Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-73). Also available on the Internet.

A violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) é uma das formas mais frequentes de violência contra a mulher, e se constitui em um fenômeno complexo, que faz parte de uma construção histórica e possui íntima relação com as questões de gênero e suas relações de poder. Durante a gestação, a mulher utiliza com maior frequência os serviços de saúde, o que pode facilitar a construção de vínculo com a equipe de saúde e favorecer a identificação de casos de violência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: identificar a prevalência de casos de VPI entre gestantes usuárias de um serviço público de saúde e classificar quanto ao tipo e frequência; identificar fatores sociais e demográficos das gestantes e seus parceiros que poderiam estar associados a episódios de violência; identificar os resultados obstétricos e neonatais e suas associações com a ocorrência da VPI na gestação atual. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e analítico, desenvolvido no CRSM-MATER e no HCFMRP-USP, situados em Ribeirão Preto, SP. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo CEP da EERP-USP, sob nº 1383/2011. Os dados foram coletados no período de maio a dezembro de 2012, por meio de entrevista estruturada por um questionário que contemplava as características sociodemográficas da mulher e de seu parceiro e características obstétricas, além das questões relacionadas à violência; também foram coletados dados dos prontuários das participantes com a utilização de um instrumento que contemplava as variáveis relacionadas aos resultados obstétricos e neonatais. Durante a coleta de dados, iniciada no ambulatório de pré-natal do CRSM-MATER, algumas participantes foram encaminhadas ao HC-FMRP e tiveram a coleta nos prontuários realizada nesta última instituição. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estatístico SAS® 9.0. Esta análise foi fundamentada na estatística descritiva, além da utilização do Teste Exato de Fisher e Regressão Logística. Verificou-se que 15,5% das participantes sofreram algum tipo de VPI durante a gestação, sendo que 14,7% sofreram violência psicológica, 5,2%, violência física e 0,4% sofreu violência sexual. As mulheres que se autorreferiram como pretas ou pardas, que não moravam com o parceiro e que referiram consumir bebida alcoólica eventualmente, apresentaram maior chance de sofrer VPI na gestação. Além disso, as mulheres que não desejaram a gestação tinham 4,3 vezes a chance de sofrer VPI na gestação, quando comparadas com aquelas que desejaram a gestação (p<0,00; OR= 4,32 e IC 95% [1,77 - 10,54]). As participantes com parceiros na faixa etária de 15 a 18 anos apresentaram 5,5 vezes a chance de sofrer violência, quando comparadas com aquelas que tinham parceiros com 30 anos ou mais (OR= 5,5; IC 95% [1,02 - 30,2]). Com relação às repercussões obstétricas, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis investigadas. Quanto às repercussões neonatais dos filhos das participantes, as análises também não apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos. Conclui-se que, para as participantes do estudo, não houve repercussões obstétricas e neonatais negativas relacionadas à VPI na gestação. No entanto, outras variáveis se mostraram associadas a este tipo de violência, o que indica, aos profissionais de saúde, a importância de se atentar a outras características das gestantes e de seus parceiros, favorecendo a identificação da violência e o oferecimento de suporte adequado a estas mulheres, quando necessário / The intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most frequent ways of violence against women, and it is constituted in a complex phenomenon, which is part of a historical construction and is intimately related to gender questions and its power relationships. During pregnancy, the woman attend health care more frequently, which can facilitate the bond building with the health staff and favours the identifications of violence cases. This study aims were: identify the prevalence of IPV cases between pregnant women who use public healthcare service and classify according to its type and frequency; identify the pregnant e their partners\' social and demographic factors which could be associated with violence episodes; identify the obstetric and neonatal results and their associations with the IPV occurrence in the current pregnancy. This is an observational, descriptive and analytic study, developed at CRSM-MATER and HCFMRP-USP, located in Ribeirão Preto, SP. The research project was approved by ethics committee from EERP-USP, under number 1383/2011. The data were collected between May and December 2012, via interview structured by a questionnaire which beheld the woman\'s and their partner\'s social- demographic characteristics and obstetric characteristics, beside the questions related to violence; there were also collected the participants\' records data using an instrument that contemplated the variables related to the obstetric and neonatal results. During the data collection, initiated at CRSM-MATER prenatal clinic, some participants were leaded to HC- FMRP and had the records collection done at this last institution. To analyze the data the statistic program SAS® 9.0 was used. This analysis was underlay on descriptive statistic, besides using the Fisher Exact Test and Logistic Regression. It was verified that 15,5% of the participants suffered some sort of IPV during pregnancy, knowing that 14,7% suffered psychological violence, 5,2% physical violence and 0,4% sexual violence. Women whom were considered themselves as black or brown-skinned, who haven\'t lived with their partners and who were referred as eventual liquor drinkers showed bigger chance of suffering IPV during pregnancy. Furthermore, women who didn\'t desire the pregnancy had 4,3 times chances of suffering IPV during pregnancy when compared to those ones who desired the pregnancy (p<0,00; OR= 4,32 e IC 95% [1,77 - 10,54]). The participants with partners between 15 and 18 years old showed 5,5 times chances of suffering violence when compared to those ones whose partners were 30 years old or older (OR= 5,5; IC 95% [1,02 - 30,2]). Relating to the obstetric repercussions, there was no association statistically meaningful between the variables investigated. As the participants\' children\'s neonatal repercussion, the analysis didn\'t present results statistically meaningful either. In conclusion, for the study participants, there were no negative obstetric and neonatal repercussions related to IPV in pregnancy. Nevertheless, other variables are shown associated to this type of violence, which indicates, to the health care professionals, the importance to be attentive to other pregnant women\'s and their partners\' characteristics, favoring the violence identification and offering appropriate support to these women, when necessary

Research on spouse abuse has received greater attention during the last 3 decades around the world. This research was conducted to investigate the selected correlates of alcohol use, drug use, and marital status and the effects they have on use of weapons and violent behavior. The secondary data used was from a study done in Chicago from 1995-1998, called the Chicago Community Crime Prevention and Intimate Violence Study. There were 210 domestic violence victims studied in one Chicago area. Each victim was asked a series of the same questions. It was found that 39.4% of the domestic violence cases involved an alcohol problem, and 45.1% of them involved drugs. It was found that divorced subjects had the highest percentage of the use of a weapon (67%). In the overall cross tabulations, alcohol, drug use, and marital status were not significantly related to the use of a weapon and violent behavior. It was also found that alcohol consumption and violent behavior was significant at the .10 level of significance.

Sweden has been a country of immigration since the Second World War. The asylum immigration is regulated by international law, the immigration of employees’ works through guidelines from the European Union. The immigration left for regulations from the government is the family immigration, which xenophobic parties want to increase. The immigration reaches a high level in the 1990’s. As the social democratic government is trying to keep the immigration controlled media is criticizing the regulations of immigration. Since the 1970´s probation of 2 years is needed for relation immigrants in order to minimize abuse. This rule might force women to stay in violent relationships due to fear of being sent back home, if they make a report to the police. The government faces the problem with the proposition 1999/2000:43, which is analyzed in this thesis with the goal to reveal the underlying values regarding the view of women, men and violence. Focusing on gender Carol Lee Bacchi’s discourse analythical method “What’s the ‘problem’ represented to be?” is used.

Målet med denna avhandling var att undersöka partnerrelaterat våld mot kvinnor i Sverige från olika perspektiv och med ett särskilt fokus på graviditetsperioden. Syftet var: 1) att ta reda på barnmorskors erfarenheter, attityder och rutiner angående partnerrelaterat våld mot gravida kvinnor inom mödravården; 2) att utforska hur personer som arbetar inom olika program för våldsbenägna män (inom och utom kriminalvården) talar om manligt och kvinnligt och om partnerrelaterat våld, speciellt i förhållande till graviditet; och 3) att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av att bli och vara gravid samtidigt som de var utsatta för våld i relationen, samt deras möten med barnmorskorna på mödravårdscentralen. Data för tre studier samlades in under åren 1998-2003 med kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. En enkät skickades till alla yrkesverksamma mödravårdsbarnmorskor i Västerbotten och analyserades statistiskt och med innehållsanalys. Forskningsintervjuerna utfördes och analyserades enligt ’grundad teori’ (för att skapa teoretiska förklaringsmodeller), ’diskursanalys’ (för att visa hur ett gemensamt språkbruk konstruerar ’sanning’) och ’narrativ metod’ (för att tolka och återberätta innebörden i personliga berättelser). Resultaten från de studier som lade grunden till denna avhandling visar på problemets komplexitet, både från de professionellas och från kvinnornas perspektiv. Barnmorskorna (artikel I) var yrkeskunniga men också kunniga om partnerrelaterat våld mot kvinnor, men utan PM eller andra riktlinjer, så blev de osäkra och ställde sällan direkta frågor eftersom ämnet ansågs vara känsligt och tabubelagt. De professionella (artikel II-III) som arbetade med våldsbenägna män i olika program (inom eller utanför kriminalvården) krävde att män skulle ta ansvar för sitt våld. De ansåg att våldsamma män var tämligen vanliga män men avvikande i särskilda avseenden såsom i samspel, kommunikation, nära relationer och i deras kvinnosyn. De professionella beskrev stereotyper om könsskillnader och hur aggressivitet kan starta på olika sätt hos olika typer av män och ansåg också att graviditet kan utlösa konflikter och våld. Likväl så ingick i programmen vanligtvis inte känsliga frågor, om t.ex. graviditet och samlevnad, och trots en god vilja och avsikt att skapa en ’ny maskulinitet’, så tycktes deras strategier och tankegångar rent av kunna motverka deras egna goda syften. De nio intervjuade kvinnorna (artikel IV) som hade varit utsatta för våld beskrev hur deras liv hade varit komplicerade och blivit till en mardröm då deras hjärtevän hade förvandlats till en förövare. Två kvinnor bröt upp från sina relationer under graviditeten på grund av livshotande våld medan de andra för det mesta höll uppe en fasad och dolde det pågående våldet inför barnmorskan och andra alltmedan de gick balansgång mellan hopp och förtvivlan eller väntade på rätt tidpunkt att ge sig av. Förutom kvinnornas berättelser om partnerrelaterat våld under graviditet (artikel IV) så presenterades två professionella grupper och deras gemensamma svårigheter gällande tabun och känsliga frågor utanför det man vanligtvis sysslade med i sin profession (artikel I-III). Barnmorskorna var yrkeskunniga men hade ingen handlingsplan för att kunna bemöta och identifiera komplexiteten i våldsutsatta gravida kvinnors situation som ofta består i att dölja och balansera. De professionella i program för män konfronterade tydligt mäns våld och hade ambitionen att utmana deras maskulinitet, men då de i samtalen exempelvis förbisåg att ta upp vissa känsliga frågor kan utfallet ifrågasättas. / The aim of this thesis was to examine - from different perspectives - intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, focusing on the period of pregnancy, with the object of increasing the available knowledge about this complex subject area, in a Swedish context. The specific aims were: i) to assess the experience, knowledge, attitudes and routines of midwives working in antenatal care regarding IPV against pregnant women; ii) to explore discourses with special reference to IPV, gender and the period of pregnancy of professionals running various intervention programs for men inclined to violence (outside or within the treatment of offenders); and iii) to illuminate experiences in women subjected to IPV by analyzing their stories about becoming and being pregnant as well as meeting antenatal care providers. Three studies were carried out using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires sent to all midwives working at antenatal care clinics in the county of Västerbotten were processed by statistical methods and content analysis. The qualitative research interviews followed the ‘grounded theory’, ‘discourse analysis’ or ‘narrative analysis’ approach. The results indicate the complexity of the problem of IPV from the viewpoints of both professional actors and the women. The midwives, although knowledgeable about IPV and certainly experts on pregnancy, felt uncertain regarding IPV and rarely asked direct questions of pregnant women, because the midwives perceived the subject to be difficult and taboo and they lacked guidelines to help them tackle the issue. The professionals in men’s programs intended men to take full responsibility for their own violent behavior. They viewed violent men as rather ordinary but yet deviant in certain respects such as in interplay, communication, relationships and in their views of women. The professionals described gender stereotypes and attributed and generalized certain masculine characteristics to aggressiveness. They also believed that pregnancy could be a potential trigger for conflicts and violence. Nevertheless, pregnancy and sensitive relational topics did not constitute significant parts of the intervention programs. Despite good intentions to change concepts of masculinity, the professionals’ discourses appeared to be rather lacking in reflection and even counter-productive. The women who had been subjected to violence described their complex lives as being terrible nightmares where their lovers turned into perpetrators. Two of the nine interviewed women left their relationships during pregnancy because of life-threatening violence whereas the others mostly kept up a front, hiding the IPV from the antenatal care staff and others while they trod a fine line between hope and despair or waited for the right moment to leave. In addition to women’s stories about IPV during pregnancy, two professional groups presented shared dilemmas regarding taboos and sensitive matters outside ordinary practice. Midwives were proficient but had no action plan to recognize and meet the complexity of the abused pregnant women’s situation involving concealment, balancing and decision-making. Professionals in programs for men were explicitly confronting men’s violence and wanted also to challenge masculinity in their clients. However, their discourse lacked depth by, for instance, their overlooking of sensitive relational topics in dialogues with men.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-07T14:41:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO JOSIANNE MATTOS.pdf: 1147221 bytes, checksum: 26a5d5a2976ac258b491cc24dc6aa6c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T14:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO JOSIANNE MATTOS.pdf: 1147221 bytes, checksum: 26a5d5a2976ac258b491cc24dc6aa6c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 / CAPEs / A violência é uma questão complexa que se reproduz no cotidiano. Ela pode se naturalizar nas relações parentais - sob a justificativa de atos disciplinares - e, numa outra perspectiva, na relação com parceiros íntimos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estimar a prevalência e analisar a associação entre a violência cometida contra mulheres por parceiro íntimo (VPI) e a prática educativa materna (PEM) com crianças no início da escolaridade formal. Estudo transversal, realizado entre 2013 e 2014 com 631 mulheres, entre 24 e 58 anos, cadastradas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família do Distrito Sanitário II da cidade do Recife, Pernambuco. A PEM foi avaliada pela escala de conflitos Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. VPI foi definida por atos concretos de violência psicológica, física e sexual infligidos à mulher pelo parceiro. A associação da VPI com a PEM foi estimadvoa pelos odds ratios brutos e ajustados, utilizando-se análise de regressão logística multivariada. As prevalências foram, VPI: 24,4% e PEM violenta: 93,8% (82,4% de agressão física e 91,4% de agressão psicológica). Disciplina não violenta (DNV) foi referida por 97,6% das mulheres como estratégia educativa, coexistindo com estratégias violentas de disciplinamento. Houve associação entre VPI e PEM; ter relatado VPI aumentou as chances em 2,2 vezes da criança sofrer agressão psicológica (IC95%: 1,0 - 5,0). Embora a DNV tenha sido referida, os achados demonstram alta prevalência de prática educativa materna que perpassa pela violência, o que aponta para a necessidade de intervenções que minimizem os prejuízos da violência na mulher e na criança. / Violence is a complex issue that happens every day. It can become natural in parental relationships – justified as disciplinary actions – and, on another perspective, on the relationship with intimate partners. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence and to analyze the association between the intimate partner violence against women (IPV) and the maternal educational practice (MEP) against to children at the start of formal education. This is a Cross-sectional study, carried out from 2013 to 2014 with 631women in the age group 24 and 58 years old, registered at the Sanitary Distric II Family Health Strategy of Recife, Pernambuco. The MEP was evaluated with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. IPV was defined by the concrete psychological, physical and sexual violence acts inflicted to the woman by her partner. The association of IPV and MEP was estimated by the crude and adjusted odds ratio, using the logistic regression analysis. The prevalences of, IPV was (24.4% and for violent MEP 93.8%; 82.4 % for physical aggression and 91.4% psychological aggression). Non-violent discipline (NVD) was referred by 92.6% of women as educational strategy, coexisting with violent disciplining strategies. There was an association between IPV and MEP: have reported IPV increased 2,2 times the chances of a child to suffer psychological aggression (CI95%: 1.0 – 5.0). Although the NVD has been referred, the finding demonstrate high prevalence of violent maternal educational practice, what points out to the necessity of interventions that minimize the harms on the woman and the child.

Bakgrund: Nästan hälften av de svenska kvinnorna har blivit utsatta för våld eller hot om våld någon gång under sin livstid. Våld mot kvinnor i nära relation är ett globalt hälsoproblem och ett av de största hoten mot kvinnors hälsa. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelse av att få frågan om våldsutsatthet som en del av anamnesen. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt av elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Sökningar gjordes med hjälp av databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Det huvudsakliga resultatet var att patienter ställer sig positiva till att rutinmässigt bli tillfrågade om erfarenheter av våld. Patienternas åsikter och upplevelser av att få frågor om våldsutsatthet som en del av anamnesen påverkas av frågeställningarnas kontext - vem som ställer frågor, hur frågorna ställs och i vilket sammanhang. Sammanfattning: Våld är ett strukturellt, organisatoriskt och individuellt problem. Våldet är ett folkhälsoproblem och ett utbrett samhällsproblem och vården misslyckas i många fall att fånga upp och hjälpa våldsutsatta. Vårdpersonal känner sig osäkra på att ställa frågor om patienters erfarenheter av våld och större kunskap inom ämnet kan stävja den osäkerhet och rädsla som finns för att beröra våld i nära relation. / Background: Nearly half of the Swedish women have been victims of abuse or threat of abuse during their lifetime. Intimate partner violence is a global health problem and one of the greatest threats to women’s health. Aim: To investigate patient’s experience of being asked about abuse as part of medical history taking. Method: A integrative review of eleven scientific articles. Searches were made using the PubMed and CINAHL databases. Results: Patients were positive about being routinely asked about experiences of abuse. Patients’ opinions and experiences of getting questions about violence as a part of medical history taking are influenced by the context of these questions – who asks, how the questions are asked and in what context. Conclusion: Violence is a structural, organizational and individual problem. Abuse is a public health problem and a widespread social problem. In many cases, healthcare fails to identify and help affected women. Healthcare professionals feel insecure about asking questions about patients’ history of abuse and larger knowledge can curb the uncertainty and fear that exist in order to deal with intimate partner violence.

This study used self-report of older adolescent/young adult children from a general college population to examine if violent parental conflict tactics predict the use of similarly violent tactics in the same-sex and opposite-sex peer relationships of offspring. Conflict Tactics Scale date from 256 subjects indicate that parental violence within the marital dyad is predictive of violence in both same-sex and opposite-sex peer relationships. Surprisingly high frequencies of violence were reported within parents' marriages and by subjects in their current peer relationships. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Background: Intimate partner violence is a public health issue that causes suffering for victims, abusers and children. Interventions have been made to prevent and treat the problem but the evaluation of them are often insufficient. The clinic for intimate partner violence in Uppsala (MVU) offers abusers treatment to stop using domestic violence. Aim: To produce a general evaluation of MVU’s treatment for aggression- and violence problematics in intimate relationships by studying participating men’s experiences of the treatment. Method: A qualitative interview study was used. By using a retrospective consecutive sample 11 men were recruited to individual semi structured interviews. Data was analyzed by thematic analysis. The ecological model was used as a theoretic perspective. Result: The study showed that the informants had positive experiences of the arrangement of the treatment and the content was educative even though somewhat demanding. The therapists were considered to be competent and had a way of working that was suitable for the purpose of the treatment. Those who had been in group therapy found help and support from the group and several men missed the group when the treatment was finished. After the treatment the informants had come to realize that they had a violence issue that they were responsible of. They had learned to control their temper in a better way and had become better at communicating. They also experienced health improvements. Conclusion: Men have a predominately positive experience of the treatment at MVU. The treatment was in some aspects considered mentally challenging but overall the men experienced better health after the treatment compared to before. / Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett folkhälsoproblem som orsakar lidande för offer, utövare och eventuella barn. Insatser har utformats för att förebygga och behandla problemet men ofta är utvärderingen av dem bristfällig. Mottagningen mot våld i nära relationer i Uppsala (MVU) erbjuder våldsutövare behandling för att sluta bruka våld i nära relationer. Syfte: Att göra en generell utvärdering av MVU:s behandling mot aggressions- och våldsproblematik i nära relationer genom att studera deltagande mäns upplevelser av behandlingen. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie användes. Genom ett retrospektivt konsekutivt urval rekryterades 11 män till individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades med tematisk analys. Den ekologiska modellen tillämpades som teoretiskt perspektiv. Resultat: Studien visade att informanterna upplevde behandlingens upplägg som bra och innehållet lärorikt om än något krävande. Terapeuterna upplevdes vara kompetenta och arbeta på ett sätt lämpligt för behandlingens syfte. De som hade gått i gruppbehandling fann hjälp och stöd i gruppen och flera sakande gruppen efter avslutad behandling. Efter behandlingen hade informanterna kommit till insikt om att de hade ett våldsproblem som de själva var ansvariga över. De hade lärt sig att hantera sitt humör på ett bättre sätt och blivit bättre på att kommunicera. De upplevde även hälsoförbättringar. Slutsats: Män har en övervägande positiv upplevelse av MVU:s behandling. Behandlingen upplevdes i en del avseenden som psykiskt krävande men efter behandlingen mådde männen överlag bättre än före behandlingen.