneurs d'impulsions utilisant une ligne 4f n'avaient jamais été mesurés dans ce type façonneur. Nos résultats ont été les premiers à les démontrer, les quantifier et les expliquer. Du point de vue du contrôle, nous avons mis en évidence des résultats très intéressants concernant la refocalisation temporelle d'une impulsion large bande fortement perturbée par un milieu multi-diffusif (i.e. l'analogue temporel de speckle spatiale). Pour cela nous avons d'eveloppé une mesure résolue spatialement de la phase spectrale de l'impulsion déformée suivie par une rétroaction en boucle ouverte permettant la correction en temps réelle de la phase grâce à un façonneur d'impulsions: en raison de la linéarité du processus de diffusion, cette compensation a permis de réaliser la recompression d'une impulsion laser en sortie de l''echantillon en un point donné (localisation spatiale) . Cela a suscité beaucoup d'intérêts parmi les collègues pour diverses applications telles que l'imagerie biologique ou pour des développements utilisant l'optique quantique.

[Truncated abstract] Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has become the urologist’s primary tool for diagnosing and staging prostate cancer due to its real-time and non-invasive nature, low cost, and minimal discomfort. However, the interpretation of a prostate ultrasound image depends critically on the experience and expertise of a urologist and is still difficult and subjective. To overcome the subjective interpretation and facilitate objective diagnosis, computer aided analysis of ultrasound images of the prostate would be very helpful. Computer aided analysis of images may improve diagnostic accuracy by providing a more reproducible interpretation of the images. This thesis is an attempt to address several key elements of computer aided analysis of ultrasound images of the prostate. Specifically, it addresses the following tasks: 1. modelling B-mode ultrasound image formation and statistical properties; 2. reducing ultrasound speckle; and 3. extracting prostate contour. Speckle refers to the granular appearance that compromises the image quality and resolution in optics, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and ultrasound. Due to the existence of speckle the appearance of a B-mode ultrasound image does not necessarily relate to the internal structure of the object being scanned. A computer simulation of B-mode ultrasound imaging is presented, which not only provides an insight into the nature of speckle, but also a viable test-bed for any ultrasound speckle reduction methods. Motivated by analysis of the statistical properties of the simulated images, the generalised Fisher-Tippett distribution is empirically proposed to analyse statistical properties of ultrasound images of the prostate. A speckle reduction scheme is then presented, which is based on Mallat and Zhong’s dyadic wavelet transform (MZDWT) and modelling statistical properties of the wavelet coefficients and exploiting their inter-scale correlation. Specifically, the squared modulus of the component wavelet coefficients are modelled as a two-state Gamma mixture. Interscale correlation is exploited by taking the harmonic mean of the posterior probability functions, which are derived from the Gamma mixture. This noise reduction scheme is applied to both simulated and real ultrasound images, and its performance is quite satisfactory in that the important features of the original noise corrupted image are preserved while most of the speckle noise is removed successfully. It is also evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by comparing it with median, Wiener, and Lee filters, and the results revealed that it surpasses all these filters. A novel contour extraction scheme (CES), which fuses MZDWT and snakes, is proposed on the basis of multiresolution analysis (MRA). Extraction of the prostate contour is placed in a multi-scale framework provided by MZDWT. Specifically, the external potential functions of the snake are designated as the modulus of the wavelet coefficients at different scales, and thus are “switchable”. Such a multi-scale snake, which deforms and migrates from coarse to fine scales, eventually extracts the contour of the prostate

Ces travaux de thèse présentent l’étude des différentes classes d’effets linéaires et non-linéaires en optiquequi génèrent des événements extrêmes dont les propriétés sont analogues à celles des « vagues scélérates » destructrices qui apparaissent à la surface des océans. La thèse commence avec un bref aperçu de l’analogie physique entre la localisation d’onde dans les systèmes hydrodynamique et les systèmes optique, pour lesquels nous décrivons les mécanismes de génération de vagues scélérates linéaire et non-linéaire. Nous présentons ensuite quelques résultats numérique et expérimentaux de la génération de vagues scélérates dans un système optique linéaire dans le cas d’une propagation spatiale d’un champ optique qui présenteune phase aléatoire, où nous interprétons les résultats obtenus en terme de caustiques optiques localisées.Nous considérons ensuite les vagues scélérates obtenues dans des systèmes non-linéaires qui présentent une instabilité de modulation décrite par l’équation de Schrödinger non-linéaire (ESNL). Nous présentons une étude numérique détaillée comparant les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles des structures localisées obtenues dans les simulation numérique avec les différentes solutions analytiques obtenues à partir de l’ESNL.Deux études expérimentales d’instabilités de modulation sont ensuite effectuées. Dans la première, nous présentons des résultats expérimentaux qui étudient les propriétés d’instabilité de modulation en utilisant un système d’agrandissement temporel par lentille temporelle; dans la deuxième, nous rapportons des résultats expérimentaux sur les propriétés des instabilités de modulation dans le domaine fréquentiel en utilisant une technique de mesure spectrale en temps-réel. Cette dernière étude examine l’effet sur la bande spectrale et surla stabilité d’un faible champ perturbateur. Tous les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés avec la simulation d’ESNL et abordés en termes des propriétés qualitatives d’instabilité de modulation. Dans toutes ces études,différentes propriétés statistiques sont analysées en rapport avec l’apparition des vagues scélérates. / This thesis describes the study of several different classes of linear and nonlinear effects in optics that generatelarge amplitude extreme events with properties analogous to the destructive “rogue waves” on the surface of theocean. The thesis begins with a brief overview of the analogous physics of wave localisation in hydrodynamicand optical systems, where we describe linear and nonlinear rogue wave generating mechanisms in bothcases. We then present numerical and experimental results for rogue wave generation in a linear opticalsystem consisting of free space propagation of a spatial optical field with random phase. Computed statisticsbetween experiment and modelling are in good agreement, and we interpret the results obtained in termsof the properties of localised optical caustics. We then consider rogue waves in the nonlinear system ofmodulation instability described by the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE), and a detailed numericalstudy is presented comparing the spatio-temporal characteristics of localised structures seen from numericalsimulations with different known analytic solutions to the NLSE. Two experimental studies of modulationinstability are then reported. In the first, we present experimental results studying the properties of modulationinstability using a time-lens magnifier system; in the second, we report experimental results studying thefrequency-domain properties of modulation instability using real-time spectral measurements. The latter studyexamines the effect of a weak seed field on spectral bandwidth and stability. All experimental results arecompared with the NLSE simulations and discussed in terms of the qualitative properties of modulationinstability, in order to gain new insights into the complex dynamics associated with nonlinear pulse propagation.In all of these studies, different statistical properties are analised in relation to the emergence of rogue waves.

En esta tesis se aborda la eliminaci'on de ruido impulsivo, gaussiano y speckle en im'agenes a color y en escala de gises. Como caso particular se puede mencionar la eliminaci'on de ruido en im'agenes m'edicas. Algunos m'etodos de filtrado son costosos computacionalmente y m'as a'un, si las im'agenes son de gran tama¿no. Con el fin de reducir el coste computacional de dichos m'etodos, en esta tesis se utiliza hardware que soporta procesamiento paralelo, como lo son los cores CPU con procesadores multicore y GPUs con procesadores manycore.En las implementaciones paralelas en CUDA, se configuran algunas caracter'¿sticas con la finalidad de optimizar el procesamiento de la aplicaci'on en las GPUs. Esta tesis estudia por un lado, el rendimiento computacional obtenido en el proceso de eliminaci'on de ruido impulsivo y uniforme. Por otro lado, se eval'ua la calidad despu'es de realizar el proceso de filtrado. El rendimiento computacional se ha obtenido con la paralelizaci'on de los algoritmos en CPU y/o GPU. Para obtener buena calidad en la imagen filtrada, primero se detectan los p'¿xeles corruptos y luego son filtrados solo los p'¿xeles que se han detectado como corruptos. Por lo que respecta a la eliminaci'on de ruido gaussiano y speckle, el an'alisis del filtro difusivo no lineal ha demostrado ser eficaz para este caso. Los algoritmos que se utilizan para eliminar el ruido impulsivo y uniforme en las im'agenes, y sus implementaciones secuenciales y paralelas se han evaluado experimentalmente en tiempo de ejecuci'on (speedup) y eficiencia en tres equipos de c'omputo de altas prestaciones. Los resultados han mostrado que las implementaciones paralelas disminuyen considerablemente los tiempos de ejecuci'on secuenciales. Finalmente, en esta tesis se propone un m'etodo para reducir eficientemente el ruido en las im'agenes sin tener informaci'on inicial del tipo de ruido contenido en ellas. I / Sánchez Cervantes, MG. (2013). Algoritmos de detección y filtrado de imágenes para arquitecturas multicore y manycore [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/28854 / TESIS

This diploma thesis deals with the methods of despeckling in ultrasound images. Ultrasound imaging and related artifacts are described in more details. Ultrasound imaging has its pros and cons, where speckle noise is a disadvantage to be solved. Models of origin of this specific noise are referred too. Practical part of this thesis aims on filtering speckled images by basic and advanced filtering methods as are linear filtering, median filtering, application of Frost filter, QGDCT, geometric filtering, anisotropic diffusion filtering and filtering based on wavelet transformation. Results are compared on the basis of objective criteria.

This diploma thesis deals with the theoretical description of interference methods used to measure vibrations, examines main parasitic effects and analyses its contribution to achievable the resolution. In the practical part, it uses several measurements to verify the effects of the level of reflected beam, stand-off distance and speckle noise. It also proposes a practical experiment for measuring dynamic parameters and signal-noise ratio. Results show that, the noise is exponentially dependent on the level of the reflected beam. The visible maximum of the vibrometer proved to be critical in terms of time stability of the measured signal level in two of the three measurements. Results of the dynamic measurement show that, the measured deviations were not degraded or significantly disturbed by the noise signal. From the measurement of the speckle noise, it emerged that the lowest level of noise is achieved with smooth and highly reflective materials.

Selon l’organisation mondiale de la santé, dans les pays en développement, la proportion de personnes obèses a presque triplé depuis 1980 et presque doublé dans les pays à revenu élevé. Parmi ces statistiques, en France, 16,8% des hommes et 17,4% des femmes sont obèses. Les taux mondiaux d'obésité devraient monter au cours de la prochaine décennie pour atteindre un cinquième des adultes en 2025. L'obésité est due à de multiples facteurs, dont la consommation excessive d’aliments riches en gras et en sucres, ainsi que des facteurs génétiques, psychosociaux et environnementaux. L'incidence de maladies telles que le cancer, le diabète et les maladies cardiovasculaires est supérieure chez les personnes obèses. L’obésité a également un impact néfaste sur le fonctionnement du cerveau, ce qui entraîne davantage d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux et des maladies neurodégénératives chez les personnes obèses. Une activité cérébrale normale impose des besoins énergétiques dynamiques qui sont satisfaits par le flux sanguin cérébral (Cerebral Blood Flow, CBF). La perfusion adéquate des tissus cérébraux au bon moment et au bon endroit parmi les quelques 160 milliards de cellules qui composent le cerveau adulte humain est vital. Malgré des données obtenues sur des tranches de cerveau concernant les problèmes de barrière hémato-encéphalique chez les personnes obèses, le devenir du CBF au cours de l'obésité n'a pas encore été étudié. Une des raisons à cela est la difficulté à enregistrer le CBF in vivo et de le suivre dans le temps, pendant une activation cérébrale et sur une large échelle avec une résolution spatio-temporelle appropriée. Afin d'évaluer l'influence de l'obésité sur le CBF, au repos et pendant la stimulation sensorielle, nous avons développé une technique optique appelée l'imagerie de contraste laser par exposition multiple (MESI). La technique repose sur le calcul du contraste de speckle, qui est lié à la vitesse des diffuseurs (globules rouges). Il permet une imagerie superficielle à large champ des variations relatives de flux sanguin dans le cortex de la souris. Nous avons caractérisé les performances du système en utilisant des fantômes microfluidiques. L’acquisition du contraste pour différentes durées d’exposition permet de discriminer les diffuseurs statiques et dynamiques (en mouvement) et donc d’obtenir une image quantitative des variations du CBF. Nous avons étudié l'activation cérébrale en utilisant la stimulation olfactive par des flux d'odeurs contrôlés présentés à la souris anesthésiée. Le bulbe olfactif est une structure sensorielle essentielle des mammifères pour le codage des odeurs et il est bien adapté à l'imagerie optique car l’activité neuronale et vasculaire est détectée dans les régions superficielles de cette structure. Nous avons observé une diminution significative du CBF évoqué par stimulation odorante chez les souris obèses (sous régime hyperlipidique) par rapport aux souris témoins (sous régime standard). Chez les souris contrôles, les variations de CBF sont élevées dans les vaisseaux sanguins de grand diamètre et diminuent dans les vaisseaux sanguins de petit calibre. Cette variation dépendant du diamètre est perdue chez les souris obèses qui présentent même un CBF significativement réduit au repos, au cours d'une activité vasculaire spontanée. De plus, afin de mieux comprendre la morphologie du système vasculaire, nous avons commencé l’étude par iDISCO de la densité et la distribution des vaisseaux dans l’ensemble du cerveau in vitro chez des souris obèses comparées aux contrôles. En conclusion, les résultats obtenus sur le CBF chez les souris obèses par la mise au point d’une technique d’imagerie optique à large champ MESI, indiquent que l'obésité impacte le fonctionnement vasculaire en dérégulant le débit sanguin cérébral. / Obesity is a global health threat. Since 1980 the proportion of obese or overweight individuals tripled in developing countries and doubled in high-income countries. In France 16.8% of men and 17.4% of women are obese. In the actual tendency persists, one-fifth of adults worldwide will be obese by 2025. Obesity is characterized by exaggerated weight gain and accumulation of fat tissue and is due to multiple factors including excessive consumption of high fat-sweet food and genetic, psychosocial and environmental factors. It is linked to an increase in the incidence of diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity has also a detrimental impact on brain function leading to higher rate of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Normal brain activity imposes dynamic energy requirements. Energy needs are fulfilled by Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) to perfuse the brain tissue at the right time and the right place among the hundred of billons of cells that compose the human adult brain. Although dysfunction of the blood brain barrier was observed in brain slices, the fate of CBF during obesity in vivo is unknown. One reason for this is the difficulty to record CBF over time in vivo and to follow the time course of activation of large populations of cells with an appropriate spatiotemporal resolution. In order to evaluate the influence of obesity on CBF, at rest and during sensory stimulation, we have developed an optical technique termed multi-exposure speckle contrast imaging (MESI). In the last years, MESI has been validated for imaging relative changes in CBF at the surface of the rodent brain in vivo, the standard mammalian model for brain studies. The technique relies on the calculation of the spatial speckle contrast, which is related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells), and allows wide-field imaging of CBF at the mesoscopic level. We have characterized the performances of the system using microfluidic phantoms. We further demonstrated the ability of our MESI system to discriminate the moving and static diffusers contribution and therefore to provide accurate estimate of CBF changes in vivo. The olfactory bulb is a major hub for the processing of olfactory information in the brain of all mammals. It is well suited for optical imaging of brain activation since neuronal and vascular activities are detected very superficial at the surface of this structure. Using MESI, we have studied brain activation in control and obese mice. We have performed olfactory activation by delivering controlled odorants fluxes to anesthetized mice. We observed a significant decrease in odor-evoked CBF with a loss of diameter-dependent regulation of CBF in obese mice (high fat diet) compared to control lean mice (standard diet). We showed that CBF regulation was lost in obese mice even at rest without any stimulation. Furthermore, to gain insights into the morphology of the vascular network, we started the study of the vessels density and distribution in the entire brain using an in vitro iDISCO approach in obese mice compared to control mice. Overall, these findings indicate that obesity can adversely affect CBF at rest and in response to neuronal activation in vivo.

No description available.

Multitemporal SAR images have been used successfully for the detection of different types of environmental changes. The detection of urban change using SAR images is complicated due to the special characteristics of SAR images—for example, the existence of speckle and the complex mixture of the urban environment. This thesis investigates the detection of urban changes using SAR images with the following specific objectives: (1) to investigate unsupervised change detection, (2) to investigate reduction of the speckle effect and (3) to investigate spatio-contextual change detection. Beijing and Shanghai, the largest cities in China, were selected as study areas. Multitemporal SAR images acquired by ERS-2 SAR (1998~1999) and Envisat ASAR (2008~2009) sensors were used to detect changes that have occurred in these cities. Unsupervised change detection using SAR images is investigated using the Kittler-Illingworth algorithm. The problem associated with the diversity of urban changes—namely, more than one typology of change—is addressed using the modified ratio operator. This operator clusters both positive and negative changes on one side of the change-image histogram. To model the statistics of the changed and the unchanged classes, four different probability density functions were tested. The analysis indicates that the quality of the resulting change map will strongly depends on the density model chosen. The analysis also suggests that use of a local adaptive filter (e.g., enhanced Lee) removes fine geometric details from the scene. Speckle suppression and geometric detail preservation in SAR-based change detection, are addressed using the nonlocal means (NLM) algorithm. In this algorithm, denoising is achieved through a weighted averaging process, in which the weights are a function of the similarity of small image patches defined around each pixel in the image. To decrease the computational complexity, the PCA technique is used to reduce the dimensionality of the neighbourhood feature vectors. Simple methods to estimate the dimensionality of the new space and the required noise variance are proposed. The experimental results show that the NLM algorithm outperformed traditional local adaptive filters (e.g., enhanced Lee) in eliminating the effect of speckle and in maintaining the geometric structures in the scene. The analysis also indicates that filtering the change variable instead of the individual SAR images is effective in terms of both the quality of the results and the time needed to carry out the computation. The third research focuses on the application of Markov random field (MRF) in change detection using SAR images. The MRF-based change detection algorithm shows limited capacity to simultaneously maintain fine geometric detail in urban areas and combat the effect of speckle noise. This problem has been addressed through the introduction of a global constraint on the pixels’ class labels. Based on NLM theory, a global probability model is developed. The iterated conditional mode (ICM) scheme for the optimization of the MAP-MRF criterion function is extended to include a step that forces the maximization of the global probability model. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is better at preserving the fine structural detail, effective in reducing the effect of speckle, less sensitive to the value of the contextual parameter, and less affected by the quality of the initial change map compared with traditional MRF-based change detection algorithm. / <p>QC 20130610</p>

Propagation of coherent waves through disordered media, whether optical, acoustic, or radio waves, results in a spatially redistributed random intensity pattern known as speckle -- a statistical phenomenon. The subject of this dissertation is the statistics of monochromatic coherent light traversing disordered photonic lattices and its dependence on the disorder class, the level of disorder and the excitation configuration at the input. Throughout the dissertation, two disorder classes are considered, namely, diagonal and off-diagonal disorders. The latter exhibits disorder-immune chiral symmetry -- the appearance of the eigenmodes in skew-symmetric pairs and the corresponding eigenvalues in opposite signs. When a disordered photonic lattice, an array of evanescently coupled waveguides, is illuminated with an extended coherent optical field, discrete speckle develops. Numerical simulations and analytical modeling reveal that discrete speckle shows a set of surprising features, that are qualitatively indistinguishable in both disorder classes. First, the fingerprint of transverse Anderson localization -- associated with disordered lattices, is exhibited in the narrowing of the spatial coherence function. Second, the transverse coherence length (or speckle grain size) freezes upon propagation. Third, the axial coherence depth is independent of the axial position, thereby resulting in a coherence voxel of fixed volume independently of position. When a single lattice site is coherently excited, I discovered that a thermalization gap emerges for light propagating in disordered lattices endowed with disorder-immune chiral symmetry. In these systems, the span of sub-thermal photon statistics is inaccessible to the input coherent light, which -- once the steady state is reached -- always emerges with super-thermal statistics no matter how small the disorder level. An independent constraint of the input field for the chiral symmetry to be activated and the gap to be observed is formulated. This unique feature enables a new form of photon-statistics interferometry: by exciting two lattice sites with a variable relative phase, as in a traditional two-path interferometer, the excitation-symmetry of the chiral mode pairs is judiciously broken and interferometric control over the photon statistics is exercised, spanning sub-thermal and super-thermal regimes. By considering an ensemble of disorder realizations, this phenomenon is demonstrated experimentally: a deterministic tuning of the intensity fluctuations while the mean intensity remains constant. Finally, I examined the statistics of the emerging light in two different lattice topologies: linear and ring lattices. I showed that the topology dictates the light statistics in the off-diagonal case: for even-sited ring and linear lattices, the electromagnetic field evolves into a single quadrature component, so that the field takes discrete phase values and is non-circular in the complex plane. As a consequence, the statistics become super-thermal. For odd-sited ring lattices, the field becomes random in both quadratures resulting in sub-thermal statistics. However, this effect is suppressed due to the transverse localization of light in lattices with high disorder. In the diagonal case, the lattice topology does not play a role and the transmitted field always acquires random components in both quadratures, hence the phase distribution is uniform in the steady state.