SOUZA, Elsine Carneiro. Praia de Iracema: fatores de estagnação de um espaço turístico à Beira-Mar. 2002. 85 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T16:29:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_ecsouza.pdf: 1568855 bytes, checksum: 84ad0817d5e05a99edee07a95d79ab94 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T16:38:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_ecsouza.pdf: 1568855 bytes, checksum: 84ad0817d5e05a99edee07a95d79ab94 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T16:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_ecsouza.pdf: 1568855 bytes, checksum: 84ad0817d5e05a99edee07a95d79ab94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Leisure has become something that people really value nowadays and it's not just about having fun anymore. Based on that, one can perceive that the urge for traveling and the search for confort and pleasure outside their habitat has generated the strengthening of the tourism industry in the world. With that in mind, it's of paramount importance to realize that the tourism sector can be a tool that will produce collective profits provide that it's accomplishe in a sustainable way. As an example of a touristic site in which the relationship between the use and occupation have not become sustainable just like Praia de Iracema in Fortaleza. One can perceive that since the foundation of this area, the object evidenced two cycles of life, one in which it was valued and an other at times being degrading and at other times both processes taking place simultaneously, being static nowadays. Considering the social relevance of the object, this present work aims at understanding which factors contributed to the static state of a coastal touristic site. In order for that to happen, it was necessary the historical analysis of the phases experienced in that neighborhood through newspapers, magazines and photos sources, having bibliography related to the theme as supplement. Eventually, the author came to the conclusion that due to its attractiveness, Praia de Iracema was the target of real state speculation with he aid of tourism industry united haphazardly, causing the predatory exploitation of its space. In order for that reality to be modified, it is necessary to compreend that the value of touristic sites cannot be aimed at the economical aspect nevertheless it must stem from subjective values of each one. / O lazer, na modernidade, firmou-se como valor individual e não apenas como atrativo. Percebe-se, assim, que o anseio pela viagem e a busca de comodidades fora do habitat tem gerado o fortalecimento da indústria turística no mundo. Com isso, deve-se atentar para o fato de que o turismo pode ser uma ferramenta capaz de gerar ganhos coletivos desde que seja desenvolvido de forma sustentável. Como exemplo de um espaço turístico cujas relações de uso e ocupação se tornaram insustentável está o caso da Praia de Iracema, na cidade de Fortaleza. Constata-se que desde a sua fundação como bairro, o objeto evidenciou dois ciclos de existência, vivenciando fases ora de valorização, ora de decadência e em alguns momentos os dois processos de forma simultânea, chegando à atualidade à estagnação. Considerando a relevância social do objeto, o presente estudo tem por objetivo entender quais os fatores que contribuíram para estagnação de um espaço turístico à beira-mar. Para tanto, se fez importante a análise histórica das fases vividas pelo bairro através de fontes hemerográficas, tendo como complemento da pesquisa bibliografias relacionadas ao tema. Por conseguinte, percebeu-se que a Praia de Iracema, pela sua atratividade, foi alvo de intensa especulação imobiliária que de forma desmedida se uniu à indústria turística, ocasionando a exploração “predatória” do espaço. Para que essa realidade seja modificada, torna-se necessária a compreensão de que o valor dos espaços turísticos não pode se restringir apenas ao aspecto econômico, mas deve partir, inclusive, dos valores subjetivos de cada um.

Investigations were carried out to assess biofilm formation within a model warm water distribution system (test rig) under a variety of conditions. Analysis methods included ATP-/ culture-based analysis, SEM and confocal microscopy. Molecular-based community analysis was carried out using PCR/DGGE. High pH (9.53-10.08), induced by the presence of a sacrificial anode within the water heater, had a profound inhibitive effect on the culturability of biofilm bacteria on copper (Cu) pipe within the test rig. Concurrent investigations into the effect of stagnation (varied periods of non-flushing) appeared to contradict the widely held view that stagnation is conducive to biofilm formation, with greater flushing frequencies resulting in increased biofilm. It was concluded that a higher frequency of nutrient-delivering events were largely responsible for this and that in systems where lengthier stagnation periods were employed, factors such as low oxygen and reduced nutrient levels inhibited biofilm formation on previously uncontaminated Cu pipe. Thermal purging (TP) over a 28 day period of 30 second, 12 hourly flushing at 41 °C and three-daily one minute purging with 70 °C water resulted in a 99% reduction in the culturability of biofilm bacteria on both Cu and LLDPE. However, confocal microscopical analysis of bacterial numbers indicated that 25.06% (Cu) and 21.55% (LLDPE) of the initial bacterial population remained viable. A large proportion of non-viable biofilm bacteria were also observed. Further work is therefore required in order to optimize TP within the test rig. Biofilm formation on a range of different materials; Cu, stainless steel, PEX, and EPDM, showed significantly greater biofilm development on EPDM in comparison to the other materials. Preliminary investigations of LLDPE and tap outlet fittings showed that laminar flow outlet fittings may act as reservoirs for the development and subsequent dissemination of biofilm. Molecular bacterial community structural studies of test rig biofilms clearly showed that biofilm community composition was significantly affected by both temporal and environmental factors, and varied at points within the same system. Sequencing did not provide a great insight into the composition of the bacterial communities within the test rig, and further work is required to gain a more complete picture of bacterial community diversity within the test rig. These studies show that biofilm formation within the test rig is greatly influenced by a wide variety of factors. The test rig’s unique design necessitates a cautionary approach when making comparisons with, for example, larger water distribution systems

In a northern European climate a typical solar combisystem for a single family house normally saves between 10 and 30 % of the auxiliary energy needed for space heating and domestic water heating. It is considered uneconomical to dimension systems for higher energy savings. Overheating problems may also occur. One way of avoiding these problems is to use a collector that is designed so that it has a low optical efficiency in summer, when the solar elevation is high and the load is small, and a high optical efficiency in early spring and late fall when the solar elevation is low and the load is large.The study investigates the possibilities to design the system and, in particular, the collector optics, in order to match the system performance with the yearly variations of the heating load and the solar irradiation. It seems possible to design practically viable load adapted collectors, and to use them for whole roofs ( 40 m2) without causing more overheating stress on the system than with a standard 10 m2 system. The load adapted collectors collect roughly as much energy per unit area as flat plate collectors, but they may be produced at a lower cost due to lower material costs. There is an additional potential for a cost reduction since it is possible to design the load adapted collector for low stagnation temperatures making it possible to use less expensive materials. One and the same collector design is suitable for a wide range of system sizes and roof inclinations. The report contains descriptions of optimized collector designs, properties of realistic collectors, and results of calculations of system output, stagnation performance and cost performance. Appropriate computer tools for optical analysis, optimization of collectors in systems and a very fast simulation model have been developed.

This study investigates the relationship between stagflation and price stability and full employment and four economic scenarios and the economic condition. The data used in the study were obtained from government publications and were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. The standard inferential apparatus were employed. Give independent variables were found to be significant in explaining the causes of stagflation. These were: absolute change in M1, oil embargo of 1974, corporate profits, output per hour, and Iranian crisis of 1979. In conclusion, the causes of economic instability do not rest with one single theory or factor, but a combination of several.

During gas turbine development testing, measurements of the gas-path stagnation temperature are used to characterise the engine running condition and establish individual engine component performance. These measurements are typically acquired using passively ventilated thermocouple probes, which are capable of achieving absolute stagnation temperature uncertainties of approximately 0.5 %. Historically, this measurement accuracy has been considered adequate to evaluate gains in turbomachinery efficiency. However, realisable turbomachinery efficiency gains have recently become sufficiently small that an improvement in measurement accuracy is now required. This has resulted in the specification of a target absolute stagnation temperature uncertainty of 0.1 %. The research presented in this thesis focusses on the development of a new stagnation temperature probe that will achieve a measurement uncertainty close to the target value. The new probe has been designed to utilise a thin-film platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) as the temperature sensitive element. For certain aspects of gas turbine engine testing, this type of sensor offers an improvement in measurement accuracy compared to a thermocouple.

Optimization is a mathematical technique that concerns the finding of maxima or minima of functions in some feasible region. There is no business or industry which is not involved in solving optimization problems. A variety of optimization techniques compete for the best solution. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a relatively new, modern, and powerful method of optimization that has been empirically shown to perform well on many of these optimization problems. It is widely used to find the global optimum solution in a complex search space. This thesis aims at providing a review and discussion of the most established results on PSO algorithm as well as exposing the most active research topics that can give initiative for future work and help the practitioner improve better result with little effort. This paper introduces a theoretical idea and detailed explanation of the PSO algorithm, the advantages and disadvantages, the effects and judicious selection of the various parameters. Moreover, this thesis discusses a study of boundary conditions with the invisible wall technique, controlling the convergence behaviors of PSO, discrete-valued problems, multi-objective PSO, and applications of PSO. Finally, this paper presents some kinds of improved versions as well as recent progress in the development of the PSO, and the future research issues are also given.

Experiments were conducted in a recirculating water channel to determine the flow topology around a simplified two-wheel landing gear model. Both hydrogen bubble visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry techniques were employed. The Reynolds number based on wheel diameter was 32,500. The general flow topology was characterized for several wheel configurations. Previously undiscovered structures have been found in several regions of the flow field, and their behavior was found to depend strongly on the geometry of the wheels. The phenomena of vorticity amplification near the stagnation point of the wheels was also studied. Weak upstream vorticity was found to collect, grow, and amplify into large coherent structures which then shed in a regular manner. The size, location, and shedding frequency of these structures has been characterized. The impingement point of the upstream vorticity was found to dictate the dynamics of the phenomena.

Experiments were conducted in a recirculating water channel to determine the flow topology around a simplified two-wheel landing gear model. Both hydrogen bubble visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry techniques were employed. The Reynolds number based on wheel diameter was 32,500. The general flow topology was characterized for several wheel configurations. Previously undiscovered structures have been found in several regions of the flow field, and their behavior was found to depend strongly on the geometry of the wheels. The phenomena of vorticity amplification near the stagnation point of the wheels was also studied. Weak upstream vorticity was found to collect, grow, and amplify into large coherent structures which then shed in a regular manner. The size, location, and shedding frequency of these structures has been characterized. The impingement point of the upstream vorticity was found to dictate the dynamics of the phenomena.

The performance of dry, low NOx gas turbines, which employ lean premixed (or partially premixed) combustors, is often limited by combustor stability. To overcome this issue, a novel design, referred to as a Stagnation Point Reverse Flow (SPRF) combustor, has been recently demonstrated. The SPRF combustor has been shown to produce low NOx emissions with both gaseous and liquid fuels. The objective of this thesis is to elucidate the interactions between the flowfield and combustion processes in this combustor for gas- and liquid-fueled operation. This is achieved with experimental measurements employing various optical diagnostic techniques. These include Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), chemiluminescence imaging, Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) of OH radicals and laser scattering from liquid droplets. Velocity measurements in gas-fueled operation show that both nonreacting and reacting flows exhibit a stagnation region with low mean velocity and high turbulence intensities. The high shear between the forward and reverse flows causes significant recirculation resulting in enhanced entrainment and mixing of the returning product gases into the incoming reactant jet for the reacting flow cases, which enables stable operation of the combustor at very lean equivalence ratios. Nonpremixed operation produces a flowfield similar to premixed case except in the near-field region where high turbulence intensities result in significant fuel-air mixing before combustion occurs. Operation of the SPRF combustor with liquid Jet-A is also investigated experimentally. The results indicate that while the overall flow features are similar to the gas-fueled SPRF combustor, the combustion characteristics and NOx performance in liquid operation are strongly controlled by fuel dispersion and evaporation. Injecting the liquid at the exit of the air annulus results in a highly lifted flame, similar to nonpremixed gaseous operation. On the other hand, retracting the fuel injector well inside the air annulus produces a well-dispersed fuel pattern at the reactant inlet leading to a reduction of the equivalence ratio in the fuel consuming reaction zones. Since the effective Dahmkohler number increases with global equivalence ratio, the difference in NOx emissions is more pronounced at higher fuel-air ratios as the retracted injector lowers the relative mixing time compared to the flush case.

O desenvolvimento do processo de acumulação de capital fez com que o sistema capitalista sofresse grandes modificações em suas leis de movimento e se ultrapassasse seu estágio concorrencial, apresentando agora na maioria dos seus mercados características típicas de monopólio, o que fez com que se denominasse este estágio de capitalismo monopolista. As economias maduras sob a égide do capitalismo monopolista trazem consigo uma tendência a gerar uma quantidade maior de excedente do que alternativas para o seu investimento em atividades produtivas. Isto faz com que o sistema carregue consigo uma tendência inerente a estagnação, que só é contida por poderosos estímulos contrários, que impulsionam a economia enquanto seu efeito perdura, deixando novamente os sintomas da estagnação visíveis quando se esvanecem. Dentre estes estímulos contra tendentes, a financeirização, ou o desvio do excedente da esfera produtiva para a financeira, se tornou a mais poderosa força do capitalismo em sua luta contra a estagnação. / The development process of capital accumulation has made the capitalist system suffered major changes in its laws of motion and exceeded its competitive stage, representing the majority of its markets typical of monopoly, which led them to call this stage of monopoly capitalism. The mature economies under the auspices of monopoly capitalism brings with it a tendency to generate a greater amount of surplus that alternatives for its investment in productive activities. This causes the system to load with an inherent tendency to stagnation, which only contained a powerful stimulus to the contrary, that drive the economy while its effect lasts, leaving again the symptoms of stagnation visible when vanish. Among these stimuli aimed against the financialisation, or diversion of the surplus from the productive sphere to the financial, became the most powerful force of capitalism in their struggle against stagnation.