This thesis investigates the differences in Bonner Sphere detector response for anisotropic neutron fields as a function of borehole orientation. Monte Carlo simulations using MCNPX were used to calculate the difference for a borehole oriented directly behind a unidirectional neutron field and one in which the borehole is normal to the neutron flux. The differences in detector response depend on the size of the Bonner Sphere and the energy of the incident flux, which could introduce significant error in the determination of the neutron field’s energy spectrum.

The problem of detecting a vector of symbols, drawn from a finite alphabet and transmitted over a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel with Gaussian noise, is of central importance in digital communications and is encountered in several different applications. Examples include, but are not limited to; detection of symbols spatially multiplexed over a multiple-antenna channel and the multiuser detection problem in a code division multiple access (CDMA) system. Two algorithms previously proposed in the literature are considered and analyzed. Both algorithms have their origin in other fields of science but have gained mainstream recognition as efficient algorithms for the detection problem considered herein. Specifically, we consider the sphere decoder and semidefinite relaxation detector. By incorporating assumptions applicable in the communications context the performance of the two algorithms is addressed. The first algorithm, the sphere decoder, offers optimal performance in terms of its error probability. Further, the algorithm has proved extremely efficient in terms of computational complexity for moderately sized problems at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Although it is recognized that the algorithm has an exponential worst case complexity, there has been a widespread belief that the algorithm has a polynomial average complexity at high SNR. A contribution made herein is to show that this is incorrect and that the average complexity, as the worst case complexity, is exponential in the number of symbols detected. Instead, another explanation of the observed efficiency of the algorithm is offered by deriving the exponential rate of growth and showing that this rate, although strictly positive for finite SNR, is small in the high SNR regime. The second algorithm, the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) detector, offers polynomial complexity at the expense of suboptimal performance in terms of error probability. Nevertheless, previous numerical observations suggest that error probability of the SDR algorithm is close to that of the optimal detector. Herein, the near optimality is of the SDR algorithm is given a precise meaning by studying the diversity of the SDR algorithm when applied to the (real valued) i.i.d.~Rayleigh fading channel and it is shown that the SDR algorithm achieves the same diversity order as the optimal detector. Further, criteria under which the SDR estimates coincide with the optimal estimates are derived and discussed. / Ett grundläggande problem som påträffats inom digital kommunikation är detektering av en symbolvektor, tillhörande ett ändligt symbolalfabet, som sänts över en MIMO (från engelskans multiple-input multiple-output) kanal med Gausiskt brus. Detta problem påträffas bland annat då symboler sänts över en trådlös kanal med flera antenner hos mottagaren och sändaren samt då flera användare i ett CDMA system simultant skall avkodas. In denna avhandling behandlas två mottagaralgoritmer konstruerade för detta ändamål. Algoritmerna har sin bakgrund i andra forskningsområden men kan i nuläget sägas vara mycket välkända inom kommunikationsområdet. De benämns vanligtvis som sfäravkodaren (eng. sphere decoder) samt den semidefinita relaxeringsdetektorn (eng. semidefinite relaxation detector). Algoritmerna analyseras i denna avhandling matematiskt genom att införa förenklande antaganden som är relevanta och applicerbara för de kommunikationsproblem som är av intesse. Den första algoritmen, sfäravkodaren, löser dessa detektionsproblem på ett optimalt sätt i betydelsen att den minimerar sannolikheten för att detektorn fattar ett felaktigt beslut rörande det sända meddelandet (symbolvektorn). Också vad gäller algoritmens komplexitet har simuleringar visat att den är oväntat låg, åtminstone vid höga signalbrusförhållanden (SNR). Trots att det är allmänt känt att algoritmen i sämsta fall har exponentiell komplexitet så har detta lett till den allmänt spridda uppfattningen att medelkomplexiteten (eller den förväntade komplexiteten) endast är polynomisk vid höga signalbrusförhållanden. Ett av huvudbidragen i denna avhandling är att visa att denna uppfattning är felaktig och att också medelkomplexiteten växer exponentiellt i antalet symboler som simultant detekteras. Ytterligare ett bidrag ligger i att ge en alternativ förklaring till den observerat låga medelkomplexiteten. Det visas att den exponentiella hastighet med vilken komplexiteten växer beror på signalbrusförhållande, och att den är låg för höga SNR. Den andra algoritmen, den semidefinita relaxeringsdetektorn, erbjuder polynomisk komplexitet vid en något högre felsannolikhet. Intressant nog har dock felsannolikheten tidigare, genom simuleringar, visat sig vara endast marginellt högre än felsannolikheten hos den optimala mottagaren. Bidraget som relaterar till den semidefinita relaxeringsmottagaren ligger i att både förklara och i att ge en specifik kvatifierbar mening åt uttalandet att felsannolikheten endast är marginellt högre. I syfte att åstadkomma detta studeras diversitetsordningen för detektorn, och det bevisas att diversitetsordningen för den semidefinita relaxeringsdetektorn är densamma som för den optimala mottagaren. Utöver detta karakteriseras också de krav som måste uppfyllas för att den detektorn skall finna den optimala lösningen. / QC 20100901

Jürgen Habermas’ The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere has been described as outdated and incompatible with 21st century democracies. Among other things, Habermas’ initial formulation excluded the state from the public sphere. Recently, a revised model of the public sphere has emerged that positions the state and other law-making bodies at its centre. Although some theorists have embraced this revised model, others continue to exclude the state or oversimplify its role. While some research has examined how parliaments fit into this revised model, no research has been published on this in a Canadian context. This thesis attempts to fill this gap by answering the research question: Does the Canadian House of Commons constitute a form of the public sphere? To answer this question, the Canadian House of Commons is explored along three dimensions of the public sphere – structure, representation, and interaction. This system of classification conforms to the essential function and institutional criteria of classical theory and also accounts for revised models of the public sphere. Ultimately, this work argues that the Canadian House of Commons satisfies the structural and representational dimensions of the public sphere. Its interactional dimension, however, is found to be inconsistent with public sphere theory due to a lack of real deliberation and the pervasiveness of party politics.

Jürgen Habermas’ The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere has been described as outdated and incompatible with 21st century democracies. Among other things, Habermas’ initial formulation excluded the state from the public sphere. Recently, a revised model of the public sphere has emerged that positions the state and other law-making bodies at its centre. Although some theorists have embraced this revised model, others continue to exclude the state or oversimplify its role. While some research has examined how parliaments fit into this revised model, no research has been published on this in a Canadian context. This thesis attempts to fill this gap by answering the research question: Does the Canadian House of Commons constitute a form of the public sphere? To answer this question, the Canadian House of Commons is explored along three dimensions of the public sphere – structure, representation, and interaction. This system of classification conforms to the essential function and institutional criteria of classical theory and also accounts for revised models of the public sphere. Ultimately, this work argues that the Canadian House of Commons satisfies the structural and representational dimensions of the public sphere. Its interactional dimension, however, is found to be inconsistent with public sphere theory due to a lack of real deliberation and the pervasiveness of party politics.

No description available.

In this study, we used different ways to synthetize four-coordinate zinc(II) and nickel(II) complexes with optically active Schiff base offering N2S2 coordination, i.e. N,N'-Bis(2-thiobenzylidene)-l,2-(R,R)cycholhexyl- enediaminatozinc(II) (1) and N,N'-Bis(2-thiobenzylidene)-l,2-(R,R)cychol- hexylenediaminatonickel(II) (2). We obtained the crystal structure of 2 and the pyridine adduct of 1, N,N'-Bis(2-thiobenzylidene)-l,2-(R,R)cycholhexylenediaminopyridylzinc(II) (1¡DPy). Coordination geometry around Zn atom in 1¡DPy is a distorted trigonal bipyramid. These structures were compared with the N2O2 stuctural analogues reported in the literature. We hope these chiral complexes can make contribution to the enzyme model studies in the future.

After 1978, China caught up the trend of globalization, the internet was also raised in China. China started to develop the internet in end of 1980. Until 1994, the internet was developed rapidly. With the development of the internet, the relationship between state and society in China had the different situation, which made the influence with Chinese political development. There had been some situations which couldn¡¦t be reported, it can be happened in the public sphere. Since then, the Chinese government noticed the power of the internet, and started to develop and interact, that can help the Chinese government to realize the comment from people. And the internet also helps people to convey their voice to everywhere. Therefore the development of internet helps improvements of civil society and democracy in China as well. This caused a threat to the Chinese government; the Chinese government used various skills to control the internet. When Google entered in China, it also has to follow the rules in China. It had had to delete and filter the searching results; this made Google to decide to leave Chinese market, and also made the international world to concern the internet control in China. This research used Google as a case study to discuss the internet control and the influence of public opinions on internet in China. This research also used the state-society as the theory to observe the transformer of society-society relationship in China.

This dissertation examines the Hunt circle's public activities and its historical significance in terms of public-sphere theory proposed by Jurgen Harbermas. Recent studies on Romantic literature have attended to how Romantic writers' literary practices were conditioned upon their contemporary history, as opposed to the traditional notion of Romanticism based on an affirmation of individual creativity. Although these studies meaningfully highlight the historicity inherent in seemingly individualistic Romantic texts, they have frequently failed to assess the way in which this historicity of Romantic texts is connected to Romantic writers' own will to engage with public issues by placing too much emphasis on how history determines individuals' activities. In this sense, the notion of public sphere offers a productive theoretical framework by which to read the historicity of Romantic literature without disavowing an individual writer's role in historical proceedings, since it underscores a historical process in which a communal interaction between individuals constitutes a progress of history. By focusing on this significance of public-sphere theory, this dissertation suggests that the Hunt circle, whose members' communal literary practices were aimed at achieving the public good in the tumultuous post-Napoleonic era, serves as a model of this process-based historical theorization. Chapter I examines the significance of public-sphere theory in assessing how the Hunt circle engaged in its contemporary history. Chapter II elucidates the nature of the public sphere that Leigh Hunt's and his circle's activities created and discusses the problems that this public sphere faced in the historical context of the early nineteenth century. Chapter III shows how the Hunt circle exposed a sense of anxiety and instability in the face of the commercialized literary public sphere by examining John Keats's literary practices. Chapter IV highlights Percy Bysshe Shelley's public ideal which aimed for a unified and inclusive public sphere beyond class boundaries and traces how this ideal was frustrated in the ensuing historical proceedings. Chapter V deals with the final phase of the Hunt circle and its disintegration by observing the ways in which Mary Shelley memorialized the Hunt circle for the feminized reading public of the Victorian period. By illuminating the nature of the Hunt circle's activities for the public, this dissertation ultimately aims to reassess how literary intellectuals in the Romantic period struggled to sustain the traditional calling of men of letters in their contemporary public sphere.

This thesis concerns about the hidden problems of public sphere in contemporary society. Through social thinker, Zygmunt Bauman¡¦s liquid modernity theory, we can make sense for this topics,and uses Zygmunt Bauman¡¦s liquid modernity theory as the basis for analyzing.My basic proposition is that the public sphere is now in the predicament as the transition of modernity, and faces new challenges. Briefly speaking, the act of translating private troubles into public issues is in danger of falling into disuse and being forgotten. I primarily sum up three major causes to this situation: the forces of individualization, globalization, and consumption behavior of capitalism. I hope this research can help we think about public sphere issues and strengthen the awareness of the obligations of citizens and importance of their participating.

The aims of this research are to design an experimental testing mechanism and process for measuring the scattering strength and the pattern induced by an underwater target. The experimental data are to compare with existing theoretical results to insure the integrity of experimental design. The experiment is conducted in a water tank of dimension 1.8 m x 1.8 m x 1 m. The main work is to measure the sound field scattered by a copper sphere of diameter 60mm. There is one type of directive source employed in this analysis: 192 kHz iTP-192k transducer as the receiver and projector. The transducer transmits sine waves with the pulse duration roughly equal to 0.143 msec (equivalent to 64 waves). The scattering field theory is based on the formulation developed by Hickling (JASA, 1962, pp.1582-1592). In order to get more precise measurement results, this research designs a high strength and accurate mechanism with a ball-ring and aluminum workpieces. The mechanism can be used to measure target scattering signals circularly with same radius. The experimental process has demonstrated that it is more difficult to measure the forward scattering field than the backward scattering field, due to the fact that the forward scattering field is likely to be mingled with the direct waves. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results shows that the discrepancy in the backward scattering sector is within 3 to 4 dB; however, generally speaking, the variation of the curves show a good agreement. These results indicate that the design of this experiment is basically practicable, and with further improvements, it could be applied to measure other underwater targets. As a whole, the thesis is composed by basic theory deduction, experimental instrumentation, mechanism design, and experiment data analysis. The emphases place on the design and observation of the scattering experiment, data analysis, and further improvement.The aims of this research are to design an experimental testing mechanism and process for measuring the scattering strength and the pattern induced by an underwater target. The experimental data are to compare with existing theoretical results to insure the integrity of experimental design. The experiment is conducted in a water tank of dimension 1.8 m x 1.8 m x 1 m. The main work is to measure the sound field scattered by a copper sphere of diameter 60mm. There is one type of directive source employed in this analysis: 192 kHz iTP-192k transducer as the receiver and projector. The transducer transmits sine waves with the pulse duration roughly equal to 0.143 msec (equivalent to 64 waves). The scattering field theory is based on the formulation developed by Hickling (JASA, 1962, pp.1582-1592). In order to get more precise measurement results, this research designs a high strength and accurate mechanism with a ball-ring and aluminum workpieces. The mechanism can be used to measure target scattering signals circularly with same radius. The experimental process has demonstrated that it is more difficult to measure the forward scattering field than the backward scattering field, due to the fact that the forward scattering field is likely to be mingled with the direct waves. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results shows that the discrepancy in the backward scattering sector is within 3 to 4 dB; however, generally speaking, the variation of the curves show a good agreement. These results indicate that the design of this experiment is basically practicable, and with further improvements, it could be applied to measure other underwater targets. As a whole, the thesis is composed by basic theory deduction, experimental instrumentation, mechanism design, and experiment data analysis. The emphases place on the design and observation of the scattering experiment, data analysis, and further improvement.