Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Departamento de Economia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-04T18:17:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_YuriChagasLopes.pdf: 684598 bytes, checksum: 434646b48ec1bfb88c6f153dac3e2005 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-11T16:39:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_YuriChagasLopes.pdf: 684598 bytes, checksum: 434646b48ec1bfb88c6f153dac3e2005 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-11T16:39:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_YuriChagasLopes.pdf: 684598 bytes, checksum: 434646b48ec1bfb88c6f153dac3e2005 (MD5) / Lideranças femininas tendem a ser pior avaliadas mesmo quando há evidências de que sejam tão efetivas quanto lideranças masculinas. A existência deste forte viés eleitoral é a principal justificativa para a grande diversidade de cotas de gênero atualmente em vigor. Utilizando a base de dados disponibilizada por Beaman et al. (2009) e a metodologia de Miguel e Kremer (2004), ampliam-se os principais resultados sobre as reservas políticas indianas para mulheres sobre participação eleitoral feminina e viés contra lideranças femininas, considerando possíveis efeitos de spillover. Os resultados encontrados indicam que apesar de não serem constatados efeitos de spillover sobre a participação feminina em eleições irrestritas, percebe-se que a política de reservas políticas para mulheres é capaz de reduzir vieses de eleitores masculinos mesmo quando estes nunca tenham sido expostos diretamente a lideranças femininas, por meio da proximidade com vilarejos vizinhos que tenham sido previamente reservados. / Female leaderships are usually worse evaluated even when there is evidence showing they are as effective as male leaderships. This strong voting bias is the main explanation for the vast diversity of gender quotas nowadays. Using the dataset made available by Beaman et al. (2009) and the methodology by Miguel and Kremer (2004), we expand the main findings about the impact of the Indian political reservations for women on female political participation and the bias against female leaderships, accounting for possible spillover effects. Our findings suggest that even though we found no spillover effects on female participation in unrestricted elections, political reservations for women could reduce male villager’s bias even when they have never been directly exposed to female leaderships, due to the proximity with neighboring villages that had been previously reserved.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Economia, Mestrado em Economia do Setor Público, 2014. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2014-10-21T10:47:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_VitorLimaCarneiro.pdf: 3240046 bytes, checksum: 1251c7c859aec9138a2eb128034487f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-11-14T12:30:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_VitorLimaCarneiro.pdf: 3240046 bytes, checksum: 1251c7c859aec9138a2eb128034487f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-14T12:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_VitorLimaCarneiro.pdf: 3240046 bytes, checksum: 1251c7c859aec9138a2eb128034487f2 (MD5) / O trabalho testa a existência de interação estratégica entre os gastos municipais motivados por spillover. Para tanto, foram estimadas as curvas de reação para dez categorias de despesa utilizando o método Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares (GS2SLS), uma alternativa à estimação por Máxima Verossimilhança. Dada a simplicidade das hipóteses do modelo de spillover orçamentário, foi possível testar a ocorrência de interação estratégica usando dados em corte transversal para o ano de 2012 – a base mais recente disponível à época da publicação deste trabalho. Os resultados indicaram que as curvas de reação são relevantes e positivamente inclinadas para nove entre dez tipos de serviços públicos, indicando relação de complementaridade entre despesas de municípios próximos. Com relação à intensidade dos coeficientes de interação, sua maior magnitude parece estar relacionada ao maior poder discricionário do governo local. Assim, depreende-se que existe maior liberdade para se efetuar mudanças nos dispêndios com Cultura e Segurança Pública, em face da elevada magnitude no coeficiente de interação. Por outro lado, despesas com Educação, Saúde e Administração Pública são pouco reativas a mudanças dos municípios vizinhos, em virtude da existência de restrições legais que limitam o poder de manobrar essas variáveis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This work tests for the presence of strategic interaction in municipal spendings motivated by spillover. To accomplish this goal, the reaction functions of ten spending categories were estimated by Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares (GS2SLS), an alternative to Maximum Likelihood method. Given the simplicity of the assumptions of the budget spillover model, it was possible to test the existence of strategic interaction using cross-sectional data for the year 2012 - the latest available basis at the time of this publication. The results showed that reaction functions are relevant and positively sloped to nine of ten categories of public services, indicating complementarity relationship between expenditure in neighboring municipalities. With regard to the intensity of the interaction coefficients, higher values seems to be related to greater discretionary power of local government. Thus, it follows that there is more freedom to make changes in expenditures for Culture and Public Safety, due to the sizeable magnitude of the interaction coefficient. On the other hand, expenditure on Education, Health and Public Administration are poorly responsive to changes in neighboring municipalities, because of the existence of legal restrictions that limit the power to manipulate these variables.

Submitted by Suethene Souza (suethene.souza@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-13T17:23:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Ricardo Carvalho Lima.pdf: 947052 bytes, checksum: 72070ab576faf719199a80d1bbf4ae7b (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Ricardo Carvalho Lima.pdf: 947052 bytes, checksum: 72070ab576faf719199a80d1bbf4ae7b (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / O objetivo do trabalho é identificar os determinantes do crescimento econômico e analisar a dinâmica de renda considerando um painel de 1970-2010 com 522 microrregiões brasileiras. Tendo como base o modelo teórico de Mankiw-Romer-Weil com a expansão espacial proposta por Ertur e Koch (2006), emprega-se um Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) com efeitos-fixos, uma estratégia empírica que considera simultaneamente a dependência espacial e as heterogeneidades específicas de cada economia. Soma-se a isso a estimação dos impactos diretos e impactos indiretos (spillovers) dos determinantes do crescimento regional. Os resultados indicam uma forte dependência espacial entre as microrregiões brasileiras, além disso, há evidências que mostram que tanto o investimento em capital físico quanto o investimento em capital humano importam não só para o crescimento da própria economia, como também para o crescimento de economias vizinhas.

No description available.

No / A two-step modelling strategy is applied to a panel of 5,861 foreign-invested and 7,697 indigenous Chinese firms for the period 1998¿2001 to investigate whether export spillovers may represent a mechanism underpinning Dunning¿s Trade Development Path hypothesis. ¿ Such spillovers are found, and the results emphasize the importance of a wide spectrum of spillover channels involving labour mobility, spatial agglomeration, technological imitation and the diffusion of exporting experience. ¿ Multinational enterprises in China positively affect local Chinese firms¿ exports through various spillover channels, and inward FDI brings significant, indirect spillovers.

Yes / We examine the process of inflation transmission among GIIPS countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and Germany. Our findings suggest that inflation spillovers have increased since 2001. We also find that peripheral economies are (dis‐)inflation transmitters to the core. This finding is significant for policy formulation, given the very low inflation environment that currently exists in the Euro area and the macroeconomic implications that arise from this.

Aborder le thème de l’attractivité des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) relève d’une préoccupation essentielle pour la Tunisie. Depuis les années 1970, les IDE sont devenus un vecteur clef dans la croissance du pays, en témoignent les différentes mesures législatives et réglementaires qui ont été prises afin de préparer un cadre attractif pour les investisseurs. Cependant, au regard des efforts consentis et des avantages accordés, les résultats sont plutôt décevants et restent loin des attentes. Dés lors, il est intéressant d’étudier les déterminants des IDE en Tunisie et leurs effets sur l’économie locale en particulier sur la croissance économique. A cette fin le capital humain est mis au cœur du mécanisme en analysant son impact sur la croissance et la manière dont il interagit avec les flux d’IDE. C’est autour de cette thématique que notre thèse est axée. L’analyse statistique et économétrique menée au cours de ce travail montre que durant les deux dernières décennies, les IDE en Tunisie s’expliquent par la réalisation des projets ponctuels de prospections pétrolières et des opérations de privatisation de grandes entreprises publiques. Ce sont principalement les secteurs rentiers (hydrocarbures) et les opérations non reconductibles de privatisation qui ont attiré le plus d’IDE, alors que les IDE manufacturiers restent toujours polarisés par le textile et l’habillement. Il apparaît aussi, que l’IDE, hors énergie et privatisations, est faible. De plus, ces opérations n’ont pas déclenché une dynamique d’entrée d’IDE dans ces secteurs. Pour conclure, les résultats attestent clairement de l’effet peu significatif de l’évolution des flux d’IDE et des taux de scolarisation (capital humain) sur la croissance économique en Tunisie. Il ressort aussi que les IDE pris isolément affectent positivement la croissance mais sans crée autant des externalités positives (effets spillovers). / Addressing the issue of the attractiveness of foreign direct investment is a major concern for countries like Tunisia. Since the 1970s, the attractiveness of FDI became a key variable in the country’s economic growth, as shown by the adoption of different legislative and regulatory measures meant to create a favorable environment for investors. However, given the amount of efforts invested and benefits granted, the results come across as being pretty disappointing and all remain far from the goals and hopes initially raised. In this context, it is interesting to study the FDI determinants in Tunisia and their impact on the local economy especially in terms of national growth. To this end, we will focus on the important role played by the human capital, its effects on growth and the way it interacts with the flows of FDI. The core of the thesis will indeed revolve around this theme. The statistical and econometric analysis undertaken in the dissertation will show that for the past two decades, FDI in Tunisia have been the result of a few oil exploration projects and privatization of big public companies. It is mainly the annuitant sector (hydrocarbon) and the non-renewable privatization projects that have attracted the most FDI, whereas industrial FDI remain polarized by the textile-Apparel industries. It also appears that, privatizations and energy sector set aside, FDI remain weak. Not only that, these operations have not triggered a dynamic input on FDI for these sectors. In conclusion, the results clearly prove that progress in FDI and school enrollment ratio (human capital) in Tunisia has had little effect on the Tunisian economic growth. It also has been brought to our attention that, taken alone, FDI have a positive impact on growth; however they fail to create spillover effects.

The empirical literature in economic geography has recently dealt with two fundamental questions, whether growth or innovation is spatially bounded or not and how far the economic growth is determined by knowledge. In this thesis, relations between economic growth and knowledge relation is discussed from spatial spillovers perspective with the help of spatial econometric techniques. Adding city-region discussion to the existing literature, the thesis aims to evaluate the economic growth and knowledge spillovers from a broader perspective. The selected cases are two dynamic and rapidly transforming centers, namely izmir and Antalya City-regions and the results suggest the strong relevance of proximity effects and spillovers in both of the cases. Moreover, the analyses show that growth and knowledge spillovers operate in opposite directions rather than a parallel pattern as expected in Knowledge Based Economy discussions.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles les politiques d’attraction des IDE des pays en voie de développement impactent leur niveau de croissance. Le cadre théorique est celui des nouveaux modèles de croissance endogène et le cadre empirique, celui de la Tunisie sur la période 1970-2009. Nous estimons un modèle composé de six équations simultanées reflétant la croissance de l’économie tunisienne. Ce modèle permet d’un côté d’évaluer l’impact des IDE sur le processus de croissance et de définir les conditions nécessaires qui assurent un bon fonctionnement des spillovers, et, d’un autre côté, de définir les facteurs déterminants des IDE localisés en Tunisie.Nous montrons notamment la nécessité pour la Tunisie de posséder une aptitude technologique et des ressources en capital humain qui conditionnent l’assimilation du savoir-faire et des technologies développées ailleurs. Nous mettons également en évidence l’importance d’autres facteurs liés notamment à l’environnement des affaires au sein d’un pays hôte. Ces différents facteurs assurent un bon fonctionnement des spillovers, qui en tant que canaux de transmission garantissent une croissance soutenue. Les pays en voie de développement devraient donc concentrer leurs efforts sur l’amélioration des politiques d’attraction des IDE et leur capacité d’absorption afin d’établir un environnement plus favorable à leur développement. / The objective of this PhD is to determine the main conditions under which attractive FDI policies of developing countries can impact their growth level. The theoretical framework belongs to the new endogenous growth models. The empirical framework is the case of Tunisia during the period 1970-2009. We consider a model of six simultaneous equations reflecting the growth of the Tunisian economy. First, this model assesses the impact of FDI on the growth process and permits us to establish the necessary conditions which ensure positive effects of spillovers. Second, we define the determinants of FDI located in Tunisia.In particular, we exhibit the need for Tunisia to develop technological capabilities and human capital resources that affect the conditions to assimilate knowledge’s and technologies from outside. We also highlight the importance of some other factors including the business environment in the host country. These factors ensure that spillovers are efficient transmission channels in order to obtain sustained growth. The developing countries should therefore focus their efforts on improving the attraction of FDI policies and their absorption capacity with the view to create a more favourable environment for their development.

La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de l’émergence récente de nouveaux acteurs sur le marché des brevets, à savoir les entreprises non productrices, qui acquièrent des brevets sans intention de produire un bien final. D’une part, les chasseurs de brevets cherchent à acquérir des brevets en vue de les monétiser par la menace d'action en contrefaçon de brevet. D’autre part, les agrégateurs défensifs acquièrent des brevets afin de protéger leurs entreprises clientes contre des litiges initiés par les chasseurs de brevets. Nous analysons le comportement stratégique de ces nouveaux intermédiaires dans le processus d'acquisition de brevets et mettons en évidence l'aptitude supérieure des chasseurs de brevets quant au rachat de brevets par rapport aux producteurs. Ensuite, nous examinons l'efficacité du mécanisme de protection proposé par les agrégateurs défensifs contre la menace des chasseurs de brevets envers les producteurs. Enfin, la dernière partie étudie l’impact des spillovers unidirectionnels dans le contexte des modèles de R&D dans lesquels des firmes à priori identiques investissent dans une innovation réductrice de coût puis sont en concurrence à la Cournot sur le marché des produits. Nous analysons comment les spillovers unidirectionnels et deterministes induisent de l'hétérogénéité entre les firmes dans la concurrence sur le marché des produits, et examinons l'effet de l'incertitude quant à l'appropriation des investissements en R&D sur les incitations des firmes à investir en R&D. / The first part of this thesis studies the recent emergence of new actors in the market for patents, namely, non-practicing entities, who acquire patents with no aim to use them to produce a final good. On the one hand, patent assertion entities seek to acquire patents so as to monetize them through the threat of litigation for patent infringement. On the other hand, defensive aggregators acquire patents to provide safety from litigation brought by patent trolls to their affiliated firms. We analyze the strategic behavior of non-practicing entities in the patent acquisition process and highlight patent assertion entities' greater ability to preempt patents as compared to producing firms. Then, we examine the effectiveness of defensive aggregators to protect firms against litigation brought by patent assertion entities. Finally, the last part instead studies the effects of one-way spillovers in the context of non-tournament models of R&D in which ex-ante identical firms engage in cost-reducing innovation and then compete à la Cournot in the product market. We analyze how a deterministic unidirectional spillover process induces heterogeneity across firms in the product market competition, and examine the impact of uncertainty about the appropriability of R&D investments on incentives to undertake R&D.