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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Validering av metoder för analys av Cu, Fe och Na i processvatten med AAS-grafitugn / Validation of methods for analysis of Cu, Fe and Na in process water with an atomic absorption spectrometer - graphite furnace

Zweigel, Catarina January 2009 (has links)
Södra Cell Mörrum is one of the five paper pulp plants that are included in Södra Cell, and the paper pulp that is produced here is not only sold to Swedish paper mills. Most of the paper pulp is exported to different countries in Europe. In the manufacturing process the plant needs different kind of process water and there are guideline values for how much copper, iron and sodium this water is allowed to contain. Analyzes of this water is in the current situation done with an atomic absorption spectrometric instrument (AAS-instrument) with a flame.   Measurements done with flame-AAS of samples that have concentrations near the guideline values for copper, iron and sodium, are not reliable. The reason for not being reliable is that the quantitation limits of these metals are higher than the limit values. An alternative method that should give more reliable values is to analyze with an AAS- instrument with a graphite furnace. The purpose of this project was to perform a method validation of the graphite furnace of the AAS-instrument in the analysis of Cu, Fe and Na. The focus of the project was to find the detection limits for each metal, study the variation and to see if it is possible to analyze these water samples with this technique.   The concentrations of the calibration solutions is between 1-10 µg/l for Na, 5-25 µg/l for Cu and 2-20 µg/l for Fe.The detection limits for all metals were slightly below 1 µg/l and during the present circumstances in the laboratory; it would be difficult to get even lower detection limits. There are improvements that can be done to get to the even lower detection limits. The results from this work show that the variation in each sampling cup is very small but if you look at different sampling cups the variation could be large if the cups are not treated in the right way. Further validation analyzes like variation in between days needs to be done. It is possible to analyze these low concentrations of copper, iron and sodium in the water samples with the AAS- graphite furnace, but it is difficult because there are many factors that affect the results. Examples of such factors are the environment where the instrument is placed in the laboratory and the human factor. Further analyzes needs to be done to get a better view of how these factors affect the result.
242

Espectropolarimetro computadorizado : nova maneira de obtenção da atividade ótica / Computerized spectrometer: a new way to obtain optical activity data

Washington Luiz de Barros Melo 23 May 1985 (has links)
Montamos um espectrômetro o qual nos permite obter dados de atividade ótica Dispersão Rotatória (DRO) e Dicroísmo Circular (DC) simultaneamente. O sistema ótico consiste de uma fonte de luz, um monocromador, um suporte para amostra, um analisador gigante e um detector de luz. O analisador girante é sustentado por um mancal pneumático e gira usando um motor de passo, o qual é controlado por um microcomputador. Um outro motor de passo também controlado por microcomputador é usado para girar a grade de difração do monocromador. Para obter os espectros de DRO e DC, o monocromador pára em um certo comprimento de onda, enquanto o eixo de transmissão do analisador é posicionado em &#946= 0&#176, 45&#176, 90&#176 e -45&#176 relativo ao eixo de transmissão do polarizador. O microcomputador através do detector de luz lê as quatro intensidades de luz e usando um formalismo desenvolvido por nós, relaciona-as à elipticidade e a rotação ótica naquele comprimento de onda. O monocromador é então girado a um novo comprimento de onda e o procedimento é repetido. No final, os espectros de DC e DRO podem ser mostrados em uma Tabela ou com um Gráfico. Além de funcionar como um espectropolarímetro, o equipamento pode ser usado também como um espectrofotômetro, para acompanhar cinética de reação, para medir dicroísmo linear, etc... Devido à relação sinal/ruído, temos nos ângulos medidos, uma resolução de 1&#186 / We have assembled a spectrometer which provides the optical activity data Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD) simultaneously. The Optical System consists of a source of light, a monochromator, a polarizer, a sample holder, a rotating analyzer and a light detector. The rotating analyzer is supported by a pneumatic bearing and rotates using a step motor which is controlled by a microcomputer. Another spet motor also controlled by the microcomputer is used to rotate the diffraction grating of the monochromator. To obtain the ORD and CD spectra, the monochromator stops at a certain wave length, while the transmission axis of the analyzer is positioned at &#946= 0&#176, 45&#176, 90&#176 e -45&#176 relative to the transmission axis of the polarizer. The microcomputer through the light detector reads the four light intensities and using the formalism developed by us relates them to the elipticity and optical rotation at that wavelength. The monochromator is then rotated to a new wavelength and the procedure is repeated. At the end the CD and ORD spectra can be shown in a Table or as a graph. Besides functioning as a spectropolarimeter, the equipment can be use also as a regular spectrometer, to follow kinetic of recreations, to measure linear dichroism, etc Due to the signal/noise ratio we have in the measured angles a resolution of 1&#176
243

Projeto e construção de sistema de aquisição e processamento de dados para espectroscopia por transformada rápida de Fourier / Project and building of data acquisition system for fast Fourier transform spectrometer.

Walter Soto Encinas Junior 03 April 1995 (has links)
No presente trabalho procurou-se desenvolver um sistema computacional para a automação de um Espectrofotômetro de Varredura Refrativa. Este sistema é baseado em um computador hospedeiro da linha IBM-PC, que pode ser de qualquer modelo, desde que possua barramento ISA de 16 bits. O sistema se divide em dois módulos - aquisição e processamento. O modulo de aquisição e capaz de atingir taxas de aquisição de ate 200 KHz, com resolução de 12 bits. É independente de controle do hospedeiro pois possui lógica de controle e sistema de armazenamento próprio. O módulo de processamento envolve o uso de um processador vetorial de sinais digitais ZORAN ZR34161 dedicado a efetuar eficientemente a Transformada Rápida de Fourier (FFT). Também opera independentemente do computador hospedeiro. Este módulo é capaz de efetuar a FFT em um vetor real de 4096 pontos em 19,64 ms / This work was intended to develop a computational system to control a fast Fourier spectrophotometer. This system is based in an IBM-PC type host computer, with ISA bus 16 bits wide. The system has two modules - acquisition and processing. The acquisition module works at 200 KHz sample rate, with 12 bits of resolution, and also works without host control, due to its own memory system and control logic. The processing module uses a ZORAN ZR34161 vector signal processor, dedicated to do the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in the most efficient way. No management of host is required, and it can compute a FFT of a 4096 points real vector in 19,64 ms
244

Utilização de um framework PCI Express® em um espectrômetro digital de ressonância magnética / Utilization of a PCI Express® framework in a digital magnetic resonance spectrometer

Tiago Amaro Martins 23 June 2017 (has links)
O foco central desse trabalho é a utilização e aprimoramento de um framework Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI Express®) para a comunicação de dados em um Espectrômetro Digital de Ressonância Magnética (Digital Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer – DMRS) utilizando o conceito de Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido para servir como base de comunicação para o Espectrômetro Digital de Ressonância Magnética do Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia in vivo por Ressonância Magnética (CIERMag) devido ao requerimento de altas taxas de transferência dos dados adquiridos. A integração dessa nova comunicação, entre o software e o hardware do espectrômetro, mantém compatibilidade com as interfaces já existentes possibilitando a execução de todas as sequências desenvolvidas sem nenhuma alteração. A incorporação da comunicação PCI Express provê uma solução com um número menor de etapas por transferência em comparação com a comunicação Ethernet. Com isso é possível aumentar o desempenho do sistema e obter taxas de transferência mais elevadas. Para isso, foram feitas mudanças no hardware de forma a torná-lo mais eficiente, reduzindo o número de ciclos de clock por operação e também a quantidade de lógica sintetizada. Além disso, a latência do software durante as transferências também foi reduzida através da utilização de interrupções Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI) e do método Scatter and Gather usado para reduzir a quantidade de cópias de dados na memória principal do computador. Dessa forma, obteve-se, como resultados reais, uma taxa de transferência efetiva (throughput) de 97% do valor máximo da banda possível do barramento PCI Express. / The central focus of this work is the implementation and use of a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI Express®) framework for data communication on a Digital Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (DMRS) using the concept of Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This work is being developed to serve as a communication basis for the magnetic resonance Digital Spectrometer of the Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia in vivo por Ressonância Magnética (CIERMag) due to demand of high transfer rates of acquired data. The integration of this new communication, between spectrometer software and hardware, keeps compatibility with existing interfaces, making it possible to execute all developed magnetic resonance sequences without any change. The incorporation of PCI Express communication provides solution with a lower number of steps per transfer when compared to Ethernet communication. By this means it\'s possible to increase system performance and, as result, have higher transfer rates. To accomplish that, the number of clock cycles per operation was reduced, so was the synthesized logic. Furthermore, software latency for data transfer was also reduced consequence of MSI interruption implementation and the use of Scatter and Gather method to remove data movement across the computer main memory. Therefore, it was obtained, as measured real result, a throughput value of 97% the theoretical maximum value for the hardware.
245

UM ESPECTROMETRO \"MINI-ORANGE\" PARA ELECTRONS / A mini-orange spectrometer for electrons

Nelson Canzian da Silva 04 May 1990 (has links)
Foi projetado e construído um espectrômetro Mini-Orange (MO) para eléctrons, utilizando imãs planos permanentes e um detector de barreira de superfície. Foram determinadas as funções de transmissão de diferentes configurações do sistema, para energias entre 200-1100 keV. Foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático do sistema, a partir de solução analítica para o campo de um imã plano e da integração numérica da equação de movimento dos eléctrons no campo de MO. As funções de transmissão assim obtidas foram comparadas aos resultados experimentais e mostraram um bom acordo para energias baixas e intermediárias. / A Mini-Orange spectrometer for electrons was designed and built, using plane permanent magnets and a surface barrier detector. Transmission functions were obtained for various system configurations and for energies between 200-1100 keV. A mathematical model of the system was developed, using the analytical solution for the field of a plane magnet and the numerical integration of the equation of motion of the electrons in the MO magnetic field. The calculated transmission functions were compared to the experimental data, showing a good agreement for low and intermediate energies.
246

Dosimetria de nêutrons / Neutron dosimetry

Luciano Fratin 20 September 1993 (has links)
Instalações para irradiação com nêutrons foram projetadas e construídas, visando o estabelecimento de procedimentos de calibração de monitores e dosímetros de nêutrons. Uma fonte calibrada de ANTPOT.241 AmBe com atividade de ANTPOT.185 GBq, garantiu rastreabilidade às medidas realizadas, e possibilitou irradiações com taxas de dose que variaram entre 9 nSv s POT.-1 e 0,5 muuSv s POT.-1. No arranjo elaborado para irradiações com nêutrons térmicos, com fluxo calibrado, a taxa de dose utilizada foi 50 nSv s POT.-1. A calibração de um espectrômetro de esferas de Bonner permitiu o estabelecimento dos procedimentos de calibração com base em três métodos propostos por normas internacionais, mostrando serem apropriadas às dimensões da sala de irradiação projetada para essa finalidade. A decoração do espectro de nêutrons, a partir da determinação dos parâmetros de calibração para o detector de esferas de Bonner, permitiu determinar o espectro da fonte de ANTPOT.241 AmBe calibrada, com valores de taxa de fluência, taxa de dose equivalente e energia media, que corresponderam satisfatoriamente aos valores calculados esperados, possibilitando o uso de tal detector na dosimetria de área. Para a dosimetria pessoal, foi elaborado um sistema dosimétrico baseado no uso do polímero CR-39 e no ataque eletroquímico do mesmo. Para isso, foram projetadas e construídas uma câmara para o processamento do detector e uma fonte de alta tensão e alta frequência que mostraram-se adequadas às finalidades propostas. O dosímetro pessoal elaborado utiliza também material conversor (n, alfa) e seu principio de detecção possibilitou determinar um fator de calibração relacionando a resposta do detector com a dose recebida para nêutrons térmicos, epitérmicos e rápidos. Os parâmetros utilizados para o ataque eletroquímico foram: solução de KOH 6N, temperatura de 59°C, campo elétrico alternado de 20 kv IND.ppcm POT.-1, frequência de 2,0 kHz; para a detecção de nêutrons térmicos e epitérmicos o tempo de revelação empregado foi de 3 horas e para nêutrons rápidos de 6 horas. O sistema dosimétrico desenvolvido apresentou sensibilidades a nêutrons térmicos, epitérmicos e rápidos dadas pelos valores (1,46 +/- 0,09) 10 POT.4 traços cm POT.-2 mSv POT.-1, (9 +/- 3) 10² traços cm POT.-2 mSv POT.-1 e (26 +/- 4) traços cm POT.-2 mSv POT.-1 respectivamente. As doses mínimas e máximas detectáveis foram respectivamente 0,002 mSv e 0,6 mSv para nêutrons térmicos, 0,04 mSv e 8 mSv para nêutrons epitérmicos e 1 mSv e 12 mSv para nêutrons rápidos. Tendo em vista as implicações das recomendações do ICRP-60, pode-se concluir que o dosímetro pessoal elaborado neste trabalho apresenta a sensibilidade necessária no caso da monitoração de nêutrons térmicos e epitérmicos, mas que exigiria tempos de integração de doses superiores à mensal no caso da monitoração de nêutrons rápidos.O procedimento proposto para ser realizar a dosimetria de nêutrons é baseado no uso conjugado do dosímetro pessoal elaborado e do espectrômetro de esferas de Bonner enquanto dosímetro de área. / A neutron irradiation facility was designed and built in order to establish a procedure for calibrating neutron monitors and dosimeters. A 185 GBq ANTPOT.241 AmBe source in the air provides neutron doses rates between 9 nSv s POT.-1 and 0,5 muuSv s POT.-1. A calibrated 50 nSv s POT.-1 thermal neutron field is obtained by using a specially designed paraffin block in conjunction with the ANTPOT.241 AmBe source. A Bonner multisphere spectrometer was calibrated, using a procedure based on three methods proposed by international standards. The unfolded ANTPOT.241 AmBe neutron spectrum was determined from Bonner spheres data and resulted in a good agreement with expected values for fluence rate, dose rate and mean energy. A dosimetric system based on the electrochemical etching of CR-39 was developed for personal dosimetry. The dosimeter badge using a (n, alfa) converter, the etching chamber and high frequency power supply were designed and built specially for this project. The electrochemical etching (ECE) parameters used were: a 6N KOH solution, 59°C, 20 kV IND.ppcm POT.-1, 2,0 kHz, 3 hours of ECE for thermal and intermediate neutrons and 6 hours for fast neutrons. The calibration factors for thermal, intermediate and fast neutrons were determined for this personal dosimeter. The sensitivies determined for the developed dosimetric system were (1,46 +/- 0,09)10 POT.4 tracks cm POT.-2 mSv POT.-1 for thermal neutrons, (9 +/- 3)10² tracks cm POT.-2 mSv POT.-1 for intermediate neutrons and (26 +/- 4) tracks cm POT.-2 mSv POT.-1 for fast neutrons. The lower and upper limits of detection were respectively 0,002 mSv and 0,6 mSv for thermal neutrons, 0,04 mSv and 8 mSv for intermediate neutrons and 1 mSv and 12 mSv for fast neutrons. In view of the 1990s ICRP recommendations, it is possible to conclude that the personal dosimeter described in this work is sufficiently sensitive to thermal and intermediate neutrons but fast neutron monitoring at radiological protection level would require an integration period of over a month. The proposed dosimetric procedure is based on the conjugated use of the developed personal dosimeter and the Bonner multisphere spectrometer.
247

Monte Carlo simulations of a back scatter time-of-flight neutron spectrometer for the purpose of concept testing.

Eriksson, Benjamin January 2018 (has links)
The work focuses on Monte Carlo simulations for finding the optimal back scatter time-of-flight spectrometer design for concept testing at the NESSA facility at Uppsala University. The spectrometer consists of two scintillator detectors, D1 (placed in a neutron beam) and D2 (placed in front of D1), at some distance from each other. A fraction of the neutrons that impinge on D1 back scatter into D2 and information on the neutron energy distribution is acquired using the time-of-flight method. For the given constraints on geometry, resolution and efficiency a best resolution was found to be 6.6% with a corresponding efficiency of 1E-4 which gives a sufficient count rate for a neutron generator producing 1E+11 neutrons/s. In order to achieve a minimum of 10 000 counts/h with the same setup a D2 with an area of at least 7 cm^2 is required.
248

Comparison of neutron fluence spectra measured with NE213 proton recoil spectrometer and NE230 deuteron recoil spectrometer

Masondo, Vusumuzi January 2014 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / A (5 cm × 5 cm) cylindrical NE213 liquid organic scintillator and a (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm)cylindrical NE230 liquid organic scintillator were used as spectrometers. A series of measurements was made with both the NE213 and NE230 spectrometers, with the time-of- flight technique used for neutron energy selection. Pulse height spectra for quasi- monoenergetic neutron beams of ~5-64 MeV produced by bombarding either a (1 mm) lithium metal target, or a (10 mm) beryllium target, or a (10 mm) graphite target with 66 MeV proton beam were measured with both spectrometers. Deuteron events identified by pulse shape discrimination were selected for measurements with the NE230 spectrometer while proton events were selected for measurements with the NE213 spectrometer. Response of the scintillator to protons using NE213 and deuterons using NE230 were obtained from the measured pulse height spectra. Detector efficiency of the NE213 spectrometer as a function of neutron energy was determined for n-p elastic scattering. The detector efficiency of the NE230 was determined relative to the well-known efficiency of the NE213 spectrometer, selecting either all or n-d elastic events in the pulse height spectra measured with the NE230 spectrometer. The detection efficiency of the NE230 spectrometer was also determined from the available cross-section for n-d elastic scattering as exploratory work. Neutron fluence spectra could be determined using the appropriate neutron detection efficiency for each spectrometer and were compared with each other. The results showed good comparison and encouragement demonstrating the reliability of neutron fluence spectral measurements withthe NE230 spectrometer using the time-of-flight technique.
249

System Design For Non-Destructive Detection Of Ions In A Paul Trap Mass Spectrometer

Gorde, Dnyaneshwar R 04 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
250

An Algorithm For Isolating Targeted Ions In Paul Traps

Sarurkar, Vishram A 10 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.

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