Par l’intermédiaire d’analyses isotopiques de l’émail et de la dentine (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O), l’étude vise à reconstituer pour la première fois les schémas de mobilité et les pratiques alimentaires au cours de l’enfance d'une population inhumée au cimetière catholique du faubourg de Saint-Antoine (1799 -1854) (N=24). Ce dernier est un site clé, lié à la transition de la ville de Montréal vers l'industrialisation et reflète une croissance démographique exponentielle reliée au flux migratoire accru en provenance surtout des îles Britanniques (Écosse, Angleterre, Irlande), des États-Unis, du milieu rural canadien et d’autres régions possiblement (Afrique, Caraïbes). De plus, six individus, victimes du naufrage du Carrick of Whitehaven sur la côte gaspésienne (Cap-des-Rosiers, 1847), ont fourni des données sur les migrants irlandais de première génération. Pour tous les individus, un seul échantillon a été prélevé pour l’émail (couronne inférieure) et la dentine (racine/apex) sur une prémolaire ou deuxième molaire permanente pour couvrir une période de vie entre 2 ans et l’adolescence. En plus, pour quatre individus, deux méthodes de micro-échantillonnage en séquence de la dentine (micro-poinçon, micro-tranche) ont été réalisées pour comparer leur efficacité et obtenir des données plus détaillées. Les résultats généraux suggèrent une diversité alimentaire au cours de l’enfance basée sur l’origine des personnes : le régime alimentaire à Montréal était principalement basé sur les ressources en C3, avec l’ajout de ressources en C4 pour les locaux et les gens originaires du Haut-Canada; et l’apport en aliments carnés était plus important chez les immigrants des îles Britanniques ou des États-Unis. Ces faits concordent avec les sources historiques qui mentionnent un afflux de migrants et une alimentation diversifiée selon les groupes culturels à Montréal. Les données isotopiques observées pour Cap-des-Rosiers sont beaucoup plus homogènes qu’à Saint-Antoine, car elles reflètent un événement migratoire ponctuel. Comme trois individus de Saint-Antoine ont des résultats isotopiques très similaires à ceux de Cap-des-Rosiers, il est proposé qu’il s’agisse d’Irlandais voire de personnes ayant un parcours de vie similaire à des migrants venus des îles Britanniques. Finalement, l’un d’entre eux (9M-S2) a révélé grâce aux micro-tranches (technique la plus adaptée pour obtenir des variations temporelles très fines) une augmentation du δ15N vers l’âge de 4 ans, possiblement relié à un stress physiologique (ex. famine). / By using isotopic analyses of enamel and dentin (δ 13C, δ 15N, δ 18O), this study aims to reconstruct for the first time the mobility patterns and dietary practices during infancy of a population buried in the Saint Antoine Catholic cemetery (1799 -1854) (N=24). The latter is a key site linked to the city of Montreal's transition to industrialization and reflects a period of exponential population growth linked to increased migration especially from the British Isles (Scotland, England, Ireland), the United States, rural Canada, and to a few other regions possibly (Africa, Caribbean). Moreover, six individuals, victims of the shipwreck of the Carrick of Whitehaven on the Gaspé Coast (Capdes-Rosiers, 1847), provided data on first-generation Irish migrants. For all individuals, a single sample was taken from enamel (lower crown) and dentin (root/apex) of one permanent premolar or second molar to cover a life span between 2 years and the adolescence. In addition, for four individuals, two methods of sequential micro-sampling of dentin (micro-punch, micro-slice) were carried out to compare their effectiveness and obtain detailed data. Overall results suggest dietary diversity during childhood based on people's origins: the diet in Montreal was mainly based on C3 resources, with the addition of C4 resources for locals and people from Upper Canada (Ontario); and meat intake was higher among immigrants from the British Isles or the United-States. These facts are consistent with historical sources that mention an influx of migrants and a diversified diet among the cultural groups of Montreal. The isotopic data observed for Cap-des-Rosiers are much more homogeneous than for Saint-Antoine, reflecting one tragic migratory event. As three individuals from Saint-Antoine have isotopic results very similar to those from Cap-des-Rosiers, it is proposed that they are Irish or people with a life history similar to migrants from the British Isles. Finally, one of them (9M-S2) revealed an increase in δ 15N around the age of 4 years old, possibly linked to physiological stress (e.g. famine) thanks to micro-slicing (the most suitable technique for obtaining very detailed temporal variations).

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[pt] A Lagoa de Marapendi integra, junto com as Lagoas de Camorim, de Jacarepaguá e da Tijuca, o Sistema Lagunar de Jacarepaguá que fica numa planície de mesmo nome localizada na zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Uma das características mais marcantes desse Sistema é sua proximidade com o mar, que o abastece por meio do Canal da Joatinga. Marapendi é a mais externa das três Lagoas, separando-se do mar apenas por um cordão arenoso de 9km de extensão e largura de cerca de 100m, onde está localizada a Praia da Reserva. O trabalho objetivou determinar se haveria aportes hídricos entre o mar e a Lagoa através do lençol nesse cordão, determinar se essa troca é pontual ou difusa, se é uniforme ou variada e quantificar sua influência no volume total da Lagoa. Para tal foram utilizados três diferentes grupos de traçadores. O primeiro foi a condutividade por ser mais convencional e com possibilidade de trabalho em campo, em seguida os isótopos estáveis da água (Delta D e Delta 18O) e por último os isótopos de Ra de meia-vida curta (223Ra e 224Ra), determinados pelo uso de RaDeCC – Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter. Como resultado conseguiu-se demonstrar que há um aporte pelo cordão e que ele é difuso e não uniforme. Também, pode-se demonstrar uma zona de elevada descarga no mesmo lugar onde foi observado um afloramento natural. Na quantificação desse aporte, em cálculos aproximados, considerando a água subterrânea no cordão e uma linha de base de Ra na entrada da Lagoa, determinou-se que esse aporte é cerca de 10 por cento do volume de água da Lagoa. / [en] Marapendi Lagoon forms, along with Camorim, Jacarepaguá and Tijuca Lagoon, the Jacarepaguá Lagoon System, located on a plain by the same name in Rio de Janeiro. This System its proximity to the sea that supplies it with water by Joatinga Canal. Marapendi is the most external off the three lagoons, being separated of the sea by just a sandspit of 9km of extension and about 100m wide, named Reserva Beach. The study aimed to determine if there was water contributions (SGD) between the sea and the lagoon through the groundwater in this spit, determine if this exchange is punctual or diffused and to quantify it s influence on the Marapendi volume. For such were used different geotracers as salinity, major ions in salt water, water s stable isotopes (Delta D and Delta 18O) and short half-life radium isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra), determined by RaDeCC – Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter. As a result, it was possible to demonstrate that there is a water contribution through the groundwater. It is also possible to demonstrate an elevated discharge zone on the same place where was observed a natural water outcrop. Quantifying this contribution in calculations considering the sandspit s underground water and a radium baseline on the lagoon s entrance it was determined that this contribution is approximated 10 percent of Marapendi volume, wich is a considerably representative amount.

<p>This thesis uses stable isotopic analysis to identify diet, geographic origins and long-term residency in a sub-sample of the Smith’s Knoll skeletal collection, soldiers who died during the June 6^th 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek. The major objectives of this study have been to differentiate between two major modes of dietary consumption, one wheat-based, the other maize-based, in an attempt to decipher British colonial from American soldiers. These objectives were paired with stable oxygen and strontium isotopes, two isotopic elements presently used to identify migration and regional origins. Oxygen isotopic results from teeth suggest that, as children, 5 individuals may have originated in North America. Nine individuals have isotopic signatures indicative of both a North American or United Kingdom origins. The isotopic composition from bone collagen and phosphate suggest similar geographic origins, with diets composed of both wheat- and maize-based foods. Bone phosphate values indicate that 2 individuals possibly resided in North America. The remaining 20 individuals have bone values indicative of long-term residency in both geographic regions with a significant amount of dietary mixing. These results suggest that other military participants, soldiers from the King’s 8^th Regiment and Canadian militiamen, may also be represented in this study. Prior investigations have omitted this crucial information, focusing their historic research primarily on the British 49^th Regiment. The data presented in this thesis offers a broader geographic, pan-nationalistic perspective on the possible infantrymen and militiamen who fought during the battle, including select Canadian militiamen from the Niagara region and the King’s 8^th Regiment from Britain.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

<p>In many interpretations of hunter-gatherer settlement systems, archaeologists have assumed implicitly or explicitly that a pattern of mobilitybased on seasonally-scheduled movements between different site locations waspracticed. This pattern of mobility is often characterized as a seasonal round, where different locations are used during specific times of the year for different purposes. An implication of this pattern of mobility is that short-term occupation sites are visited annually, approximately at the same time each year and longer-term residential sites can span multiple seasons. To interpret seasonality, indirect indicators are often used but the high-resolution methods presented in this study provide direct evidence of seasonal site occupation. The Pacific Northwest Coast provides an ideal landscape to examine seasonality since many of the staple resources, particularly salmon, were available on a seasonal basis. Contrary to longstanding assumptions of regular seasonal movement between sites, the analysis of shell samples from multiple archaeological sites from distinct regions in British Columbia show complex patterns of multi-seasonal occupation at smaller campsites and specific seasonal or multi-seasonal emphasis in occupation and/or shellfish harvest at longer-term residential sites.</p> <p>To identify patterns of shellfish harvest, stable oxygen isotope analysis and high-resolution sclerochronology were applied to the bivalve <em>Saxidomus gigantea</em> (butter clam). Combined with shell growth increment analysis to examine relative levels of harvest pressure, local rates of shellfish collecting are also interpreted. To examine regional variability in seasonality and resource use in British Columbia, three environmentally and historically distinct areas were selected spanning approximately 6000 years of history. These regions include the central coast in the tradition territory of the Heiltsuk, and two areas on the northern coast, specifically the Dundas Islands Group and Prince Rupert Harbour in the traditional territory of the Tsimshian. The results of the analysis show site-specific trends in shellfish harvesting on the central coast; a pattern which is not as clear on the northern coast. Sites on the Dundas Islands show multi-seasonal collection and a stronger emphasis on winter shellfish harvesting. The results also show that shellfish were harvested more intensively in the Dundas Islands area relative to the central coast. The pattern of seasonal shellfish harvesting on the mainland coast at village sites in Prince Rupert Harbour is similar to the pattern found at long-term residential sites on the central coast. With respect to the dietary importance of clams, another longstanding issue in Northwest Coast archaeology, the results show a mix of patterns including casual resource use at most campsites, intensive multi-season harvest in some regions and strategic multi-season harvest and spring consumption at some residential sites.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No / Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the ¿13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet.

Im Fokus dieser Arbeit steht die physiologische Reaktion von Einzelbäumen gegenüber Trockenheit. Das angewandte hydrodynamische Xylemwasserfluss (XWF) Model liefert eine hydrologische Abbildung der Einzelbäume. Aufgrund des funktionalen Zusammenhanges zwischen dem Blattwasserpotential und der stomatären Leitfähigkeit erlaubt das XWF Modell eine öko-physiologische Simulation der stomatären Reaktion auf Blattebene. Hieraus ergeben sich auch Rückschlüsse auf die Assimilationsleistung. Als integratives Maß des Verhältnisses zwischen der Kohlenstoffaufnahme und dem Wasserverbrauch werden die stabilen (Jahrring-) Isotope des Kohlen- und des Sauerstoffs analysiert. Des Weiteren werden Messungen des jährlichen Dickenwachstums sowie des Tagesganges der Xylem-Saftflussdichte untersucht. Die XWF Simulationen zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Saftflussdichtemessungen an Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.). Eine effektive stomatäre Regulation der Transpiration während der extreme Trockenheit des Jahres 2003 schütze die untersuchten Buchen vor einer Fehlfunktion des Wassertransportes. Gleichfalls konnte das Wachstum aufrechterhalten werden, was eine Remobilisierung von gespeichertem Kohlenstoff während Zeiten eingeschränkten Gasaustausches nahe legt. Des Weiteren zeigte sich Unterschiede in den (Wasser-) Nutzungsstrategien von Fichten (Picea abies L. Karst.), was auf eine physiologische Prädisposition der Gefährdung einzelner Bäume gegenüber Trockenstress hinweist. Die gemeinsame Betrachtung von hydrodynamischen Simulationen und öko-physiologischen Messungen kann dazu beitragen die komplexen physiologischen Prozesse auf Blattebene abzubilden und diese auf Baumebene zu projizieren. Weiterführend können somit die Vorhersagen des Wasserhaushaltes auf Bestandesebene angepasst und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels besser abgeschätzt werden. / This study focuses on the physiological response of individual trees towards drought. The hydrodynamic model of xylem water flow (XWF) applied provides a hydraulic map of the individual trees. Due to the functional linkage between the leaf water status and the stomatal conductance, the XWF model enables an eco-physiological representation of the stomatal response at the leaf level. As an integrative record of the ratio between water loss and carbon gain, the tree ring carbon and oxygen stable isotopes have been analyzed. Furthermore, measurements of seasonal growth and diurnal sap flow densities include in my study. The hydrodynamic XWF simulation shows good agreement with sap flow density measurements of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). It demonstrates that the study trees were able to cope with the extreme drought events of the years 2003 due to a strong limitation of water loss by stomatal closure. The assessment of growth data and stable isotope measurements suggest an increased remobilization of stored carbohydrates during periods of limited gas exchange. Furthermore, differences in the resource use strategies of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.) suggest a physiological predisposition of individual trees toward drought stress. The combined investigation of hydrodynamic modeling and eco-physiological approaches helps to bridge the gap between the detailed examinations of physiological processes at the leaf level to the forecast of water use at the tree level. Thus, predictions of the water balance at the stand level may be adjusted for a better representation of the impact of climate change.