This study aimed to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of the parameters of the water quality of the Poção da Ribeira reservoir, located in Sergipe State, with storage capacity of 16.5 hm³ and how primary purpose the irrigation. The monitoring was conducted in two phases, the first of them during the years 2013 and 2014, with sampling during the dry and rainy seasons of those years, at a single point (P0), while for the second phase of monitoring occurred during the year 2015, was sought to evaluate the existence of spatial variation of parameters for this were chosen three points (P1, P2 and P3) distributed in the reservoir and checked for stratification of the water column, being held this year three sampling campaigns (May, August and November). In situ were performed measures the temperature of the water depth. For water samples sent to the laboratory the following parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), fecal coliforms, total phosphorus (Ptotal), phosphate (PO4 3-) ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3 -), nitrite (NO2 -), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonates (HCO3 -), sulfate (SO4 2-) and chloride (Cl-). There was a significant seasonal variation for water quality parameters, as the spatial variation was no evidence of horizontal compartmentalization of the reservoir water in against departure, there was strong stratification of temperature during the dry season, increasing the electrical conductivity from 8 m depth during the rainy season and strong lowering of the pH in the first collection in 2015. The multivariate statistical cluster analysis showed the existence of three statistically significant groups, being revealed by principal component analysis (PCA) that 99.0% of the variance of the data matrix was due to three main components (PC), the first component (PC1), with greater weight associated with the EC, accounting for 94.0% of the variability of water quality. It has been shown by geochemical study, the prevalence of type sodic/chlorinated waters, which are classified as to their use in irrigation, as C2S1. / O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a variação temporal e espacial dos parâmetros da qualidade da água do reservatório Poção da Ribeira, localizado no Agreste Central do estado de Sergipe, tendo capacidade de acumulação de 16,5 hm³ e como propósito primário a irrigação. O monitoramento foi realizado em duas fases, a primeira delas durante os anos de 2013 e 2014, com a amostragem nos períodos seco e chuvoso desses anos, em um ponto único (P0), já para a segunda fase do monitoramento, ocorrida durante o ano de 2015, buscou-se avaliar a existência de variação espacial dos parâmetros, para isto foram escolhidos três pontos (P1, P2 e P3) distribuídos no reservatório e verificada a existência de estratificação da coluna d’água, sendo realizadas neste ano três campanhas de amostragem (maio, agosto e novembro). Em loco foram realizadas as medidas de temperatura da água e profundidade. Para as amostras de água encaminhadas ao laboratório foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: turbidez, pH, alcalinidade, dureza, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), coliformes termotolerantes, fósforo total (Ptotal), fosfato (PO4 3-), amônia (NH3), nitrato (NO3 -), nitrito (NO2 -), condutividade elétrica (CE), sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), sódio (Na+), potássio (K+), cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), bicarbonatos (HCO3 -), sulfatos (SO4 2-) e cloretos (Cl-). Foi verificada variação sazonal significante para os parâmetros da qualidade da água, quanto a variação espacial, não foi evidenciada compartimentalização horizontal das águas do reservatório, em contra partida, verificou-se a existência de forte estratificação da temperatura durante a estação seca, aumento da condutividade elétrica a partir de 8 m de profundidade durante a estação chuvosa e forte abaixamento do pH na primeira coleta de 2015. A análise estatística multivariada de agrupamentos mostrou a existência de três grupos estatisticamente significativos, sendo revelado pela análise de componentes principais (ACP) que 99,0 % da variância da matriz de dados foi devido a três componentes principais (CP), sendo a primeira componente (CP1), com maior peso associado à CE, responsável por 94,0 % da variabilidade da qualidade da água. Foi demonstrada, utilizando o estudo geoquímico, a predominância de águas do tipo sódicas/cloretadas, sendo estas classificadas, quanto ao seu uso na irrigação, como C2S1.

Orientador: Jose Maria Campos dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_EdmilsonRicardodeOliveira_D.pdf: 25995651 bytes, checksum: a64cd6e4f023f4dbf1ec723a3f5391f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nesta tese, uma avaliação do comportamento vibracional médio em freqüência-espaço é realizada com o objetivo de identificar como as vibrações se propagam através de uma estrutura em altas freqüências. Para isso, utilizaram-se equações diferenciais de energia, assim como equações diferenciais de movimento para propagação de ondas transversais e longitudinais no plano (x,y), as quais foram numericamente resolvidas. As metodologias empregadas para resolver as equações diferenciais parciais de energia são: Analiso de Fluxo de Energia ("Energy Flow Analysis - EFA"), Método do Fluxo de Energia utilizando Elementos Finitos ("Energy Finite Element Method - EFEM"), Método do Elemento Espectral de Energia ("Energy Spectral Element Method - ESEM"). Para resolver numericamente as equações diferenciais de propagação de ondas foi utilizado o Método dos Elementos Espectrais ("Spectral Element Method - SEM"). O foco principal desta tese é determinar os fluxos e densidades médios totais e parciais por EFEM e ESEM para estruturas simples como barras e vigas colineares, vigas acopladas em ângulos arbitrários e vigas acopladas na forma de um T. Na formulação do EFEM está incluso um mecanismo {matriz de elemento de junta) que modela o acoplamento entre elementos estruturais das estruturas mencionadas anteriormente. A matriz de elemento de junta é única para cada tipo de junta, e necessita de procedimento especial para ser inserida na matriz global do sistema de equações do EFEM. ESEM é uma formulação matricial baseada na solução geral da equação diferencial parcial de energia, assim sendo, o elemento espectral de energia é equivalente a um número infinito de elementos finitos de energia. Finalmente, o último método, SEM, é obtido a partir da solução exata da equação diferencial de propagação da onda, e portanto, não existe aproximação implícita na discretização como no caso do EFEM. Assim, os resultados obtidos por SEM foram utilizados para comparação com os resultados obtidos por EFEM e ESEM. Uma investigação experimental do comportamento vibracional de uma estrutura composta por duas barras colineares e uma outra composta por vigas conectadas na forma de T no sistema (x,y) foi realizada para verificar os resultados de EFEM, ESEM e SEM. Também foram estimados os Fatores de Perda por Acoplamento ("Coupling Loss Factor - CLFs") experimentais da Análise Estatística de Energia ("Statistical Energy Aiialysis - SEA") usando a técnica do Método da Potência Injetada ("Power Injection Method - PIM") com as respostas vibracionais medidas ao longo da viga T / Abstract: In this thesis, an evaluation of space frequency average vibrational behavior has been done with the aim of identifying how vibrations are propagating through a structure in high frequencies. For this purpose, energy differential equations were used, as well as equilibrium differential equations for the propagation transversal and longitudinal of waves in the plane (x,y), which were numerically solved. The methodologies used to solve the energy partial differential equations are Energy Flow Analysis (EFA), Energy Finite Element Method (EFEM), Energy Spectral Element Method (ESEM). The equilibrium differential equations for the propagation of waves were solved by Spectral Element Method (SEM). The main focus of this work is to determine the total and partial averages of flow and energy densities by EFEM and ESEM for simple structures such as colinear rods and beams, coupled beams in arbitrary angles and a T-beam. In the formulation of EFEM the mechanism (joint element matrix) that models the coupling among structural elements of the structures mentioned previously is included. The joint element matrices are unique for each type of joint, and a special procedure to be inserted into global matrix equation systems of the EFEM. ESEM is the matricial formulation based on the general solution of the partial differential equation of energy, therefore, the energy spectral element is equivalent to an infinite number of energy finite elements. Finally, the last method, SEM, is obtained from the exact solution for the differential equation of wave propagation, and, therefore, no implicit approximation as in EFEM case. The results obtained by SEM were used to compare with the results obtained by EFEM and ESEM. Experimental investigation of vibrational behavior of two coupled collinear rods and a T shaped beam structure was performed to verify the results of EFEM, ESEM and SEM. Also, an estimation of the coupling loss factor (CLFs) of Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), was performed using the Power Injection Method from vibrational response measured along the T-beam / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

A pesquisa realizada tratou do estudo de modelos de estimação da relação ar-combustível e de identificação do tipo de combustível usando o sinal da pressão no cilindro em um motor quatro tempos automotivo, alimentado com gasolina brasileira tipo C, etanol e misturas destes combustíveis. Foi montada uma bancada dinamométrica para realização de testes em um motor originalmente projetado para operar com etanol e que possui relação de compressão de 13,44:1. Durante os testes do motor foram coletados dados referentes às variáveis de desempenho e emissões de gases de exaustão. Os dados coletados em plena carga foram analisados utilizando parâmetros estatísticos e confrontados com os resultados esperados segundo a literatura. As variáveis independentes disponibilizadas nos testes do motor foram utilizadas em conjunto com a aplicação do método dos momentos e da razão de pressões no sinal da pressão no cilindro para o desenvolvimento de novos modelos de estimação da relação ar-combustível e de identificação do tipo de combustível. Os modelos obtidos na presente pesquisa mostraram-se capazes de estimar a relação ar-combustível, sendo sensíveis à variação da composição do combustível nesta estimativa, e de identificar o tipo de combustível utilizado no motor. / This research addressed the study of models for estimating the air-fuel ratio and identifying the type of fuel by in-cylinder pressure signal in a four stroke automotive engine fueled with Brazilian gasoline C type, ethanol, and blends of these fuels. A dynamometer was assembled for tests in an engine originally designed to operate with ethanol and with a 13.44:1 compression ratio. During the engine tests, data were collected related to the performance and exhaustion gas emission variables. Data collected at full load were analyzed using statistical parameters and compared with the expected results according to the literature. The independent variables provided by the engine tests were used together with application of the method of moments and the pressure ratio for in-cylinder pressure in order to develop new models for estimating the air-fuel ratio and to identify the fuel type. The models obtained in this research proved to be capable of estimating the air-fuel ratio, being sensitive to the variation in the type of fuel used in such estimations, and of identifying the type of fuel used in the engine.

Os estimadores para parÃmetros populacionais em amostras coletadas pelo mÃtodo de amostragem Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) sÃo sensÃveis à presenÃa de observaÃÃes ignoradas e tendem a subestimar os parÃmetros populacionais. A ausÃncia de um quadro de amostragem bem definido para a coleta de amostras em populaÃÃes consideradas escondidas e/ou de acesso difÃcil fez com que o RDS se tornasse uma importante ferramenta de vigilÃncia comportamental e biolÃgica nessas populaÃÃes com maior risco para o HIV, em especial no Brasil. Considerado um mÃtodo de amostragem em cadeia de referÃncia, o RDS utiliza informaÃÃes sobre as conexÃes das redes sociais para obter estimadores contingentes assintoticamente imparciais das caracterÃsticas populacionais e a precisÃo desses estimadores. Estudo multicÃntrico de corte transversal para vigilÃncia epidemiolÃgica e comportamental em populaÃÃes de HSH com 18 anos ou mais foi realizado em dez cidades brasileiras (Manaus, Recife, Salvador, Campo Grande, BrasÃlia, Curitiba, ItajaÃ, Santos, Belo Horizonte e Rio de Janeiro) no ano de 2009 e, coleta, em cada municÃpio, uma amostra pelo RDS. Neste estudo, foi oferecido o teste rÃpido para diagnÃstico da infecÃÃo por HIV Ãqueles que aceitam participar de um prÃ-aconselhamento. Todos os participantes foram inquiridos sobre a realizaÃÃo de testes anti-HIV anteriores ao da pesquisa e sobre qual o diagnÃstico obtido. Com a simulaÃÃo de uma variÃvel dicotÃmica (exemplo: sorologia para HIV positiva ou negativa) sem observaÃÃes ignoradas na rede de recrutamento do Rio de Janeiro e posteriores exclusÃes de 18 recrutados, encontra-se que, a amostra com ignorados à avaliada com base em um nÃmero de observaÃÃes significativamente menor que o da amostra original e o parÃmetro em questÃo (prevalÃncia do HIV) à subestimado. Ainda, com a imputaÃÃo Ãnica das sorologias ignoradas, no contexto descritivo, observam-se, nas amostras com imputaÃÃo, marcadores biolÃgicos que indicam valores mais acurados. No estudo multicÃntrico, para o grupo de participantes que autorrelatou sorologia positiva ou negativa para o HIV e realizou teste rÃpido na pesquisa, observa-se para os autorrelatos elevada concordÃncia (0,88) e sensibilidade de 100% com o padrÃo-ouro teste rÃpido para diagnÃstico do HIV. Finalmente, estimando a prevalÃncia para o HIV nas amostras observadas por municÃpio e geral, e, com a proposta da imputaÃÃo pelo autorrelato do HIV positivo e posterior atribuiÃÃo de sorologia HIV +/- mediante trÃs propostas de imputaÃÃes: todos sÃo negativos, proximidade dos participantes na rede de recrutamento e pela regressÃo logÃstica. Encontra-se nas amostras coletadas a estimativa geral da prevalÃncia do HIV igual a 11,1% sendo, por municÃpio, a menor prevalÃncia em Santos (2,6%) e a maior no Rio de Janeiro (17,6%). Com as imputaÃÃes as prevalÃncias tendem a aumentar e as maiores estimativas sÃo encontradas com a imputaÃÃo por meio da regressÃo logÃstica em sete de nove municÃpios avaliados por essa metodologia. A estimativa geral do HIV pela regressÃo logÃstica à 14,2% sendo, por municÃpio, a menor prevalÃncia no Recife (5,2%) e a maior em BrasÃlia (23,7%). A imputaÃÃo da sorologia de infecÃÃo por HIV pela regressÃo logÃstica ocorre por municÃpio e por intermÃdio de um modelo com acurÃcia mÃnima igual a 70%. / The estimators for population parameters in samples collected by sampling Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) are sensitive to the presence of observations ignored and tends to underestimate the population parameters. The absence of a clearly defined sampling frame for the collection of samples from populations considered hidden and/or difficult access made the RDS became an important tool for biological and behavioral surveillance in these populations at higher risk for HIV, especially Brazil. Considered a method of sampling in the reference chain, RDS uses information about the connections of social networks for specific asymptotically unbiased estimators of population characteristics and accuracy of these estimators. Multicenter cross-sectional epidemiological and behavioral surveillance for MSM populations in 18 years or more was conducted in 10 cities (Manaus, Recife, Salvador, Campo Grande, Brasilia, Curitiba, ItajaÃ, Santos, Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro) in 2009 and collected in each municipality, a sample through RDS. This study offered the rapid test for diagnosis of HIV infection to those who agreed to participate in a pre-counseling. All participants were asked about testing for HIV prior to the research and about which the diagnosis obtained. By simulating a dichotomous variable (eg, HIV serology positive or negative) without comment ignored in recruiting network in Rio de Janeiro and later recruited 18 deletions, that is, the unknown sample is evaluated from a number of observations significantly smaller than the original sample and the parameter in question (HIV prevalence) is underestimated. Still, with the allocation of single serology ignored in the descriptive context, it is observed in samples with attribution, biological markers indicating that more accurate values. Multicentre study for the group of participants who self-reported positive or negative serology for HIV rapid test and performed the research notes to self-reports, high correlation (0.88) and 100% sensitivity with gold standard rapid test for HIV diagnosis. Finally, estimating the prevalence of HIV in the samples observed by county and general, and the proposed allocation of the self-reported HIV positive and HIV serology subsequent assignment of + / - through three proposed charges: are all negative, proximity of the participants in the network recruitment and by logistic regression. It is found in samples collected from the estimated overall HIV prevalence was equal to 11.1%, by municipality, the lower prevalence in Santos (2.6%) and highest in Rio de Janeiro (17.6%).With the charges tend to increase the prevalence and the highest estimates are found with the imputation logistic regression in 7 of 9 municipalities assessed by this methodology. The estimated overall HIV logistic regression is 14.2% and, by municipality, the lower prevalence in Recife (5.2%) and highest in Brasilia (23.7%). The allocation of serology for HIV by the Logistic Regression occurs by municipality and by a model with a minimum accuracy of 70%.

O número de mensagens nos fóruns educativos online gera uma sobrecarga de informação, que dificulta a organização e a comunicação entre os membros, comprometendo, também, a eficácia do processo de avaliação da aprendizagem. Diante da necessidade de uma solução metodológica para o contexto da EAD no Brasil, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre os modelos de organização e o processo de análise das mensagens que envolvem os indicadores das habilidades da presença cognitiva (Garrison et al. 2001) e o pensamento crítico e a dinâmica do questionamento socrático (Paul, 1993). Propõe-se um novo modelo de fórum intitulado \"Fórum Socrático Cognitivo- FSC\" com uma metodologia de avaliação da presença cognitiva e dos níveis de pensamento crítico dos alunos em cursos superiores online. Os procedimentos metodológicos e o grid de avaliação foram aplicados em duas disciplinas do curso de aperfeiçoamento em EAD em 2011, 2012 e 2013 de uma instituição de ensino superior vinculada a UAB do Brasil. A metodologia adotada envolve os princípios da lexicometria, da análise documentária, textuais e estatísticas, modelos de regressão linear e redes complexas. Realizou-se a análise de 3.400 mensagens postadas por 544 alunos para verificar as relações de dependência entre a variável resposta \"nota\" e as covariáveis: conceitos, categorias de Garrison, tópicos socráticos, riqueza vocabular e sala (tutor). Construíram-se 2 modelos de regressão linear e 136 redes complexas que permitiram confirmar os testes ANOVA utilizados na avaliação de desempenho dos alunos. As covariáveis conceitos, categorias de Garrison e sala apresentaram nível de significância positivo na associação com a nota final do aluno. Considera-se que o modelo FSC contribui para o desenvolvimento das habilidades de expressão e comunicação de conceitos abordados na disciplina e colabora na avaliação do pensamento crítico e da presença cognitiva do aluno nos fóruns online. / The usually large number of posts in educational forums leads to an information overload, which hinders forum organization and communication among members while undermining the effectiveness of learning assessment. Considering the need for a methodological solution applicable to the context of Brazil\'s online distance learning (ODL), there was conducted a review of the literature on organizational models and processes of analysis of messages involving indicators of critical thinking and cognitive presence skills (Garrison et al., 2001) and the Socratic inquiry dynamics (Paul, 1993). This study proposes a new forum model entitled FSC (Cognitive Socratic Forum), which comprises a method for assessing students\' cognitive presence and critical thinking skills in online higher education. The methodological procedures and evaluation grid were applied to two specialization courses on ODL in 2011, 2012, and 2013 at a higher education institution associated with UAB (Brazil\'s Open University). The methodology involved principles of lexicometry, documentary, textual and statistical analysis, linear regression models, and complex networks. Analysis was conducted on 3,400 messages posted by 544 students to investigate dependency relationships between the response variable \'grade\' and the following co-variables: concepts, Garrison\'s categories, Socratic topics, vocabulary richness, and classroom (tutor). Two linear regression models and 136 complex networks were constructed to enable confirmation of ANOVA tests employed to assess student performance in forums. The co-variables concepts, Garrison\'s categories, and classroom displayed positive significance levels when associated to students\' final grades. Therefore, it may be concluded that the proposed FSC model promoted students\' ability to express and communicate the concepts covered in the specialization course and contributed to effectively assessing their cognitive presence and critical thinking skills in online forums.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T18:31:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianegoncalvesmoraes.pdf: 3568679 bytes, checksum: c76f3116a9ab930c37e5db6d547b89d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-09-28T14:11:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianegoncalvesmoraes.pdf: 3568679 bytes, checksum: c76f3116a9ab930c37e5db6d547b89d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T14:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianegoncalvesmoraes.pdf: 3568679 bytes, checksum: c76f3116a9ab930c37e5db6d547b89d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida como parte de nossos trabalhos no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação (PPGP) da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF). O caso de gestão discute de que forma o Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF), contratado pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de Goiás, pode contribuir para, com base nas análises estatísticas e pedagógicas de itens de matemática do 3º ano do ensino médio, por ele realizadas, fornecer aos profissionais da educação goiana recomendações para que estes empreendam esforços no intuito de fortalecer os pontos fortes e corrigir possíveis fragilidades no ensino de Matemática. Em termos metodológicos, o estudo do desempenho dos alunos nos itens de Matemática é aqui realizado com base nos percentuais de acerto corrigidos dos itens e controlados pelo índice socioeconômico da população avaliada. Dessa forma, elencamos como tema desta dissertação a avaliação em larga escala; como objeto, os dados estatísticos do teste aplicado pelo Sistema de Avaliação Educacional do Estado de Goiás (SAEGO), em 2014; e, como plano de ação, uma sugestão para a reestruturação do boletim pedagógico, tendo como meta a implementação de um mapa de aprendizagem de Matemática para o Ensino Médio. / This dissertation has been developed as part of our work in the Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação (PPGP, or Professional Master´s Course on Educational Management and Evaluation), of the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF, Federal University of Juiz de Fora). The management study case discusses how the Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação of the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF, Center for Public Policy and Educational Evaluation), as an institution hired by the Goiás State Secretary of Education, can contribute for providing to Goiás education professionals recommendations able to make them improve even more eventual strengths and correct weaknesses in Mathematics teaching, based on statistical and pedagogical analyses done on High School 3rdgrade Mathematics items. Methodologically, the study of student performance is carried out on the basis of right answer percentages controlled by student socioeconomic status. The theme of the dissertation is thereby large-scale evaluation; its study object is the statistical data of the 2014 test applied by the Sistema de Avaliação Educacional do Estado de Goiás (SAEGO, Goiás State Educational Evaluation System), in 2014; and its action plan is a suggestion for restructuring the pedagogical bulletin, with the aim of implementing a High School Mathematics learning map.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons de nouvelles méthodes de traitement d’images pourextraire ou rehausser les éléments fins d’une image. Pour ces opérateurs, issus de la morphologie mathématique,l’accent a été mis principalement sur la précision de détection et sur le temps de calcul,qui doivent être optimisés pour pouvoir répondre aux contraintes de temps imposées par différentesapplications industrielles. La première partie de ce mémoire présente ces méthodes, organisées enfonction de la tortuosité des objets à détecter. Nous commençons par proposer un algorithme rapidepour le calcul des ouvertures 1-D afin d’extraire des structures rectilignes des images. Puis, nous étudionsune nouvelle classe d’opérateurs rapides avec les ouvertures parcimonieuses par chemins, permettantd’analyser des structures ayant une tortuosité modérée. Enfin, nous proposons de nouveauxéléments structurants adaptatifs et des filtres connexes construits avec des attributs géodésiques etgéométriques pour extraire des structures filiformes ayant une tortuosité quelconque.Dans un second temps, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse statistique en introduisantune nouvelle pénalisation adaptative. L’objectif consiste à créer un modèle prédictif précis, quiminimise en même temps une fonction de coût, indépendante des données. Lorsque cette fonctionde coût est liée au temps de calcul de chaque descripteur, il est alors possible de créer un modèleparcimonieux précis et qui minimise les temps de calcul. Cette méthode est une généralisation desrégressions linéaires et logistiques Ridge, Forward stagewise, Lar, ou Lasso.Les algorithmes développés dans cette thèse ont été utilisés pour trois applications industrielles,très différentes les unes des autres, mais toutes faisant intervenir une approche multidisciplinaire : letraitement d’images et l’analyse statistique. L’association de ces deux disciplines permet d’améliorerla généricité des stratégies proposées puisque les opérateurs de traitement d’images alliés à un apprentissagesupervisé ou non supervisé, permettent d’adapter le traitement à chaque application.Mots clés : Traitement d’images, morphologie mathématique, analyse statistique, caractérisation deformes, contrôles non destructifs, ouvertures parcimonieuses par chemins, region growing structuringelements, amincissements par attributs géodésiques et topologiques, adaptive coefficient shrinkage. / This PhD is dedicated to new image processing methods to extract or enhance thinobjects from an image. These methods stem from mathematical morphology, and they mainly focuson the accuracy of the detection and on the computation time. This second constraint is imposed bythe fact that we are dealing with high-throughput applications. The first part of this thesis presentsthese methods, organized according to the tortuosity of the objects to detect. We first propose afast algorithm for the computation of 1-D openings, used to extract thin and straight structures in theimages. Then, we study a new class of fast operators, parsimonious path openings, which can extractthin structures with moderate tortuosities. Finally, we propose new adaptive structuring elementsand new thinnings with geodesic and geometric attributes to filter out the noise and to enhance thinstructures of any tortuosity.Besides, we have developed a machine learning method by introducing a new adaptive penalization.We aim at creating a predictive model that minimizes a cost function (independent of the data)while preserving a good accuracy. When this cost function is linked to the computation time of eachfeature, the resulting models will optimize the timings, while preserving a good accuracy. This methodis a generalization of linear and logistic regressions with Ridge, Forward stagewise, Lar or Lassopenalization.The algorithms developed in this thesis have been used for three industrial applications. While theirobjectives are very different, the framework is the same (non-destructive testing) and they all involvea multidisciplinary approach (images processing and statistical analysis). The combination of thesetwo fields yields a higher flexibility in comparison with classical methods. Generic strategies are used,since image processing operators are associated to statistical learning (supervised or unsupervised)to make a specific treatment for each application.Keywords: Image processing, mathematical morphology, statistical analysis, pattern recognition,non destructive testing, parsimonious path openings, region growing structuring elements, geodesicand topologic attributes thinnings, adaptive coefficient shrinkage.

In Canada, about 60% of contaminated sites involve petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination and most of these sites have been abandoned due to contamination. Among current technologies used for soil remediation, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a relatively recent and potentially viable method. The main aim of this research was to investigate the application of SFE for removal of PHCs from contaminated soils. In the first phase, the effects of SFE operational parameters including fluid pressure, fluid temperature, time duration and mode of extraction on the removal efficiency of PHCs from a spiked sandy soil (with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt%) were investigated. SFE experiments were performed at different pressures (15, 33 and 50 MPa) and temperatures (30, 75 and 120 °C). The combination of 10 min static mode followed by 10 min dynamic mode, repeated for 3 cycles (60 min in total) led to the highest PHC removal percentage. According to response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum pressure and temperature were found to be 50 MPa and 69.3 °C, respectively. According to experimental results, the optimum combination of pressure and temperature determined to be 33 MPa and 75 °C; which resulted in the extraction percentages of 99.2%, 91.7% and 86.1% for PHC F2, F3 and F4 fractions, respectively. In the second phase, the influence of several parameters including soil water content, soil pH and addition of modifier on PHCs removals from a field-contaminated sandy soil using SFE were experimentally investigated. SFE experiments were performed at 33 MPa pressure and temperatures of 45 and 75 °C. Three water content levels of 8%, 14% and 20% at two levels of pH 6.5 and 7.5 were investigated. The extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions (TPHF), the sum of F2, F3, and F4 fractions, decreased due to the increase in the water content from 8% to 20% at both pH 6.5 and 7.5. The difference of extractions of all PHC fractions at pH values of 6.5 and 7.5 were not statistically significant (at p < 0.05 confidence level) at all three water content levels and pH did not have a significant influence on the PHC removal efficiency. Addition of acetone as a modifier (33.7% TPHF removal) was more effective than hexanes (24.3% TPHF removal) to decrease the concentrations of PHCs for the field contaminated soil. In the third phase, the influence of soil texture and grain size on the extraction of PHC fractions was investigated. SFE experiments were performed at 33 MPa pressure and 75 °C temperature. Three types of soils (soil A, B and C) were spiked with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt%. Soil A, B and C had different particle sizes and were categorized as sand, silt loam and clay, respectively. Soil A (sand) which had the largest particle size resulted in the highest TPHF removal percentage while soil C (clay) with the smallest particle size led to the lowest TPHF removal percentage. A higher clay content in soil C resulted in a lower extraction of PHCs. In the fourth phase, the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction of PHC fractions from a clay soil spiked with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt% were investigated. SFE experiments were performed at three pressures (15, 33 and 50 MPa) and temperatures (30, 75 and 120 °C). According to the statistical analysis including factorial design and RSM, the optimized combination of pressure and temperature was selected at 42.8 MPa and 120 °C; which resulted in the removal percentages of 74.9% and 65.6% for PHC F2 and F3 fractions, respectively. The optimum combination of pressure and temperature based on the experimental results was selected at 33 MPa and 120 °C that led to 70.3%, 58.4% and 32.6% removal of PHC F2, F3 and F4 fractions, respectively.

Abstract Smart adaptive systems provide advanced tools for monitoring, control, diagnostics and management of nonlinear multivariate processes. Data mining with a multitude of methodologies is a good basis for the integration of intelligent systems. Small, specialised systems have a large number of feasible solutions, but highly complex systems require domain expertise and more compact approaches at the basic level. Linguistic equation (LE) approach originating from fuzzy logic is an efficient technique for these problems. This research is focused on the smart adaptive applications, where different intelligent modules are used in a smart way. The nonlinear scaling methodology based on advanced statistical analysis is the corner stone in representing the variable meanings in a compact way to introduce intelligent indices for control and diagnostics. The new constraint handling together with generalised norms and moments facilitates recursive parameter estimation approaches for the adaptive scaling. Well-known linear methodologies are used for the steady state, dynamic and case-based modelling in connection with the cascade and interactive structures in building complex large scale applications. To achieve insight and robustness the parameters are defined separately for the scaling and the interactions. The LE based intelligent analysers are useful in the multilevel LE control and diagnostics: the LE control is enhanced with the intelligent analysers, adaptive and model-based modules and high level control. The operating area is extended with the predefined adaptation and specific events activate appropriate control actions. The condition, stress and trend indices are used for the detection of operating conditions. The same overall structure is extended to the scheduling and managerial decision support. The linguistic representation becomes increasingly important when the human interaction is essential. The new scaling approach is used in control and diagnostic applications and discussed in connection with previous multivariate modelling cases. The LE based intelligent analysers are the key modules of the system integration, which produces hybrid systems: fuzzy systems move gradually to higher levels, neural networks and evolutionary computing are used for tuning. The overall system is reinforced with advanced statistical analysis, signal processing, feature extraction, classification and mechanistic modelling. / Tiivistelmä Viisaat mukautuvat järjestelmät sisältävät kehittyneitä työkaluja epälineaaristen monimuuttujaisten prosessien valvontaan, säätöön, diagnostiikkaan ja johtamiseen. Laajaan menetelmäpohjaan perustuva tiedonrikastus on pohjana älykkäiden järjestelmien yhdistämiselle. Pienille erikoistuneille järjestelmille on monia toteutettavissa olevia ratkaisuja, mutta erittäin monimutkaiset järjestelmät vaativat alan asiantuntemusta ja kompakteja lähestymistapoja perustasolla. Sumeaan logiikkaan pohjautuva lingvististen yhtälöiden (linguistic equation, LE) menetelmä on tehokas ratkaisu näissä ongelma-alueissa. Tämä tutkimus kohdistuu viisaisiin mukautuviin sovelluksiin, jossa useita älykkäitä moduuleja käytetään yhdessä viisaalla tavalla. Kehittyneeseen tilastolliseen analyysiin perustuva epälineaarinen skaalausmenetelmä muodostaa ratkaisun kulmakiven: muuttujien merkitykset soveltuvat säädössä ja diagnostiikassa käytettävien älykkäiden indeksien kehittämiseen. Uudet rajoituksien käsittelymenetelmät yhdessä yleistettyjen normien ja momenttien kanssa mahdollistavat rekursiivisen parametriestimoinnin olosuhteisiin mukautuvassa skaalauksessa. Tunnettuja lineaarisia menetelmiä käytetään staattisessa, dynaamisessa ja tapauspohjaisessa mallintamisessa, jossa kaskadi- ja vuorovaikutusrakenteet laajentavat mallit tarvittaessa monimutkaisiin sovelluksiin. Prosessituntemuksen ja järjestelmien robustisuuden varmistamiseksi parametrit määritellään erikseen skaalausta ja vuorovaikutuksia varten. LE-pohjaiset älykkäät analysaattorit ovat hyödyllisiä monitasoisessa säädössä ja diagnostiikassa: LE-säätöä parannetaan älykkäiden analysaattorien, adaptiivisten ja mallipohjaisten moduulien sekä ylemmän tason säädön avulla. Käyttöaluetta laajennetaan ennalta määrätyllä adaptoinnilla sekä tiettyjen tapahtumien aktivoimilla erityisillä säätötoimenpiteillä. Kunto-, rasitus- ja trendi-indeksejä käytetään olosuhteiden tunnistamiseen. Sama rakenne laajennetaan tuotannon ajoitukseen ja päätöksenteontukeen, jossa inhimillisen vuorovaikutuksen käsittely tekee lingvistisen esityksen yhä tärkeämmäksi. Uutta skaalausmenetelmää tarkastellaan säätö- ja diagnostiikkasovelluksissa sekä vertaillaan lyhyesti sen käyttömahdollisuuksia aikaisemmin toteutetuissa monimuuttujamalleissa. LE-pohjaiset älykkäät analysaattorit ovat keskeisiä integroitaessa moduuleja hybridiratkaisuiksi: sumeat järjestelmät siirtyvät vähitellen ylemmille tasoille ja neuro- ja evoluutiolaskennassa keskitytään järjestelmien viritykseen. Kokonaisjärjestelmää vahvistetaan kehittyneellä tilastollisella analyysilla, signaalinkäsittelyllä, piirteiden erottamisella, luokittelulla ja mekanistisella mallintamisella.

Abstract This research explored professional singers’ pronunciation of German in Frauenliebe und Leben, a song cycle, composed in 1840 by Robert Schumann (1810–1856). Adopting a two-fold approach, the thesis examined pronunciation from the viewpoints of normative German pronunciation and vocal pedagogy, paying special attention to the relationship between the two sets of norms. Normative German pronunciation is based on ‘reine Hochlautung’ as defined by Theodor Siebs, as well as on his instructions to classical singers. Norms of pronunciation used in vocal pedagogy were derived from 11 German pronunciation manuals for classical singers. At the centre of this study were 11 elements of the German language: the phonemes /s/, /r/, /b/, /d/ and /g/, the suffix -ig, double consonants, connecting consonants, the letter combination ng, liaison and diphthongs in a melismatic setting. Twelve professional singers’ – Anne Sofie von Otter, Barbara Bonney, Brigitte Fassbaender, Elly Ameling, Elisabeth Grümmer, Irmgard Seefried, Janet Baker, Jessye Norman, Kathleen Ferrier, Soile Isokoski, Marjana Lipovšek, Tamara Takács – pronunciation of these elements was studied via their recording of Frauenliebe und Leben between 1950 and 1997. Both descriptive statistical analysis methods and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to the data. A reliability analysis was conducted using intra-category correlations and relative frequencies. This analysis indicated a reasonable degree of reliability. Descriptive statistical analysis methods yielded the result that the actual pronunciation of the professional singers, as evidenced by their recordings, was considerably more varied than what could be expected on the basis of normative or pedagogical norms. Hierarchical cluster analysis, too, showed that the professional singers shared the same category to a moderate degree. We may conclude that vocal pedagogical theory needs to be further developed, because pedagogical norms for pronunciation proved partially confusing and difficult to grasp. In addition, specific attention must be given to source critique. The actual pronunciation of professional singers challenges singing instructors to reflect on how they teach German pronunciation and what they can do to help their students develop the skills required for a critical listening of recordings. / Tiivistelmä Eksperttilaulajien saksan kielen ääntämistä havainnoitiin Robert Schumannin (1810–1856) vuonna 1840 säveltämässä laulusarjassa Frauenliebe und Leben, ja ääntämistä tutkittiin suhteessa sekä saksan kirjakielen ääntämisnormistoon että pedagogiseen ääntämisnormistoon. Tutkimuksessa syvennyttiin myös ääntämisnormistojen välisen suhteen tarkasteluun. Saksan kirjakielen ääntämisnormisto perustui Theodor Siebsin reine Hochlautung -ääntämistapaan sekä Siebsin klassisen laulun ohjeistuksiin. Pedagoginen ääntämisnormisto eli klassisille laulajille osoitetut saksan kielen ääntämisen oppaat oli rajattu yhteentoista teokseen. Tutkittavana oli yksitoista saksan kielen elementtiä: konsonantit s, r, b, d, g, suffiksi -ig, kirjainyhdistelmä ng, kaksoiskonsonantit, konsonanttien yhdistäminen, vokaalien sitominen ja diftongit. Laulusarjan levyttäneitä eksperttilaulajia oli kaksitoista: Anne Sofie von Otter, Barbara Bonney, Brigitte Fassbaender, Elly Ameling, Elisabeth Grümmer, Irmgard Seefried, Janet Baker, Jessye Norman, Kathleen Ferrier, Soile Isokoski, Marjana Lipovšek ja Tamara Takács. Äänitteet olivat vuosien 1950 ja 1997 väliseltä ajalta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin perinteisiä kuvailevia tilastollisia analyysimenetelmiä ja hierarkkista ryhmittelyanalyysia. Aineiston luotettavuutta tarkasteltiin reliabiliteettianalyysin avulla. Reliabiliteettianalyysi osoitti, että aineistolle saavutettiin kohtuullinen luotettavuus. Kuvailevien tilastollisten analyysimenetelmien tuloksena oli havainto, että eksperttilaulajien ääntäminen äänitteissä oli huomattavasti monimuotoisempaa kuin saksan kirjakielen ja pedagoginen ääntämisnormisto antoivat olettaa. Hierarkkinen ryhmittelyanalyysi puolestaan osoitti, että eksperttilaulajien sijoittuminen samaan ryhmään oli maltillista. Tutkimus vahvistaa käsitystä, että laulupedagogista teoriaa tulee tarkastella dynaamisena, alati muuttuvana ilmiönä. Tutkimuksen perusteella myös havaitaan, että eksperttilaulajien ääntäminen noudattaa laulupedagogiikassa käytettyjä ääntämisen ohjeistuksia vain osin. Eksperttilaulajien ääntämisen käytäntö täten haastaa laulupedagogit pohtimaan sitä, kuinka he itse opettavat saksan kieltä, ja sitä, kuinka he liittävät opetustyöhönsä äänitteiden kriittisen kuuntelemisen taidon ja lauluoppaiden kriittisen käytön.