The purpose of this research is to examine the significance of, to use their own term, ladies' football in the context of shifting social values with regard to gender roles and the socialisation of working - class women c. 1916 - 1960. The thesis will focus on ladies' football in Lancashire and surrounding districts from the end of the First World War, to the beginnings of the second wave of feminism, which marked the end of an era for the sport. Firstly, it is important to explain the use of the term ladies' rather than women's football. The term ladies' football was imposed by the patriarchal structures from which it developed in order to feminise the game and distinguish it from male football. This was consented to by the players who did not wish to be considered 'mannish'. The term lasted until the 1960's, when women began to take control of their own game. The term 'girls' is my own term and is used to describe the age group of the majority of the players. This must not be confused with the terms girlish' or girly', which are often used in a derogatory manner to undermine women's sports. Ladies' football developed out of the circumstances of the First World War. As a result of the war women were thrown into male spheres in the home, work place and sports field. Munitions girls were encouraged play football and take part in athletic competitions as a morale boosting exercise to raise money for war related charities. This behaviour, although contrary to traditional gender roles, was approved by the establishment as part of the 'plucky heroine' ideology of munitions work. However, this was only a temporary sanctioning and in the drive to return to pre - war social forms, football was amongst the many male spheres women were expected to relinquish. However, despite ideological and legislative pressure, the sport continued as a subculture throughout the 1920's, 1930's and the period after the Second World War until the early 1960's, when it was eftectively reorganised into its present format. Despite its early success, ladies' football has received limited attention from academics. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the significance of ladies' football in terms of gender roles and the socialisation of working - class women in Lancashire. The thesis will address five salient themes starting with the development of the sport in munitions factories during the First World War. It will go on to explore the sporting 'entente cordiale' that developed as a result of international ladies' football matches arranged between Britain and France immediately after the war. Furthermore, the study will address how the popularity of such teams as Dick, Kerr's Ladies inspired women and girls from mining communities in the north - west and north - east to form their own teams for the duration of the 1921 Miners' lock - Out, in order to raise money to fund the pea - soup' kitchens that fed the miners' children. In 1921, the Football Association banned ladies' football from being played on its grounds, with devastating consequences for the game. The thesis looks closely at the social and political context of this decision and the pro - natalist ideology that governed attitudes towards women's sport until the 1960's. Ladies' football became a very important part of popular culture during and immediately after the the First World War and in the opinion of certain writers, the struggle with the Football Association represented women's struggles to maintain the social and economic advantages they had gained in other spheres. From 1921 - 1925, the 'football heroine' became a significant feature in popular sporting fiction for working - class girls. The thesis looks at the intent of this fiction, and evaluates its didactic role in informing young women about the importance of keeping hold of the rights and freedoms they had gained during the war. Finally, the study will conclude by asking the question: to what extent was ladies' football a victim of its own early success? By examining these salient themes, this thesis challenges notion that ladies' football was insignificant and explores a whole new area of hitherto unanswered questions with regard to working - class women's physical culture.

No description available.

This thesis is devoted to a closer comparison of Universities with an accreditation for physical education teaching in the Czech Republic. These Universities I compare in four basic problem areas which are history, accredited study programmes, personnel constitution and material facilities of individual departments. This thesis is based on sources valid for academic year 2011/2012. The results of this work are also confronted with the information contained in the thesis from the year of 2002 which is written on the same topic.

In the world of research, the decolonial perspective is not a field to study but a way of thinking and to exist in the world. This perspective sees the current form of "research" as something linked to European imperialism and colonialism in history that, until this day, still overshadows other ways of knowing and creating information (Liebel, 2017).In this qualitative research, we explored how aware of coloniality are international sports students in the Dutch context since Europe was the epicenter of colonialism. What do students know about colonialism and the decolonial perspective? Moreover, do these students consider it necessary to reflect their own knowledge through decolonial perspectives if they have a concept of it? This research aims to investigate the level of awareness among international undergraduate Sport studies science students regarding colonialism and its effects on their education. It further explores to what extent these students are being taught decolonial approaches and critical thinking skills to unbiasedly scrutinize the current world of academia. The research uses an exploratory research design employing a qualitative research method, in-depth semi-structured interviews to collect the data. Semi-structured interviews use a blend of closed and open-ended questions, leaving room for follow-up and how questions and through that can reveal unexpected insights and information throughout the interview (Adams, 2015). The collected data is analyzed by adapting the composite narratives approach by mapping similar information together from various interviews and creating two different story narratives using fictional characters (John and Nicol). The stories are then interpreted based on the theoretical framework of the research, which draws upon a critical perspective on the house of modernity, and epistemological violence. The results revealed that students lack the basic understanding and awareness of the concept of colonialism and its effects on their current education. The Sport studies Bachelors' level education program under investigation is not inclined to go outside the borders of the status quo and does not encourage their students to explore other ways of interpreting information such as the Decolonial perspective and others.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

Oggetto della ricerca è la riflessione sullo sport nella sua dimensione mediale, argomento che ha trovato solo recentemente una riconosciuta significatività all'interno delle scienze sociali. Attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare, il lavoro si propone di delineare una mappatura delle linee di riflessione riconducibili a un corpus organico individuabile nei media sport studies. La convinzione che esista uno specifico dello sport (inteso come substrato comunicativo ma anche come linguaggio) ha orientato l'indagine sulla sua rappresentazione televisiva, e sulle modalità di ospitalità o di appropriazione che si definiscono anche nei termini di reciprocità. L'indagine è stata condotta sia seguendo un percorso di tipo diacronico, nella ricostruzione dei vincoli e dei condizionamenti che lo sport ha esercitato nell'evoluzione del sistema radiotelevisivo italiano, sia di tipo sincronico, nell'osservazione del prodotto televisivo recente, individuato come vero e proprio sovra-genere. Ne emerge che lo sport si sottopone a una messa in discorso da parte della televisione che segue la linearità temporale dello svolgimento della gara, nella quale trovano una piena realizzazione comunicativa le fasi della preparazione, della performance e della celebrazione. / Aim of the research is to reflect on sport in its media dimension, a subject which has only recently achieved an acknowledged meaning in the field of social sciences. Through a multi-disciplinary approach, the research aims to outline a map of the reflection lines leading to an organic individual corpus in media sport studies. Believing in specifics of sports as communicative substrate, but also as a language, has directed the research on television representation and on the formalities of hospitality and appropriation to be defined even in terms of reciprocality. The research has followed a path of diachronic type, rebuilding the conditioning exerted by sport on the evolution of the Italian radio-television system and of a synchronic type, observing recent television products, identified as acknowledged true super-genres. Sport is thus object of a presentation by television following time linearity in the development of the game; here the stages of preparation and progress of the performance find a complete communicative realization.