Harvesting is typically one of the largest cost components within a plantation forest rotation. A large proportion of New Zealand’s future harvest will be on steep terrain. Currently steep terrain harvesting is characterised by lower productivity and higher cost. It also has higher levels of manual or motor manual tasks such as setting chokers or tree felling, with a corresponding higher safety risk. The utilisation of ground-based machines on steep terrain has the potential to decrease harvest costs and improve safety. There is currently a push in New Zealand to increase the operating range. This is being done with a poor understanding of the slopes on which machines are currently operating and little understanding of the new risks steeper slopes might introduce. To better understand the true range of slopes on which forest machines are operating, a digital accelerometer was attached to 22 forest machines and provided real-time measurements of slope. The evaluated machines were grouped into one of four machine types; felling (n=4), shovelling (n=5), skidder (n=9) or European (n=4). The machine types were then analysed with respect to their machine slope (actual) and terrain slope (predicted) based on a digital terrain map. Two methods of calculating terrain slope were used, method one was based on a triangular irregular network (TIN) file with method two based off a raster file. Linear regression indicated that there was a relationship between machine slope and terrain slope for all four machine types, with the exception of European based machines, using the TIN method of slope calculation. All variables showed a poor coefficient of determination with the highest adjusted R squared single variable explaining 17% of the variation. All machines operated on slopes that exceed the New Zealand approved code of practice guideline of 30% and 40% slope for wheeled and tracked machines respectively. New Zealand based machines were shown to exceed the guidelines for terrain slope much more frequently, and by a greater margin, than European based machines.

En ce début de XXIe siècle, le vin et la vigne constituent une richesse importante pour bon nombre de pays. Les territoires viticoles, tout en conservant leurs qualités d'espace de production, développent des stratégies d'adaptation à la globalisation du marché et aux attentes des consommateurs toujours plus versatiles. Or en raison de conditions orographiques particulières, les territoires de montagne et de fortes pentes voient leurs marges de manœuvre réduites. En effet, une grosse partie de leurs coûts de production reste bien souvent incompressible par rapport à la viticulture de plaine. Paradoxalement ces paysages viticoles, image du construit social et des équilibres environnementaux, participent à leur reconnaissance internationale. Le travail présenté ici est né en réponse à la sensibilité croissante de ces vignobles de fortes pentes. En nous appuyant sur deux territoires d'étude, en France le vignoble de la Côte Vermeille et en Italie le val di Cembra, nous questionnons les spécificités de la viticulture de fortes pentes. Notre approche met l'accent sur les possibilités offertes par des méthodes empiriques de modélisation à base d'agents pour proposer un regard renouvelé sur le rôle des interactions société-environnement dans le maintien et le développement de ces territoires sous contraintes. A travers une constellation de modèles multi-agents issus des questionnements récurrents des acteurs de la filière, et selon une démarche exploratoire et incrémentale, nous nous intéresserons ici à trois grands types de questions posées aux territoires viticoles de fortes pentes. Le premier concerne la place du marché et ses conséquences sur les dynamiques de couvert végétal à petite échelle. Le second type de questionnement explore également les dynamiques spatiales du couvert végétal, mais se place à mezzo-échelle, et propose de s'intéresser à la définition des règles socio-économiques simples qui sous-tendent les dynamiques foncières à l'échelle de quelques communes. Enfin le dernier volet de ce travail se place à grande échelle et s'intéresse à des phénomènes très descriptifs. L'ensemble de ces réflexions nous amènera ensuite à utiliser la modélisation co-construite avec les acteurs pour proposer une vision prospective globale pour les territoires de montagne et de fortes pentes. Cette approche prospective sera conduite en parallèle avec certains acteurs de la filière ce qui nous permettra de délimiter les variables structurelles propres aux systèmes de fortes pentes telles qu'elles sont ou non vécues par les acteurs. Basés sur la délimitation de ces variables, nous proposons enfin quatre scenarii prospectifs pour la viticulture en fortes pentes. / Wine and wineyards stand nowadays as a significant wealth for a number of countries. While retaining their properties as production space, vine-growing regions are developing adaptation strategies to market globalisation and to the ever more versatile consumer expectations. Yet, due to the corresponding specific orographic conditions in steep slope and mountain regions, actor's relative leeway is reducing ,. Comparatively to plain wine-growing, a large part of their production costs often remains indeed incompressible. On the other hand, these vine-growing landscape take advantage of such harsh conditions in terms of international recognition, as images of social construct and environmental equilibrium. The work presented here emerged as a response to this steep slope vineyards' sensitivity. This investigation relies on two study areas: the Côte Vermeille vineyards in France, and the val di Cembra in Italy. Our approach focuses on the opportunities granted by agent-based empirical modelling methods, in order to put forward a renewed look at the role of society-environment interactions in the sustainability and development of territories subject to constraints. Using an exploratory and incremental method, three significant issues of steep slope vine-growing regions have been addressed, thanks to a constellation of multi-agent models, derived from questioning actors of this sector. The first considers the market's impacts on the small-scale plant cover dynamics. The second issue focuses on meso-scale plant cover dynamics and questions the definition of simple socio-economic ruleset, within the frame of land property dynamics and applied to the scale of a few municipalities. The last section of this work is dedicated to some descriptive phenomena within a large scale. Thus, the sum of these reflections leads us to exploit co-designed modelling with the stakeholders in order to propose a global prospective vision for mountain and steep slope regions. This prospective approach is conducted in association with some of the players in the sector, thus allowing us to delineate the structural variables linked to steep slope vineyards' systems in agreement with their experience. Based on these delineated variables, four prospective scenarii are put forward for the steep slope vine-growing activity.

<p>Since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted broad interests for transistor applications due to their atomically thin nature. This thesis studies nano-transistors based on 2D materials for several novel applications, including tunneling transistors for low-power electronics and reconfigurable transistors for hardware security.</p><p>The first part of the thesis focuses on tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs). Since the current injection in a conventional MOSFET depends on thermionic injection over a gate-controlled barrier, the subthreshold swing (SS) of MOSFET is fundamentally limited to 60 mV/dec at room temperature, hindering the supply voltage scaling of integrated circuits (ICs). Utilizing band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) as current injection mechanism, TFETs overcome the SS limit by filtering out the Fermi tail in the source and achieve steep-slope switching. However, existing demonstrations of TFETs are plagued by low on-currents and degraded SS, largely due to the large tunneling distances caused by non-scaled body thicknesses, making 2D materials a promising candidate as channel materials for TFETs. In this thesis, we demonstrate a prototype TFET based on black phosphorus (BP) adopting electrostatic doping that is tuned by multiple top-gates, which allows the device to be reconfigured into multiple operation modes. The band-to-band tunneling mechanism is further confirmed by source-doping-dependent and temperature-dependent measurements, and the performance improvement of BP TFETs with further body and oxide thicknesses scaling is projected by atomistic simulation. In addition, a vertical BP TFET with a large tunneling area is also demonstrated, and negative differential resistance (NDR) is observed in the device.</p><p>The second part of the thesis focuses on reconfigurable nano-transistors with tunable p- and n-type operations and the implementation of hardware security based on such transistors. Polymorphic gate has been proposed as a hardware security primitive to protect the intellectual property of ICs from reverse engineering, and its operation requires transistors that can be reconfigured between p-type and n-type. However, a traditional CMOS transistor relies on substitutional doping, and thus its polarity cannot be altered after the fabrication. By contrast, 2D nano-transistors can attain both electron and hole injections. In this thesis, we review the Schottky-barrier injection in 2D transistors and demonstrate the feasibility of achieving complementary p-type and n-type transistors using BP as channel material by adopting metal contacts with different work functions. In this design, however, the discrepancy in the p-FET and n-FET device structures makes it unsuitable for reconfigurable transistors. Therefore, we continue to modify the device design to enable reconfigurable p-type and n-type operations in the same BP transistor. Finally, a NAND/NOR polymorphic gate is experimentally demonstrated based on the reconfigurable BP transistors, showing the feasibility of using 2D materials to enable hardware security.</p><p>In the last part, we demonstrate an artificial sub-60 mV/dec switching in a metal-insulator-metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIMIS) transistor. Negative capacitance FETs (NC-FETs) have attracted wide interest as promising candidates for steep-slope devices. However, the detailed mechanisms of the observed steep-slope switching are under intense debate. We show that sub-60 mV/dec switching can be observed in a WS2 transistor with an MIMIS structure – without any ferroelectric component. Using a resistor-capacitor (RC) network model, we show that the observed steep-slope switching can be attributed to the internal gate voltage response to the chosen varying gate voltage scan rates. Our results indicate that the measurement-related artefacts can lead to observation of sub-60 mV/dec switching and that experimentalists need to critically assess their measurement setups.</p>

<div>Germanium-based MOS device which is considered as one of the promising alternative channel materials has been studied with well-known FinFET, nanowire structures and HKMG (High-k metal gate). Recent introduction of Ferroelectric (FE) Zr-doped HfO₂ (Hf_xZr_1-xO₂, HZO) has opened various possibilities both in memory and logic</div><div>applications.</div><div><br></div><div>First, integration of FE HZO into the conventional Ge platform was studied to demonstrate Ge FeFET. The FE oxide was deposited with optimized atomic layer deposition (ALD) recipe by intermixing HfO₂ and ZrO₂. The HZO film was characterized with FE tester, XRD and AR-XPS. Then, it was integrated into conventional gate stack of Ge devices to demonstrate Ge FeFETs. Polarization switching was measured with ultrafast measurement set-up down to 100 ps.</div><div><br></div><div>Then, HZO layer was controlled for the first demonstration of hysteresis-free Ge negative capacitance (NC) CMOS FinFETs with sub-60mV/dec SS bi-directionally at room temperature towards possible logic applications. Short channel effect in Ge NCFETs were compared with our reported work to show superior robustness. For smaller widths that cannot be directly written by the e-beam lithography tool, digital etching on Ge fins were optimized.</div><div>Lastly, Ge FeFET-based synaptic device for neuromorphic computing was demonstrated. Optimum pulsing schemes were tested for both potentiation and depression which resulted in highly linear and symmetric conductance profiles. Simulation was done to analyze Ge FeFET's role as a synaptic device for deep neural network.</div>

Barrages de corrections torrentielles et plages de dépôts jouent un rôle clés dans la protection contre les crues des torrents. Leurs gestionnaires ont pour mission de réduire les risques d'inondations, mais doivent désormais aussi minimiser les impacts environnementaux liés aux ouvrages de protection. Ceci nécessite une meilleure compréhension des effets des barrages de corrections torrentielles et des plages de dépôts sur le transport sédimentaire des torrents. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cet objectif et se décompose en deux parties. Sa section sur l'état de l'art présente: i) les différents effets des barrages de correction torrentielle sur la production et le transfert sédimentaire; ii) des descriptions des processus hydrauliques et de sédimentation ayant lieu dans les plages de dépôts; et iii) les processus liés à la production et au transfert de bois d'embâcle. Une nouvelle méthode de quantification de la production sédimentaire des torrents complète cet état de l’art.La seconde partie de cette thèse présente le travail réalisé en banc d’essai expérimental. Une première série d’expérience a permis de mettre en évidence un transport par charriage plus régulier lorsque des barrages de correction torrentielle sont ajoutés à un bief alluvial. Une seconde série d’essais a été réalisée sur un modèle générique de plage de dépôt dans l’objectif d’en caractériser les écoulements. Pour cela, une nouvelle procédure de mesure et de reconstruction par approche inverse a été développée. Il en résulte une description des caractéristiques d’un écoulement proche du régime critique, ainsi que des mécanismes de rétrocontrôle entre morphologie et hydraulique pendant la phase de dépôt. / Check dams and open check dams are key structures in torrent hazard protection. Their managers must mitigate flood hazards, but now must also minimize the environmental impacts of these protection structures. This requires to improve the knowledge on the effects of check dams and open check dams on the sediment transport, and this thesis forms a contribution towards this end.The section on the current state of research reviews i) the diverse effects of check dams on sediment production and transfer; ii) descriptions of the hydraulics and sedimentation processes occurring in open check dams; and iii) woody debris production and trapping processes. This state of the art is completed with proposition of new bedload transport estimation methods, specifically developed for paved streams experiencing external supply or armour breaking.Experimental results are then provided. Firstly, flume experiments highlight the emergence of a more regular bedload transport when check dams are built in alluvial reaches. In a second stage, experiments were performed on a generic Froude scale model of an open check dam basin in order to capture the features of laterally-unconstrained, highly mobile flows. A new flow measurement and inverse-reconstruction procedure has been developed. A preliminary analysis of the results describes flows that tend toward a critical regime and the occurrence of feedback mechanisms between geomorphology and hydraulics during massive bedload deposition.

It is important for practical and legal reasons that water and sediments in disturbed areas around the mining operation should be controlled. The construction of a well-designed drainage system that controls erosion and thus restores the proper hydraulic function of the surface is one of the most important post-disturbance features which should be done as part of the mining activities. However, even with the best planning and design, unless proper construction practices are adapted; both the disturbed and reclaimed areas are very much likely to be susceptible to erosion, sedimentation and stability problems. In order to tackle the problem, guidelines on how to design and construct the drainage system should be well prepared. The main objective of this study was to prepare guidelines for the proper design, construction and monitoring of the water drainage management system in the study areas (Kankberg, Maurliden and Renström-Petiknäs). This report has analysed the results from the outcome of HEC-RAS software for the case study of the new ditch around the Maurliden mine site and integrated with different guidelines. Based on the results of the HEC-RAS, the most common problems in the drainage system have been identified. Moreover the thesis project identified important physical parameters such as cross-sections and slopes of the representative ditch which affect the function of the ditch in the study areas. Hydraulic parameters such as velocity which is very important for designing the type of lining and also Froude number which is very important in identifying the type of flow whether it is super-critical, critical or sub-critical were identified. The latter helps to select the type of guideline to be used between steep slope and mild slope.

Edge computing requires highly energy efficient microprocessor units with embedded non-volatile memories to process data at IoT sensor nodes. Ferroelectric non-volatile memory devices are fast, low power and high endurance, and could greatly enhance energy-efficiency and allow flexibility for finer grain logic and memory. This paper will describe the basics of ferroelectric devices for both hysteretic (non-volatile memory) and negative capacitance (steep slope switch) devices, and then project how these can be used in low-power logic cell architectures and fine-grain logic-in-memory (LiM) circuits.

With project I present a make more attractive part of the territory of the dam, through which I bring two new paths for visitors from the coast and the other from the surface. The overall objective of the procejt is to attract visitors to the dam for more than one day trip or just a walk. The number of hotels and guesthouses on the dam is excessive. I have therefore decided to offer nature lovers accommodation in the country in the immediate vicinity of water while ensuring the necessary comfort. The objective of the present proposal is to present a potential year-round use options of Brno dam - Spa in the frozen surface of the dam, accommodation for schools, and summer camps could revitalize this part even during other year periods.

The subject of this diploma thesis was to process the study and the design documentation for a newly built hotel in Brno, in city district “Kníničky” near the artificial dam “Přehrada” in a rest area. The hotel will serve as temporary accommodation for up to 64 hotel guests in single, double and four bed rooms. The object also contains training rooms, offices, a meeting room, a café, a small grocery store and a restaurant with kitchen. Parking is possible in one of the two mass garages and there is an outdoor parking possibility in front of the hotel too. The building has a cast-in-place concrete frame with longitudinal beams and sway bracings. The external wall consists of aerated concrete bricks with contact thermal insulation system ETICS (insulation material mineral wool), the ceilings will be cast-in-place reinforced concrete ceilings and the roof flat green roof or flat roof with gravel on it above the 5th floor. The foundation construction consists of reinforced concrete foundation strips, which expand to foundation pads under the load-bearing columns and will be supported by piled foundations under the most exposed elements. As long as the hotel is situated into a fairly steep slope, the vertical alignment of some building parts is various so part of the project is the design of landscaping works. Design documentation was processed using the program AutoCAD 2017, the study and the visualization using both SketchUp 2015, LayOut 2015 and Lumion 5.