The optimization of the spinning process and adjustment of the machine settings involve “Trial and Error” method resulting in the wasting of production time and material. This situation becomes worse in the spinning mills where the speed and material changes are frequent. This research includes the use of artificial neural networks to provide the thinking ability to the spinning machines to improve the yarn spinning process. Draw frame, being the central part of the spinning preparation chain and last machine to rectify the variations in the fed slivers is the main focus of the research work. Artificial neural network have been applied to the leveling action point at auto-leveler draw frame and search range of leveling action point has been considerably reduced. Moreover, the sliver and yarn characteristics have been predicted on the basis of draw frame settings using the artificial neural networks. The results of present research work can help the spinning industry in the direction of limiting of “Trial and Error” method, reduction of waste and cutting down the time losses associated with the optimizing of machines. As a vision for the future research work the concept of intelligent spinning machines has also been proposed. / Die Optimierung des Spinnprozesses und die Maschineneinstellung erfolgen häufig mittels „Trial und Error“-Methoden, die mit einem hohen Aufwand an Produktionszeit und Material einhergehen. Diese Situation ist für Spinnereien, in denen häufige Wechsel des eingesetzten Materials oder der Produktionsgeschwindigkeit nötig sind, besonders ungünstig. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt das Potenzial Neuronaler Netze, um die Spinnmaschine zum „Denken“ zu befähigen und damit die Garnherstellung effektiver zu machen. Die Strecke ist der zentrale Teil der Spinnereivorbereitungskette und bietet die letzte Möglichkeit, Inhomogenitäten im Faserband zu beseitigen. Der Fokus der Arbeit richtet sich deshalb auf diese Maschine. Künstlich Neuronale Netze werden an der Strecke zur Bestimmung des Regeleinsatzpunktes genutzt, womit eine beträchtliche Reduzierung des Aufwands für die korrekte Festlegung des Regeleinsatzpunkts erreicht wird. Darüber hinaus können mit Hilfe der Neuronalen Netze die Band- und Garneigenschaften auf Basis der Streckeneinstellungen vorausbestimmt werden. Die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit machen „Trial und Error“-Methoden überflüssig, reduzieren den Ausschuss und verringern die Zeitverluste bei der Maschinenoptimierung. Als Zukunftsvision wird eine Konzeption für intelligente Spinnmaschinen vorgestellt.

Um die wirtschaftliche Relevanz und die Flexibilität des Formdrückens zu erweitern, ist ein Maschinen- und Steuerungskonzept entwickelt worden, dass auch die Herstellung von nichtrotationssymmetrischen Bauteilen erlaubt. Neben experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Verfahrensentwicklung wurde ebenfalls eine numerische Verfahrensoptimierung des neu entwickelten Prozesses „Unrunddrücken“ durchgeführt, um unrunde Bauteile falten- und rissfrei sowie mit geringer Blechdickenreduktion herstellen zu können. In ersten experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden die technologischen Haupteinflussgrößen auf die Versagensformen Falten- und Rissbildung sowie die Blechausdünung ermittelt. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen ist ein kalibriertes Simulationsmodell erarbeitet worden, mit dem es möglich ist, das Prozessverständnis zu erhöhen und somit die Versagensfälle ganzheitlich über den Prozess zu betrachten. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden genutzt, um Optimierungsmaßnahmen für das Unrunddrücken abzuleiten. Es konnte experimentell nachgewiesen werden, dass sowohl die Falten- und Rissbildung als auch die Blechdickenreduktion durch die Optimierungsmaßnahmen deutlich reduziert werden können. Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelte Verfahren des Unrunddrückens stellt einen effizienten, kostengünstigen und vor allem flexiblen Fertigungsprozess für die Herstellung von nichtrotationssymmetrischen Bauteilen mit nahezu konstantem Blechdickenverlauf dar.

Produktionen av textila fibrer ökar varje år och domineras idag av bomull och polyester. Denna industri innebär en stor miljöpåverkan, inte bara genom användandet av kemikalier tidigt i värdekedjan utan även utsläpp vid transport av råvaror och textila produkter över långa sträckor. Ett alternativ till denna globala värdekedja, och ett steg mot en mer förnyelsebar textilindustri, är att i större utsträckning utnyttja de lokalt producerade råvaror som i dagsläget förbises. Idag slängs ca 54% av den ull som årligen produceras i Sverige. Flera projekt för att använda mer av den svenska ullen, bland annat Swedish Wool Initiative, har genomförts. Detta har resulterat i att ett par olika företag har börjat sälja plagg av svensk ull, men då grövre stickade plagg. Här finns en kunskapslucka kring hur tunna garn och sedermera tyg som kan tillverkas och hur deras egenskaper skiljer sig från garn och tyg av importerad merinoull. Detta arbete jämför därför svensk jämtlandsull och finull med importerad merinoull genom karakterisering av fibrer, garn och tyg. Testerna visar att fibrerna av jämtlandsull har större diameter och kortare längd än de andra sorterna, men det färdiga garnet visade ingen signifikant skillnad i styrka utan alla tre hade en styrka kring 3-4 cN/tex. Garnet av finull kunde inte användas till stickning då det var för ojämnt och hade för stor variation i styrka. Av jämtlands- och merinogarnen producerades stickade tyger med en kvadratmetervikt kring 270 g/m2. Arbetet visade således att den svenska finullen inte lämpar sig för produktion av finstickade plagg. Dock har jämtlandsullen potential att användas i något grövre plagg än det väldigt tunna tyget som var arbetets målbild. Detta då garnet av jämtlandsull hade väldigt lika egenskaper som det av merinoull. / The production of textile fibres increases each year and is today dominated by cotton and polyester. This industry causes a large environmental impact, not only through the use of chemicals early in the values chain but also emissions from transports of raw materials and textile products over long distances. An alternative to this global value chain, and a step towards a more renewable textile industry, is to a greater extent use locally produces raw materials that currently are overlooked. Today, about 54% of the wool produced in Sweden is thrown away. Several projects aimed to increase the use of the wool have been done, for example Swedish Wool Initiative. This resulted in a couple of companies starting to sell garments made of Swedish wool, but only coarser knitted garments. Here a knowledge gap exists around how thin yarns and subsequently fabrics that can be produced and how their characteristics differ from the ones of yarn and fabric made of imported Merino wool. Therefore, this study compares wool from the Swedish Jämtlands sheep and Finulls sheep with imported merino wool through characterization of fibres, yarn, and fabric. The tests showed that the fibres from the Jämtlands sheep have a larger diameter and shorter length than the other fibres, but the final yarn didn’t show any significant difference in strength. All three yarns had a strength around 3-4 cN/tex. The yarn made from the wool from the Finull sheep was not possible to knit because of irregularities and variation in strength. The yarn made from Merino and Jämtlands wool was knitted into fabrics with a square metre weight of about 270 g/ 2 m . Thus, the work shows that wool from the Finull sheep isn’t suited for production of fine knitted clothing. The Jämtlands wool on the other hand, has potential to be used in slightly coarser garments than the very thin ones that was the aim of this work. This is thought possible because of the similar characteristics between the yarn made from Merino wool and the one made from Jämtlands wool.

Carbon fiber (CF) is predominantly produced from fossil-based sources and is therefore an area of interest for further development towards a more sustainable society. The purpose of this thesis work was to investigate the possibility of producing precursor fibers (PFs) for CF production from a blend of renewable cellulose andlignin. Cellulose, which is used to some extent for CF production, was chosen, while the possibility of adding lignin was investigated in hope of increasing the gravimetric yield of the CF production. Blends of softwood kraft cellulose pulp (SKP) and softwood kraft lignin (SKL) were dissolved in an alkaline (NaOH) solvent system at different cellulose/lignin ratios. A total of eight dopes were prepared (SKP/SKL ratios of 100/0–60/40 wt./wt.) with total dope concentrations ranging from 4.5 wt.% to 9.2 wt.%. The addition of SKL resulted in dark colored dopes with viscosities of which mainly appeared to depend on the SKP concentration. The dopes were wet spun, resulting in continuously spun PFs. The PFs showed on an increasing pyrolysis yield with increased SKL content but decreasing mechanical properties. However, process optimization was not included in the work, subsequently leading to the assumption that greater values on mechanical properties can be achieved. A pure SKP PF and a SKP-SKL (70/30 wt./wt.) PF were successfully thermally converted into CFs by carbonization at 1000 °C. The PF containing SKL had a total gravimetric yield more than twice as high as the pure SKP PF, 28 wt.% and 12 wt.%, respectively. Thereby, the addition of SKL seems to have a positive impact on the CF yield when utilizing a NaOH(aq) solvent system. This thesis work has become a base for the future work towards the development of CFs from wet spun cellulose-lignin PFs in the NaOH(aq) solvent system.

Polymeric fibres influence our everyday life in numerous aspects; the area of applications ranges from industrial to everyday commodities, textile and non-textile. As the global demand for the polymeric fibres increases rapidly, new innovative classes of fibres and the manufacturing processes are sought after. This thesis develops an approach to produce fine cell structure and low void fraction foams, which is then used in the manufacturing of lightweight, biodegradable foam fibres. Poly (lactic) acid-clay nanocomposite have been foamed with nitrogen and drawn to different melt draw ratio to produce foam fibres. The foam fibres are then characterized for crystallinity, Young’s modulus and the yield stress. While the drawability of foam has been demonstrated, the crystallinity as well as the mechanical properties of the foam fibres are not drastically enhanced by drawing, as would be expected. Further drawing processes of the as-spun foam fibres are recommended.

Polymeric fibres influence our everyday life in numerous aspects; the area of applications ranges from industrial to everyday commodities, textile and non-textile. As the global demand for the polymeric fibres increases rapidly, new innovative classes of fibres and the manufacturing processes are sought after. This thesis develops an approach to produce fine cell structure and low void fraction foams, which is then used in the manufacturing of lightweight, biodegradable foam fibres. Poly (lactic) acid-clay nanocomposite have been foamed with nitrogen and drawn to different melt draw ratio to produce foam fibres. The foam fibres are then characterized for crystallinity, Young’s modulus and the yield stress. While the drawability of foam has been demonstrated, the crystallinity as well as the mechanical properties of the foam fibres are not drastically enhanced by drawing, as would be expected. Further drawing processes of the as-spun foam fibres are recommended.

Title: The formation of algic zones on hands while riding a spinning bike Objectives: The aim of the work is verification of changes of nociception in pre-defined points in the cyclists hands during one hour's spinning lesson. Methods: A total of 13 participants (9 female, 4 male), aged between 20-50 years old, took part in this study. First personal data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Subsequently, the pain threshold in the palms and palmar sides of the fingers of both hands was measured using algometer Algometer type II, from the company Somedic Sales AB. The acquired data was then statistically evaluated and compared by Pearson correlation quotient and analysis of variance ANOVA. A comparison of the pain treshold before and after the spinning lesson, related to gender, dominant and non-dominant hand and the age of participants, was eventually carried out. Results: After an hour of spinning had occured, in all measured points there was a reduction in pain threshold with an average of 12.83%. This change was the same in all of the measured points, which means that there was no overloading of one hand or any group of the points. The statistical evaluation has shown, that the change of the pain threshold is not dependent on the gender of the participants, and it is not statistically...

The motion of a test particle in the Schwarzschild background models the merger of a compact object binary with extremely different masses known in the literature as Extreme Mass Ratio Inspiral. In the simplest geodesic approxima- tion, this motion is integrable and there is no chaos. When one takes the spin of the smaller body into account, integrability is broken and prolonged resonances along with chaotic orbits appear. By employing the methods of Poincaré surface of section, rotation number and recurrence analysis we show for the first time that there is chaos for astrophysically relevant spin values. We propose a uni- versal method of measuring widths of resonances in perturbations of geodesic motion in the Schwarzschild spacetime using action-angle-like variables. We ap- ply this novel method to demonstrate that one of the most prominent resonances is driven by second order in spin terms by studying its growth, supporting the expectation that chaos will not play a dominant role in Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals. Last but not least, we compute gravitational waveforms in the time- domain and establish that they carry information on the motion's dynamics. In particular, we show that the time series of the gravitational wave strain can be used to discern regular from chaotic motion of the source. 1

La mise en œuvre des réacteurs nucléaires du futur nécessite des températures de fonctionnement élevées sous flux de neutrons. Parmi les candidats envisagés pour les matériaux de structure et de gainage du combustible, les composites à matrice céramique de type SiCf/SiCm présentent un potentiel élevé. Dans ce cadre, les travaux de thèse ont consisté à étudier un procédé alternatif et innovant pour la réalisation de fibres de carbure de silicium, mettant en jeu le frittage de poudres de taille nanométrique.Une étude sur le frittage sans contrainte du SiC a été réalisée. Celle-ci a permis de définir des systèmes d’ajouts appropriés pour la densification et de maîtriser la microstructure du matériau final à partir (i) de l’analyse de l’influence des paramètres opératoires et (ii) du contrôle de la transition de phase SiC β  SiC α grâce à l’introduction d’éléments extérieurs.Des fibres « crues » SiC/polymère ont ensuite été élaborées par deux procédés de mise en forme : par extrusion d’une solution concentrée en polymère et chargée en nanopoudres et par filage et coagulation d’une suspension aqueuse de poudres nanométriques contenant un polymère hydrosoluble. Le frittage de ces dernières conduit à des fibres céramiques présentant un diamètre de l’ordre de cinquante micromètres. / Silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites (SiCf/SiCm) are of interest for high temperature applications in aerospace or nuclear components for their relatively high thermal conductivity and low activation under neutron irradiation. While most of silicon carbide fibers are obtained through the pyrolysis of a polycarbosilane precursor, sintering of silicon carbide nanopowders seems to be a promising route to explore.For this reason, pressureless sintering of SiC has been studied. Following the identification of appropriate sintering aids for the densification, optimization of the microstructure has been achieved through (i) the analysis of the influence of operating parameters and (ii) the control of the SiC β  SiC α phase transition. Green fibers have been obtained by two different processes involving the extrusion of SiC powder dispersion in polymer solution or the coagulation of a water-soluble polymer containing ceramic particles. Sintering of these green fibers led to fibers of around fifty microns in diameter.

A indústria têxtil tem sido responsável pela criação de novos materiais e pela busca de modernização dos seus processos. A utilização do pelo de poodle trata-se de uma alternativa para diminuir a quantidade de pelos descartados em pet shops, por meio da reciclagem desses resíduos. A coleta dos pelos deve seguir certas normas criadas pela Vigilância Sanitária, que obriga os pet shops a pagarem pelo seu descarte. A utilização desse pelo, além de criar a possibilidade de uma engenharia reversa, também permitiria um descarte mais útil e sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar procedimentos para verificar a viabilidade de utilização das fibras de pelo de poodle na fabricação de fios têxteis. As fibras de poodle foram coletadas na cidade de São Paulo e separadas em três lotes: claro, castanho e escuro. Visando simular as condições de mercado, parte dos três lotes de fibras foram homogeneizados, manualmente, em um único lote, que recebeu o nome de mescla. Através dos ensaios de microscopia das fibras de poodle, foi possível verificar a semelhança destas com a lã do carneiro. Para tornar possível a comparação entre as fibras, foram selecionadas no mercado dois tipos de lã 36s e 56s e realizados, nos seis tipos de fibras, os ensaios físicos de finura, módulo de Young, tenacidade e alongamento. A análise dos resultados foi feita utilizando as ferramentas estatísticas análise de variância (ANOVA), com intervalo de confiança de 95%, e o box plot. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade tanto do uso do pelo de poodle para a fabricação de fios têxteis, quanto da aplicação da metodologia proposta / The textile industry has been responsible for the creation of new materials and for the search for streamlining their processes. The use of the poodle hair is an alternative to reduce the amount of the dog hair discarded in pet stores, through recycling of the waste. The collection of this kind of waste must follow certain standards developed by the Health Surveillance, requiring the pet shops to pay for the disposal service. The use of this kind of dog hair, in addition to create the possibility of reverse engineering, would also provide a more useful and sustainable disposal of it. The aim of this paper is to present procedures to verify the feasibility of poodle hair fibers in the manufacture of textile yarn. The poodle fibers were collected in São Paulo and separated into three lots: clear, brown and dark. In order to simulate the market conditions, the three lots of fibers were homogenized by hand in a single batch, which was named mixture. Through microscopy testing of poodle fibers was possible to verify the similarity of these fibers with sheep\'s wool. To allow comparison between the fibers, two types of wool have been selected in the market 36\'s and 56\'s and it have been performed, on six types of fibers, the physical tests of fineness, Young\'s modulus, toughness and elongation. The analysis was conducted by using the statistical tools of analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a 95% confidence interval, and the box plot. The results indicate the feasibility of both the poodle hair for the manufacture of textile yarns, and the use of the proposed methodology