Submitted by Bruna De Ribeiro Costa (bruna.rcosta9@gmail.com) on 2016-01-12T13:43:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Coffee Voluntary Standards Systems. A study of the states of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.pdf: 839317 bytes, checksum: 7a58d633263456d167a40a5b81d8965c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-01-12T15:52:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Coffee Voluntary Standards Systems. A study of the states of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.pdf: 839317 bytes, checksum: 7a58d633263456d167a40a5b81d8965c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-12T16:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coffee Voluntary Standards Systems. A study of the states of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.pdf: 839317 bytes, checksum: 7a58d633263456d167a40a5b81d8965c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / In order to adapt to new markets, the coffee supply chain has gone through numerous changes during the last years, which led to the creation of the voluntary standard systems. Adopting a Voluntary Standard System (VSS) consists of becoming a member of a certifier or verifier, in which an independent third party sets specific criteria to ensure a product complies with standards. Yet, the segment is still relatively new and raises some doubts about the economic and financial advantages of investing in sustainability-related certification. This study analyzes the perception of coffee producers about VSS – whether it brings economic benefits. The literature review covers various VSS in the coffee sector, the brief history of the commodity in Brazil, as well as the description of the supply chain. Certified and non-certified producers in the States of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, answered questionnaires to indicate the perceived advantages of certification. The results show that, despite some added value that certification can bestow, the quality is what really matter, since it allows producers to sell the product at higher prices and to gain advantage over competitors.

Cet ouvrage a été rédigé en LaTeX, ce qui permet d'atteindre directement certaines sections, notes ou références bibliographiques par le biais des hyperliens. / Ce mémoire se veut une synthèse critique de la littérature portant sur la logique déontique. Le premier objectif est d'y présenter un aperçu historique de son origine et de son évolution. Cet objectif sera principalement atteint par le biais du chapitre 2 portant sur les paradoxes, lequel nous permettra non seulement de voir en réaction à quoi les principales approches se sont développées, mais nous donnera aussi une vue d'ensemble quant aux différents courants que l'on retrouve en logique déontique. En second lieu, cet ouvrage vise à fournir une synthèse de la littérature portant sur l'analyse formelle du discours normatif. Les chapitres 3, 4 et 5 offrent une synthèse des principaux courants qui cherchent à répondre à cet objectif, ce que l'on peut regrouper sous trois banières, à savoir les logiques monadiques, les logiques dyadiques et les logiques temporelles. Finalement, nous proposons une lecture critique de cette littérature. Cette critique, qui repose notamment sur la prémisse à savoir que la logique déontique se doit non pas de rendre compte de l'utilisation du discours normatif mais plutôt de sa structure, vise à montrer que les systèmes actuels ne parviennent pas à rendre compte adéquatement de certaines caractéristiques fondamentales au discours juridique. / In this essay we aim to provide a critical analysis of the literature regarding deontic logic. First of all, we wish to give a historical account of deontic logic's evolution, which will be done mainly by chapter 2. This chapter concerns the paradoxes of deontic logic and gives an overview of the usual systems and their origin. Our second objective is to provide a synthesis of the literature regarding the formal analysis of the normative discourse. The chapters 3, 4 and 5 give an account of the three principal ways which deal with deontic operators, that is the monadic deontic logic, the dyadic deontic logic and the temporal deontic logic. Finally, we propose a critical analysis of that literature and we show that these systems do not represent adequately some of the normative discourse's fundamental characteristics. We will accomplish this by providing an analysis of the legal discourse and show that the concept of obligation has some properties and behaves in a way that cannot be represented by the actual systems.

Ce mémoire se veut une synthèse critique de la littérature portant sur la logique déontique. Le premier objectif est d'y présenter un aperçu historique de son origine et de son évolution. Cet objectif sera principalement atteint par le biais du chapitre 2 portant sur les paradoxes, lequel nous permettra non seulement de voir en réaction à quoi les principales approches se sont développées, mais nous donnera aussi une vue d'ensemble quant aux différents courants que l'on retrouve en logique déontique. En second lieu, cet ouvrage vise à fournir une synthèse de la littérature portant sur l'analyse formelle du discours normatif. Les chapitres 3, 4 et 5 offrent une synthèse des principaux courants qui cherchent à répondre à cet objectif, ce que l'on peut regrouper sous trois banières, à savoir les logiques monadiques, les logiques dyadiques et les logiques temporelles. Finalement, nous proposons une lecture critique de cette littérature. Cette critique, qui repose notamment sur la prémisse à savoir que la logique déontique se doit non pas de rendre compte de l'utilisation du discours normatif mais plutôt de sa structure, vise à montrer que les systèmes actuels ne parviennent pas à rendre compte adéquatement de certaines caractéristiques fondamentales au discours juridique. / In this essay we aim to provide a critical analysis of the literature regarding deontic logic. First of all, we wish to give a historical account of deontic logic's evolution, which will be done mainly by chapter 2. This chapter concerns the paradoxes of deontic logic and gives an overview of the usual systems and their origin. Our second objective is to provide a synthesis of the literature regarding the formal analysis of the normative discourse. The chapters 3, 4 and 5 give an account of the three principal ways which deal with deontic operators, that is the monadic deontic logic, the dyadic deontic logic and the temporal deontic logic. Finally, we propose a critical analysis of that literature and we show that these systems do not represent adequately some of the normative discourse's fundamental characteristics. We will accomplish this by providing an analysis of the legal discourse and show that the concept of obligation has some properties and behaves in a way that cannot be represented by the actual systems. / Cet ouvrage a été rédigé en LaTeX, ce qui permet d'atteindre directement certaines sections, notes ou références bibliographiques par le biais des hyperliens.

Gränssnittsdesign är en av de viktigaste aktiviteterna vid systemutveckling, eftersom gränssnittet utgör den beståndsdel för vilket slutanvändare kommer göra sin primära helhetsbedömning av systemet utefter. Det innebär att gränssnittsdesignarbetet har en avgörande roll för hur systemet kommer att mottas och bedömas vid leverans och upphandlingar av system. Att designa tillfredställande gränssnitt handlar om att ta hänsyn till en rad olika human computer interaction (HCI)-aspekter. Dessa är användbarhet, användarupplevelse samt estetik, det vill säga hur visuellt tilltalande gränssnittet är. Följande tre aspekter kommer på olika sätt påverka hur en användare upplever ett system, vilket i sin tur kommer påverka huruvida en beställare är beredd att investera i ett system. Att utveckla gränssnitt för system innebär ofta att designers och utvecklare måste göra avvägningar kring i vilken mån en designer skall få realisera gränssnittsdesign. Detta eftersom en samansättning av för många visuella gränssnittselement kan få inverkan på systemets prestanda. Stundtals hamnar de två elementen, visuella designattribut och systemkrav, i konflikt med varandra och i de fall där de senare föregår designattribut ställs gränssnittsdesigners inför en utmaning eftersom att de bli begränsade i sitt arbete. Trots detta ställs dock samma krav på att designers skall uppnå tilltalande gränssnitt som väcker känslor av professionalism, samtidigt som systemet skall bibehålla optimal systemprestanda och funktionalitet.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur ett tillfredställande gränssnitt i aspekter av estetik, användbarhet och användarupplevelse kan designas i ett standardsystem när designarbete begränsas till att enbart kunna justera placering och färg av gränssnittselement. Detta har inneburit en designforskningsansats bestående av en iterativ utvecklingsprocess där ett gränssnitt designat och realiserat baserat på av teorin förslagna riktlinjer för gränssnittsdesign som fortfarande har varit möjliga att tillämpa trots designarbetets begränsningar. Gränssnittet har därefter utvärderats genom experiment i form av användbarhetstester och expertutvärdering. Empirisk data från utvärderingarna har därefter analyserats och införlivats i gränssnittet och slutligen har en slutsats genererats och presenterats.Studiens resultat visar att genom en kombination av befintliga teoribaserade riktlinjer kommer designers en god bit på väg för att lyckas design tillfredställande gränssnitt i aspekter av estetik, användbarhet och användarupplevelse. I slutet av studien presenteras detta i form av sju nya riktlinjer. Variabeln användarupplevelse visade sig dock vara svårare att designa för i studiens begränsade kontext. Detta beror på att användarupplevelse är en svår variabel att utvärdera på grund av dess subtila natur. Slutligen presenteras förslag för framtida forskning och på vilket sätt studiens resultat vidare bör beprövas. / User-Interface design is one of the most important aspects of development of a system, as the user-interface is one of the elements that the user primarily will take in consideration when assessing a system. This means that user-interface design plays an important role in how the system will be received and assessed at procurement. A designer has to consider a couple of human computer interaction (HCI)-aspects such as usability, user experience, and aesthetics, in order to design a satisfactory user-interface. These three aspects of human computer interaction affect user experience of a system, which will influence a client’s decision on investment in the system. Designing a user-interface of a system often means that designers and developers have to consider the extent to which a designer can implement their version of the interface. A composition of many visual interface elements can have an impact on the systems performance. Sometimes the visual design attributes can conflict with the system requirements. If designers are challenged system requirements are prioritised because they will be limited in their work. Despite those limitations, the designers are still needed to design an appealing user-interface that can invoke feelings of professionalism, parallel to the system requirement of optimal performance and functionality.The purpose of this study was to explore how an appealing user-interface with regards to aesthetics, usability and user experience can be designed when the design work is limited to only be able to adjust placement and visual appearance in terms of names and colour of UI elements. This has been explored by doing an iterative development process in which an interface has been designed and developed based on guidelines from theory on user-interface design which the authors has been able to implement based on the limitations on the design work. The interface has subsequently been evaluated by experiments in terms of usability tests and an expert evaluation in the form of a heuristic evaluation. The evaluations resulted in empirical data which has been analysed and set against existing theory upon which a conclusion has been generated and presented.The result of the study show that designers are well on the way to successfully design an appealing user-interface in relation to aesthetic, usability and user experience, which the authors presents in the form of seven new guidelines. The variable user experience turned out to be more difficult to design in the study’s limited context. The authors believe that one of the reasons for this is that user experience is difficult to evaluate because of its subtle nature. Lastly we present suggestions for future research and how the results of the study should be further proved.