Valstybinės švietimo strategijos 2003–2012 metų nuostatose, patvirtintose Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo 2003 m. liepos 4 d. nutarimu Nr. IX-1700 (Žin., 2003, Nr.71-3216), nurodoma, kad siekiant užtikrinti švietimo plėtotės prieinamumą, tęstinumą ir socialinį teisingumą, turi būti užtikrinamos socialiai teisingos mokymosi ir studijų sąlygos, sukuriamos galimybės veiksmingai ugdyti įvairių gebėjimų ir poreikių vaikus. Atlikus mokslinės literatūros analizę, galima pastebėti, kad apie specialiųjų poreikių asmenų integraciją visuomenėje yra rašę nemažai autorių: A. Galkienė, V. Rajeckas, G. Varoneckas, D. Žemaitytė, M. Barkauskaitė, J. Ambrukaitis, V. Gudonis ir kiti. Tačiau nepavyko aptikti duomenų apie integruoto ugdymo strateginį aspektą. Todėl moksliniame darbe norėta tai išsiaiškinti. Šiame kontekste formuluojama magistrinio darbo tyrimo hipotezė: Jei galima identifikuoti specialiųjų poreikių vaikų integruoto ugdymo tendencijas ir problemas, tai galima parengti jų jų ugdymo bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose strategines gaires. Tyrimo objektas: specialiųjų poreikių vaikų integruotas ugdymas bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose strateginiu aspektu. Tyrimo tikslas: sumodeliuoti specialiųjų poreikių vaikų ugdymo bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose strategines gaires. Tyrimo uždaviniai: aptarti specialiųjų poreikių vaikų ugdymo Lietuvoje tendencijas; išryškinti specialiųjų poreikių vaikų integruoto ugdymo bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose problemas; empiriškai ištirti specialiųjų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the 2003–2012 years regulations of national educational strategy which are confirmed by Seimas of the republic of Lithuania decision Number IX-1700 (Žin., 2003, Nr.71-3216) in 2003 July 4, it is stated that if you want to vouch accessibility, succession and social justice of educational development you must confirm the socially just learning conditions, create an effective opportunity to develop children who have different abilities and needs. According to analysis of nonfiction, it is possible to state that there are many authors who have written about integration of people who have special needs. They are A. Galkienė, V. Rajeckas, G. Varoneckas, D. Žemaitytė, M. Barkauskaitė, J. Ambrukaitis, V. Gudonis and the others. However, it was unsuccessful to find information about strategic aspect of integrated education. So it was tried to solve this in the work. The hypothesis of this postgraduate studies work is: if it is possible to identify integrated educational tendency and problems of children who have special needs, so it is possible to prepare strategic guideline of their development in comprehensive schools. An object of this research is integrated education of children who have special needs in comprehensive schools. The aim of research is to design the strategic guideline of children development that has special needs in comprehensive schools. The goals of this research are to discuss the tendencies of children, who have special needs, development in Lithuania; to... [to full text]

The thesis summarizes the information and tools for the crisis management including the tools of timely warning against non-standard situations in company. It points out the most common causes of crises and their possible solutions.

Claiming that the state of transport infrastructure is an important indicator of country´s competitiveness, not many would polemicize. The question of an appropriate method of ensuring the infrastructure financing can, however, raise disagreement. The reality of regular deficit financing of public expenditure, combined with a view of gradually declining support for transport infrastructure from the EU funds, provides space for alternative forms of infrastructure provision also in Central Europe. The aim of this work is to point out the financing via public-private partnerships (i.e. PPP), which is currently not very used form in the region. I will highlight the advantages, disadvantages and risks associated with this form by evaluating the cost side of concrete implemented PPP project in Slovakia (R1 expressway) and validate the hypothesis that despite the method of funding transport infrastructure through PPP projects is more expensive than the public procurement case, the "value for money" factor compensates the higher price.

The aim of diploma thesis is to guarantee all requirements, which are necessary for providing a correct service of tax advisory. The main aim is devided into three parcial aims: description of development proces, analysis of related tax issues and to provide a development trends estimation. Methods used in this paper are recherche of related sources, interview with overal 13 consultants, analysis and folowing synthesis of reached knowledge. In comparison with another papers on similar topic, this text puts accent on practical aspects of development company taxation. Because of more precise understanding of commented issues, thesis provides chronological structure instead of classic thematical structure, used in most of similar papers. Thesis accomplished all the established objectives so it is efficient educational instrument mainly for a bookkeeperes and tax advisors, who needs to gain a knowledge of development as such, and it´s taxation.

No description available.

Les financements structurés semblent se construire comme des instruments de neutralisation de la procédure collective. Ces montages, utilisés tant en matière de financement d'acquisition (LBO) qu'en matière de financement de projet, ont vocation à influencer tant lu saisie collective que les répartitions qui en découle (première partie). Face au caractère d'ordre public de la procédure collective, le nombre de stratégies permettant d'assurer l 'efficacité des financements structurés en cas de restructuration est limitée. Les montages pourront s'appuyer sur deux méthodes s'appuyer sur des textes dérogatoires (ex : titrisation) ou s'appuyer sur les limites des procédures collectives pour éviter les effets de la faillite (ex : les double Lux co). L'utilisation des limites du droit des procédures collectives ou de régimes spécifiques sera-t-elle suffisante pour échapper aux contraintes des procédures collectives? Cette question se posera tant durant la phase de saisie collective que durant celle des répartitions. Il conviendra donc d'étudier la résistance de financements structurés face à l'épreuve de la procédure collective (seconde partie). / Structured finance seems to be design as a tools to neutralize insolvency procedures. Those financing agreement, used in LBO and in project finance, are intended to influence both the assets seizure and the resulting distributions during the restructuring process (Part 1 ). Most of the time, rules of insolvency procedures are considered binding and should not be impacted by contracts. Therefore, the number of efficient strategies for structured finance in the event of restructuring ore limited. The structure can be based on specific legal status (e.g: securitization) or rely on the limits of insolvency procedures (c.g.: schemes implying Luxemburgish holding). Will contractual forecast defined by structured finance be enforceable during the restructuring process? It will therefore be necessary to study the resistance of structured finance to the constrained or insolvency procedures (second part).

Den europeiska marknaden för värdepapperisering punkterades av den senaste finanskrisen och har fortfarande inte återhämtat sig trots att ett decennium har passerat. För att få igång marknaden igen har EU tagit fram den nya värdepapperiseringsförordningen som gäller sedan årsskiftet 2019/2020. Värdepapperiseringsförordningen har sin amerikanska motsvarighet i Dodd Frank Wall Street and Consumer Protection Act. Sakinnehållet i de respektive regleringarna är mycket likt men den största skillnaden ligger i motivet till att regleringarna instiftades. Värdepapperiseringsförordningen instiftades med syftet att harmonisera reglerna kring värdepapperisering och på så sätt skapa bättre förutsättningar för de bolag som vill bidra till marknadens återuppbyggnad. Dodd-Frank instiftades redan 2010 som en helreformation av finansmarknaderna som under finanskrisen 2007-2008 visats vara i stort behov av återreglering. Finanskrisens påverkan på finansmarknaderna visade att den avreglering som löpande gjorts av marknaderna sedan 1980-talet hade skapat en ohållbar situation där finansmarknadsaktörerna kunde verka relativt ostört av myndigheter och lagstiftning.  En annan aspekt som finanskrisen synliggjorde var riskerna kopplade till det globala finansiella systemet. Finanskrisen innebar konkurser för europeiska banker och insolvens för europeiska stater, trots att krisen hade sin början i en amerikansk investmentbank. Den systemrisk som uppdagades har lagstiftare både i USA och EU försökt reglera. Delvis genom förbud mot vissa verksamheter, investeringar och avtal, men även genom krav på bland annat transparens och due diligence. Inom EU återfinns dessa förbud och regler främst i kapitaltäckningsförordningen och kapitaltäckningsdirektivet som båda syftar till att säkerställa att bankerna har kapitalbuffertar. I och med det nya Baselregelverket som också genomgick en omarbetning efter finanskrisen kan kapitaltyperna lätt identifieras.  Kapitaltäckningsregleringarna och värdepapperiseringsförordningen är de viktigaste verktygen för EU:s arbete med att återställa värdepapperiseringsmarknaden inom unionen. Uppsatsens komparativa analys av värdepapperiseringsförordningen och Dodd-Frank Act visar på att just motivet till värdepapperiseringsförordningen, att den ska möjliggöra för marknaden att växa men också reglera marknaden så att en finanskris kan undvikas, skulle kunna hindra tillämpningen från att bli sådan som lagstiftaren åsyftat.

Subprime residential mortgage loan securitization and its associated risks have been a major topic of discussion since the onset of the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) in 2007. In this regard, the thesis addresses the issues of subprime residential mortgage loan (RML) securitization in discrete-, continuous-and discontinuous-time and their connections with the SMC. In this regard, the main issues to be addressed are discussed in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. In Chapter 2, we investigate the risk allocation choices of an investing bank (IB) that has to decide between risky securitized subprime RMLs and riskless Treasuries. This issue is discussed in a discrete-time framework with IB being considered to be regret- and risk-averse before and during the SMC, respectively. We conclude that if IB takes regret into account it will be exposed to higher risk when the difference between the expected returns on securitized subprime RMLs and Treasuries is small. However, there is low risk exposure when this difference is high. Furthermore, we assess how regret can influence IB's view - as a swap protection buyer - of the rate of return on credit default swaps (CDSs), as measured by the premium based on default swap spreads. We find that before the SMC, regret increases IB's willingness to pay lower premiums for CDSs when its securitized RML portfolio is considered to be safe. On the other hand, both risk- and regret-averse IBs pay the same CDS premium when their securitized RML portfolio is considered to be risky. Chapter 3 solves a stochastic optimal credit default insurance problem in continuous-time that has the cash outflow rate for satisfying depositor obligations, the investment in securitized loans and credit default insurance as controls. As far as the latter is concerned, we compute the credit default swap premium and accrued premium by considering the credit rating of the securitized mortgage loans. In Chapter 4, we consider a problem of IB investment in subprime residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBSs) and Treasuries in discontinuous-time. In order to accomplish this, we develop a Levy process-based model of jump diffusion-type for IB's investment in subprime RMBSs and Treasuries. This model incorporates subprime RMBS losses which can be associated with credit risk. Furthermore, we use variance to measure such risk, and assume that the risk is bounded by a certain constraint. We are now able to set-up a mean-variance optimization problem for IB's investment which determines the optimal proportion of funds that needs to be invested in subprime RMBSs and Treasuries subject to credit risk measured by the variance of IE's investment. In the sequel, we also consider a mean swaps-at-risk (SaR) optimization problem for IB's investment which determines the optimal portfolio which consists of subprime RMBSs and Treasuries subject to the protection by CDSs required against the possible losses. In this regard, we define SaR as indicative to IB on how much protection from swap protection seller it must have in order to cover the losses that might occur from credit events. Moreover, SaR is expressed in terms of Value-at-Risk (VaR). Finally, Chapter 5 provides an analysis of discrete-, continuous- and discontinuous-time models for subprime RML securitization discussed in the aforementioned chapters and their connections with the SMC. The work presented in this thesis is based on 7 peer-reviewed international journal articles (see [25], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48] and [55]), 4 peer-reviewed chapters in books (see [42], [50j, [51J and [52]) and 2 peer-reviewed conference proceedings papers (see [11] and [12]). Moreover, the article [49] is currently being prepared for submission to an lSI accredited journal. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Subprime residential mortgage loan securitization and its associated risks have been a major topic of discussion since the onset of the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) in 2007. In this regard, the thesis addresses the issues of subprime residential mortgage loan (RML) securitization in discrete-, continuous-and discontinuous-time and their connections with the SMC. In this regard, the main issues to be addressed are discussed in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. In Chapter 2, we investigate the risk allocation choices of an investing bank (IB) that has to decide between risky securitized subprime RMLs and riskless Treasuries. This issue is discussed in a discrete-time framework with IB being considered to be regret- and risk-averse before and during the SMC, respectively. We conclude that if IB takes regret into account it will be exposed to higher risk when the difference between the expected returns on securitized subprime RMLs and Treasuries is small. However, there is low risk exposure when this difference is high. Furthermore, we assess how regret can influence IB's view - as a swap protection buyer - of the rate of return on credit default swaps (CDSs), as measured by the premium based on default swap spreads. We find that before the SMC, regret increases IB's willingness to pay lower premiums for CDSs when its securitized RML portfolio is considered to be safe. On the other hand, both risk- and regret-averse IBs pay the same CDS premium when their securitized RML portfolio is considered to be risky. Chapter 3 solves a stochastic optimal credit default insurance problem in continuous-time that has the cash outflow rate for satisfying depositor obligations, the investment in securitized loans and credit default insurance as controls. As far as the latter is concerned, we compute the credit default swap premium and accrued premium by considering the credit rating of the securitized mortgage loans. In Chapter 4, we consider a problem of IB investment in subprime residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBSs) and Treasuries in discontinuous-time. In order to accomplish this, we develop a Levy process-based model of jump diffusion-type for IB's investment in subprime RMBSs and Treasuries. This model incorporates subprime RMBS losses which can be associated with credit risk. Furthermore, we use variance to measure such risk, and assume that the risk is bounded by a certain constraint. We are now able to set-up a mean-variance optimization problem for IB's investment which determines the optimal proportion of funds that needs to be invested in subprime RMBSs and Treasuries subject to credit risk measured by the variance of IE's investment. In the sequel, we also consider a mean swaps-at-risk (SaR) optimization problem for IB's investment which determines the optimal portfolio which consists of subprime RMBSs and Treasuries subject to the protection by CDSs required against the possible losses. In this regard, we define SaR as indicative to IB on how much protection from swap protection seller it must have in order to cover the losses that might occur from credit events. Moreover, SaR is expressed in terms of Value-at-Risk (VaR). Finally, Chapter 5 provides an analysis of discrete-, continuous- and discontinuous-time models for subprime RML securitization discussed in the aforementioned chapters and their connections with the SMC. The work presented in this thesis is based on 7 peer-reviewed international journal articles (see [25], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48] and [55]), 4 peer-reviewed chapters in books (see [42], [50j, [51J and [52]) and 2 peer-reviewed conference proceedings papers (see [11] and [12]). Moreover, the article [49] is currently being prepared for submission to an lSI accredited journal. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.