Trots att kvinnlig representation inom specialidrottsförbunden ökat de senaste åren råder det oklarheter om idrotten är mer jämställd. Lika representation är nämligen inte synonymt med jämställdhet, eftersom kultur och historia påverkar vem som bestämmer över agendan. Studiens syfte blev därför att undersöka hur genusnormer påverkar och tillämpas inom idrottsförbund, samt studera om det finns en genusdimension i hur makt fördelas i förbundsstyrelsers arbete. Det genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer inom fyra förbund i två olika idrotter. Deltagarna var både män och kvinnor med olika befattningar inom förbunden. Det som kunde urskiljas ur resultatet var diskrepansen mellan de manliga och kvinnliga deltagarnas åsikter, samt skillnaden i jämställdhet mellan idrottens olika nivåer. Slutsatsen för studien är att det på nationell nivå finns en tydlig jämställdhet där kön och genusnormer inte påverkar beslutsprocessen. Därutöver kan det även fastslås att den bristande jämställdheten främst utövas på föreningsnivå. / Even though female representation within Swedish sports associations has increased in recent years, there is uncertainty as to whether sport is more equal. Equal representation is not synonymous with equality, because of the effect culture and history have on who decides the agenda. The purpose of the study was determined to examine how gender norms affect and are applied within sports associations, as well as to study whether there is a gender dimension in how power is distributed in the work of association boards. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted within four associations in two different sports. The participants were both men and women with different positions within the unions. What could be seen from the results was the discrepancy between the opinions of the male and female participants, as well as the difference in equality between the different levels of the sport. The conclusion of the study is that at the national level there is equality where gender and gender norms do not influence the decision-making process. It can also be stated that the lack of gender equality is mainly practiced at association level.

For many years, considerable time and effort was devoted by teachers in Australian schools to the organisation of sporting activities for students. As a result, School Sports Associations were formed in most Australian States early this century. These Associations provided intra state and inter state competition on a limited scale. It was not until the early 1970's that any co-ordinated effort was made to bring together all the States' and Territories' activities. Regular meetings of Association Secretaries led to the formation of the Australian State Secondary Schools Sports Council in 1973. This was the beginning of a new era in secondary school representative sport in Australia. The creation of a forum for States to discuss matters of mutual interest resulted in a greater awareness within school communities of the benefits provided by sporting activities. This generation of interest eventually led to the formation of the Australian Secondary Schools Sports Federation in 1977. This body, representing all States and Territories became identified as the controlling body of secondary school sport in Australia and has continued to develop this role over the years. Since the formation of the Australian Secondary Schools Sports Federation, there has been significant growth in representative sporting activities, greater liaison and improved relations with community groups and systematic generation of relevant policies aimed at the betterment of school sport. After several years of operation, the role of the Federation was supplemented by the establishment of the Australian Schools Sports Council. This body represents both Primary School and Secondary School Sports Associations throughout Australia. After considerable effort, the Council was successful in obtaining Commonwealth Government funding for the employment of a National Executive Director to work full-time on the promotion of school sport. The years 1977-1983 saw dramatic growth in school sporting activities in Australia. Many problems were encountered some of which were ultimately solved. Other problems continue to occupy those who work within the organisation and their solution would appear to be the main task for the future.

Title: Strategic planning in sport federation - Czech Pole & Art Sports federation Objectives: The main goal of this diploma thesis is to make a strategic plan for the Czech pole and art sports association by using each step of strategic planning and necessary analysis. The case study of the association should show up an unutilized potential, which could be very profitable. This would be useful for the position of the Czech pole and arts sports federation within this new sports discipline. Methods: I used a mixed research, which contains quantitative and also qualitative research, concretely a written questionnaire, an interview, an analysis of documents and a SWOT analysis. Results: Results of the analysis were the main part for the making of the strategic plan. The goals and the tasks which needs to be done are divided and shown by the time schedule of its realization in the tables. Keywords: Strategic planning, sports federation, non profit-making organization, case study, strategic plan Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-07-15T18:12:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarice Morales.pdf: 2316090 bytes, checksum: a0c2331b9f3a67e12c59f0393173b20f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T18:12:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarice Morales.pdf: 2316090 bytes, checksum: a0c2331b9f3a67e12c59f0393173b20f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / This study investigates the influence of Brazilian National Sports Laws in the governance of Olympic Sports Confederations and Federations, between 1941 and 2013. These organizations have demonstrated management difficulties according to governance principles, such as transparency, social responsibility, ethics and accountability, receiving criticism from diverse sport’s stakeholders. The Brazilian national sport system was implemented by the Decree-Law n. 3199 of 14/08/1941, which created and regulated national and state sports organizations until the 80’s. With the new Constitution of 1988, sports became law definitive and, according to the Law no. 9.615 of 1998, high performance sports continued to be monitored and regulated by the government. The central question of this study was: how the Brazilian national sports laws have influenced in the governance of Confederations and Federations of Olympic Sports between 1941 and 2013? The methodology employed is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, documental and bibliographic; two confederations and two federations were taken as case studies. The triangulation of documentary evidence, semi-structured interviews and theories corporate governance and management in the Third Sector brought important results and expanded the discussion towards a more complex view. As contributions this study chronologically presents the concepts, functions and the legal and management control of the state over the governance of sports organizations, from 1941 until 2013. It also studies the characteristics of sports organizations, as the Third Sector and the applicability of the concepts and governance principles for understanding of management needs, proposing some practices. Based on documentary studies, the theoretical framework and interviews concluded that the laws influenced and influence the governance of sports organizations. / O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as influências das Leis esportivas nacionais na governança corporativa das Confederações e Federações de esportes olímpicos durante o período de 1941 a 2013. Estas organizações têm demonstrado dificuldades na gestão: princípios da governança como a falta da transparência dos atos de gestores, a falta de responsabilidade social e ética e problemas com a prestação de contas tem provocado críticas de diversos stakeholders do esporte. O Decreto-Lei nº 3199 de 14/08/1941 implantou o sistema nacional de esportes no Brasil e criou as organizações esportivas nacionais e estaduais, regulamentando-as, disciplinando-as e tendo autoridade sobre todos os seus atos até a década de 1980. Em 1988, com a promulgação da Constituição o esporte passou a ser lei neste país e com a Lei 9.615 de 1998 o esporte de alto rendimento continuou sendo monitorado e regulado pelo Estado. Assim, a questão central deste estudo foi: como as leis nacionais criadas para o esporte influenciaram na governança corporativa das confederações e federações dos esportes olímpicos durante o período de 1941 a 2013? A abordagem metodológica definida é qualitativa, exploratória, descritiva, documental e bibliográfica; duas confederações e duas federações esportivas foram tomadas como estudos de caso. A triangulação das informações documentais, das entrevistas semiestruturadas e das teorias sobre gestão e governança corporativa e no Terceiro Setor trouxe importantes resultados e ampliou a discussão na direção de uma visão mais complexa. Como contribuições este estudo apresenta cronologicamente os conceitos, as atribuições e o controle legal e administrativo do Estado sobre a governança das organizações esportivas, de 1941 até 2013. Também estuda as características destas organizações esportivas, como sendo do Terceiro Setor e a aplicabilidade dos conceitos e princípios de governança para entendimento das necessidades da gestão, propondo algumas práticas. Com base nos estudos documentais, no referencial teórico e nas entrevistas concluiu-se que as leis influenciaram e influenciam na governança das organizações esportivas.

Combien d’enfants ont rêvé de devenir un jour footballeur professionnel, tennisman ou pilote de Formule 1 ? Combien étions-nous au soir de la finale de la Coupe du monde 1998 derrière les « Bleus » ? Magie, phénomène social, vecteur d’intégration… On pourrait disserter bien longtemps sur les vertus du sport. Toutefois, le revers de la médaille est beaucoup moins réjouissant, sauf pour le juriste. En effet, on assiste ces dernières années à un processus de prise en compte du sport par le droit étatique. Le sport ne peut plus rester hors du droit. Cette pénétration du droit a forcément des incidences sur les droits fondamentaux reconnus aux sportifs. Pourtant il semble que la doctrine ne se soit que très peu intéressée au sportif, « qui est un citoyen comme les autres avec des droits imprescriptibles ».Si le principe selon lequel le sportif dispose des mêmes droits fondamentaux que tout citoyen semble largement admis, il convient de ne pas rester imperméable à la revendication d’une exception sportive. En effet, le mouvement sportif vit comme une intrusion l’appréhension du sport par le droit étatique. L’opposition entre la Commission européenne et les instances du football, concernant le système des transferts, est une preuve récente de cette réticence. Ainsi une spécificité sportive empêcherait l’application normale de la règle de droit. Qu’en est-il du point de vue des droits fondamentaux du sportif ? Existe-t-il une exception sportive en matière de droits fondamentaux de sorte que reprenant une expression de Hauriou, on pourrait considérer les sportifs comme des « citoyens spéciaux » ? Plusieurs problèmes se posent. Tout d’abord, il conviendra de s’interroger sur l’existence d’une spécificité sportive dans la reconnaissance de droits au sportif. En effet, la question est celle de savoir si le sportif est titulaire des mêmes droits que tout citoyen. Une fois les droits du sportif déterminés, la question de l’effectivité de ses droits se posera. N’existe-t-il pas une particularité sportive dans l’exercice des droits fondamentaux, de sorte que si le sportif bénéficie en principe des mêmes droits que tout citoyen, il ne pourrait pas les exercer de la même manière ? Ainsi l’effectivité des droits du sportif serait atténuée.La mise en œuvre d’une spécificité d’application en matière de droits fondamentaux révèle une protection catégorielle qui rompt avec l’universalisme traditionnellement attaché aux droits de l'homme. La recherche de l’effectivité des droits des sportifs est pourtant pertinente. Mais elle conduit le juge à reconnaître le caractère fondamental d’un droit, indépendamment de la norme qui le supporte en fonction de l’importance qu’il revêt dans le cas d’espèce. La démarche du nouvel acteur de la scène sportive montre une remise en cause de l’acception formelle de la notion de fondamentalité au profit d’une acception matérielle. Sauf à reconnaître l’existence d’un droit au sport formellement fondamental. Car « il est plus intéressant de s’interroger sur l’existence du même droit, au niveau où sont normalement reconnus les droits fondamentaux, c'est à dire au niveau constitutionnel » ( ). Même si aucun texte à valeur suprême ne consacre un tel droit, « il ne faut pourtant pas s’en tenir à ce décevant constat » ( ). Car son émergence est perceptible. L’intérêt est considérable puisque le droit au sport recouvre la quasi-totalité de la nomenclature des droits de l'homme ( ). Sa mise en œuvre devient nécessaire à la prise en compte de la spécificité sportive. / How many children dreamed to become a day professional football player, a tennis player or a driver of Formula 1? How much were we in the evening of finale of the World cup 1998 behind the French Team ? Magic, social phenomenon, vector of integration … We could talk indeed for a long time about the virtues of the sport. However, the other side of medal is much less happy, safe for the jurist. Indeed, we attend these last years a process of consideration of the sport by the state law. The sport cannot stay any more outside the state law. This penetration of the law has necessarily incidences on the fundamental rights recognized by the sportsmen. Nevertheless it seems that the doctrine that is little interested in the sportsman, " who is a citizen as the others with inalienable rights ".If the principle according to which the sportsman arranges the same fundamental rights as every citizen seems widely admitted, it is advisable not to remain impervious to the demand of a sports exception. Indeed, the sports movement lives as an intervention the apprehension of the sport by the state law. The opposition between the European Commission and the authorities of the football, concerning the system of transfers, is a recent proof of this hesitation. So a sports specificity would prevent the normal application of the legal rule. What is it from the point of view of the fundamental rights of the sportsman? Is there a sports exception in fundamental rights so that taking back an expression of Hauriou, we could consider the sportsmen as " special citizens "? Several problems settle. First of all, it will be advisable to wonder about the existence of a sports specificity in the recognition of rights for the sportsman. Indeed, the question is the one to know if the sportsman is a holder of the same rights as every citizen. Once the rights of the sportsman were determined, the question of the effectiveness of its rights will settle. Is not there a sports peculiarity in the exercise of the fundamental rights, so that if the sportsman benefits as in principle from the same rights as every citizen, he could not exercise them in the same way? So the effectiveness of the rights of the sportsman would be eased.The operated of a specificity of application in fundamental rights reveals a category-specific protection which breaks with the universalism traditionally attached to human rights. The search for the effectiveness of the rights of the sportsmen is nevertheless relevant. But it leads the judge to recognize the fundamental character of a right, independently of the standard which supports it according to the importance which it takes on in the special case. The initiative of the new actor of the sports scene shows a questioning of the formal meaning of a word of the notion of fundamentality for the benefit of a material meaning of a word. So as to recognize the existence of a right by the formally fundamental sport. Because " it is more interesting to wonder about the existence of the same right, at the level where are normally recognized the fundamental rights, that is at the constitutional level ". Even if no text with supreme value dedicates such a right, " You should not nevertheless be held in it disappointing report ". Because its emergence is perceptible. The interest is considerable because the law for the sport recovers the quasi-totality of the nomenclature of human rights. Its stake in work becomes necessary for the consideration of the sports specificity.