Title: Opinions on the involvement of conditioning coaches in soccer Objectives: The aim was to survey opinions involving fitness coaches in soccer and also study the role of fitness coach at selected soccer teams. To meet the main goals we have set a subpart of other goals such as assessing the current state of fitness coaches involved in the preparation of soccer teams in the Czech Republic on the basis of an anonymous survey and also compared with those in some European clubs. Another objective was to determine subpart views of soccer coaches in various competitions in fitness training and the possible inclusion of preparatory athletic exercises, the use of specific resources and training tools in fitness training. Methods: The information needed to achieve the objective of the thesis I received reading the literature. After the pilot survey was modified and standard questionnaire sent along with a cover letter first major coaches 1. Gambrinus league, 2. league coaches selected a lower division and youth coaches. Selected fitness coaches I first spoke by telephone and then sent them a questionnaire by e-mail. Then I made the evaluation questionnaires and obtained data were interpreted with brief comments. To determine the involvement of foreign coaches in fitness clubs, I used Internet resources...

Title: Football as an extracurricular activity at a grammar school. Objective: This issue has already been written many works. Most of the research that I have studied, however, carried out in primary schools. Therefore, I decided to deal with this issue at grammar schools, because I think that students of grammar schools no longer have that study as much free time for extracurricular activities. The aim of my thesis is to find out how they stand football as an extracurricular activity with regard to other activities for children in this age. Furthermore, how much free time students have grammar schools, and how to handle this free time. Whether their school offers some activities or rings that could children in their spare time to attend. In conclusion, I followed the doctor Tomas Malkus discovered his opinion on stretching and compensation exercises in sports. Methods: Data were collected by the method of quantitative questioning a particular interrogation method using an anonymous questionnaire with open and closed questions and structured interviews with open and closed questions. To the the research sample included respondents are of the grammar school above the table. The questionnaires will work out a controlled interview results and converts them through text and graphs in this thesis....

Au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle se structure une politique publique des conditions d’accès à l’encadrement sportif professionnel dans le secteur privé. Progressivement, l’Etat instaure un monopole sur celles-ci. Ce travail vise à saisir cette dynamique et à analyser le passage d’une politique publique à une action publique au tournant des années 2000, dans un processus de libéralisation. En effet, des changements législatifs remettent en cause cette exclusivité étatique et engendrent une démultiplication des certifications et des certificateurs permettant d’encadrer professionnellement une discipline sportive. Dans cette nouvelle gouvernance figurent plusieurs institutions (le Ministère en charge des Sports, la filière universitaire STAPS ou encore la récente branche professionnelle sport) et plusieurs dispositifs(les « certifications professionnelles » déclinées dorénavant en trois registres) potentiellement concurrentiels. Dans cette architecture, des expertises et des instruments d’action publique sont éprouvés pour tenter d’apporter davantage de complémentarité et de lisibilité. Ces reconfigurations politiques et ces rénovations des certifications sont à envisager dans un processusd’européanisation de la relation emploi-formation-certification et du dialogue social. Ces velléitésdoivent faire face à l’éclatement du secteur sportif au sein de l’Union Européenne mais aussi à la réticence de certains acteurs face à la mobilité des encadrants sportifs dans l’espace communautaire.Ces trois processus (structuration, libéralisation et européanisation) mettent au jour des thématiques sous-jacentes telles que la professionnalisation de l’encadrement sportif, l’entrée dans l’ère de la certification professionnelle ou encore la recherche de transparence européenne. / During the second half of the 20th century, a public policy takes shape around theconditions of access to professional sports training in the private sector gradually monopolized bythe State. This study aims at comprehending this dynamics and at analyzing the move from apublic policy to a public action at the turn of the 2000s as part of a liberalizing process. Indeed,legislative changes question this state exclusivity and bring about a multiplication of thecertifications and certifiers that make it possible to professionally train, supervise and manage asport. In this new governance, several institutions are represented (the Ministry in charge ofSports, the STAPS university sector, along with the recent professional sports sector) and severalpotentially competitive devices (the "professional certifications" now adapted to three differentregisters). In this architecture, expertises and public action instruments are tested to try and bringmore complementarity and legibility. These political reconfigurations and these certificationrenovations are to be considered in the context of a process aimed at Europeanizing therelationship between employment, training and certification and at opening a social dialog. Thesemovements have to face the explosion of the sports sector within the European Union, but also thereluctance of some actors faced with the mobility of sports trainers in the community space.These three processes (structuring, liberalizing and Europeanizing) bring to light underlyingthemes such as the professionalization of sports training, the entry into the era of professionalcertification and the search for European transparency.

O presente estudo é constituído por três experimentos diferentes, que tem como ponto central a investigação do método da PSE da sessão. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a validade do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão para a quantificação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) no Tênis. Neste experimento foram monitoradas 384 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático, 23 partidas simuladas e 13 partidas oficiais. A CIT foi calculada utilizando dois métodos de quantificação da CIT: o método da PSE da sessão e o método proposto por Edwards, baseado no comportamento da frequência cardíaca. Posteriormente, foi calculado o índice de correlação entre os dois métodos. Foi detectada correlação individual entre os métodos (r = 0,58 - 0,89; p<0,01). Também foi observada correlação entre os métodos para as sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (r = 0,74), os jogos simulados (r = 0,57) e os jogos oficiais (r = 0,99). Estes resultados sugerem que o método da PSE da sessão é uma alternativa válida, não invasiva, para quantificar a CIT de tenistas. O segundo experimento, descreve o padrão de distribuição da intensidade utilizada por tenistas durante a pré-temporada e no início do período competitivo, a partir da metodologia da PSE da sessão. Foram monitoradas 407 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático e 17 jogos oficiais, realizadas durante as 5 primeiras semanas de preparação para o período competitivo e a primeira semana de competições (dezembro à janeiro). A distribuição da intensidade das sessões de treinamento concentra maior parte do volume (90%) do treinamento entre as zonas de baixa e moderada intensidade (Zona 1 = 42%; Zona 2 = 47,5%), e apenas uma pequena parte das sessões (Zona 3 = 10,5%) é realizada em alta intensidade. Foi observada discrepância entre o padrão de distribuição de intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (zona 1 = 42,0%; zona 2 = 47,5% e zona 3 = 10,5%) e as partidas oficiais (zona 1 = 0,0%; zona 2 = 10,8% e zona 3 = 89,2%). Estes resultados indicam a existência de divergência entre a intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (baixa e moderada intensidade) e a intensidade das partidas oficiais (alta intensidade). E, finalmente, o terceiro experimento, avaliou o efeito do programa de treinamento periodizado sobre a dinâmica da CIT e a subsequente tolerância ao estresse, respostas imuno-endócrinas e o desempenho físico de tenistas durante a prétemporada. Jogadores de tênis profissionais (n=12) foram monitorados durante o período de pré-temporada, que foi dividida em 4 semanas de treinamento (com 2 semanas de intensificação do treinamento) e 1 semana de polimento. Foram determinadas medidas semanais de CIT, monotonia do treinamento, esforço de treinamento e tolerância ao estresse (fontes e sintomas de estresse). Também foram analisadas a concentração de hormônios na saliva (testosterona e cortisol) e a concentração de imunoglobulina-A. O teste de força de 1RM, o teste do Yo-Yo IE Level II, o teste de impulsão vertical e o teste de agilidade (teste T) foram determinados antes e após o período de treinamento. O programa de periodização do treinamento promoveu modificações na CIT (aumento nas semanas 3 e 4 referente ao período de intensificação da carga externa de treinamento (CET), diminuição na semana 5 referente ao período de polimento). A concentração de cortisol (aumento na terceira semana) e os sintomas de estresse (aumento na terceira e quarta semanas) acompanharam as modificações na CET (intensificação), antes de retornarem aos valores basais na semana 5 (polimento) (p < 0,05). Inversamente, foi observada redução da relação T:C nas semanas 3 e 4, que posteriormente retornou ao valor basal na semana 5 (p < 0,05). Além disso, foi verificado aumento no desempenho dos testes de força, endurance e agilidade (p<0,05). O programa de treinamento periodizado (intensificação da CET seguida de polimento) promoveu modificações adaptativas na tolerância ao estresse e respostas hormonais, que podem ter mediado a melhora do desempenho físico / The current study consists of three different experiments which have the main focus on the investigation of the session RPE method. The first experiment examined the ecological validity of the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (ITL) in Tennis. This experiment monitored 384 training sessions, 23 simulated matches and 13 official matches. The ITL was calculated using two methods, the session-RPE method and the heart rate (HR)-based method, developed by Edwards. The correlation was then calculated between the two methods. Significant individual correlations were observed between both methods (r = 0.58 - 0.89; p<0,01). It was also observed correlation between methods during training sessions (r 0.74), simulated matches (r = 0,57) and official matches (r = 0.99). The results support the validity of session-RPE as a, non-invasive, method for quantifying ITL in tennis players. The second experiment described the distribution of training intensity in a group of elite young tennis players during the preseason and the beginning of their competitive season, using RPE session method. It was monitored 407 training sessions and 17 official matches during the first 5 weeks of the pre-season and first week of tournaments (December to January). The training intensity distribution was concentrated (90%) in the low to moderate zones (Zone 1 = 42% and Zone 2 = 47,5%), and only a few sessions (Zone 3 = 10,5%) were performed at high-intensity. It was observed discrepancy between the training intensity distribuition of training sessions (Zone 1 = 42,0%; Zone 2 = 47,5% and Zone 3 = 10,5%) and official matches (Zone 1 = 0,0%; Zone 2 = 10,8% and Zone 3 = 89,2%). These results suggest a contradictory scenario between intensity of training court sessions (Low and Moderated intensity) and official matches (high intensity). Finally, the third experiment investigated the effect of a periodised training plan on the ITL, stress tolerance, immune-endocrine responses and physical performance in tennis players during the pre-season. Professional tennis players (n = 12) were monitored across the pre-season period, which was divided into 4 weeks training period (with 2 weeks of progressive overloading training) and a 1-week tapering period. Weekly measures of ITL, training strain, training monotony and stress tolerance (sources and symptoms of stress) were taken, along with salivary testosterone, cortisol and immunoglobulin A. One repetition maximum strength, yo-yo test, jump height and agility (T-test) were assessed before and after training period. The periodization of the training plan led to significant weekly changes in training loads (i.e. increasing in weeks 3 and 4, referring to the period of intensification of the external training load (ETL), and decreasing in week 5, referring to the tapering period). Cortisol concentration (increased in week 3) and the symptoms of stress (increased in weeks 3 and 4) followed the in ETL (overloading period), before returning to baseline in week 5 (tapering period) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the testosterone to cortisol ratio decreased in weeks 3 and 4, before returning to baseline in week 5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the periodised training plan induced post-training improvements in strength, endurance and agility (P < 0.05). The periodised training plan (ETL overload following taper) evoked changes in the ITL, the stress tolerance and the hormonal responses, which may have mediated the improvements in physical performance

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