In order to enhance the performance of a large horizontal thermal energy storage, a numerical model was generated and validated using measurements obtained from Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC). A total of nine different baffle configurations were tested in order to enhance the thermal stratification. The designs were tested for a total of six different cases of charging, discharging and simultaneous charging and discharging in an attempt to better identify key features that mix the tank under realistic conditions. Characterization of the tank performance was done by monitoring the tank outlet temperature and computing Huhn's efficiency Second Law characterization index). Results show that the current tanks at DLSC experience excessive mixing due to plume entrainment that occurs during the spreading of the inlet jet. The introduction of a baffle into the middle of the tank was found to have no impact on the level of stratification. In addition, most designs tested have a relatively high level of stratification during charging, discharging and simultaneous charging and discharging, but fail to sustain the level of stratification when a positive buoyant jet is introduced. It was demonstrated that the inlets and outlets should be moved to the top and bottom of the tank to eliminate stagnant fluid that is not easily discharged. Horizontal baffles are effective in allowing the inlet jet to spread horizontally but not vertically, thus reducing the mixing. Alternatively, a simple solution would be to increase the size of the inlet, which has a comparable performance to the best baffle configurations. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

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The dissertation investigates typical operation modes of the heat storage tank in the small-scale cogeneration (CHP) plant, analyses formation of thermal stratifi-cation in such storage tank and presents the simulation of the stratification. The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate peculiarities of operation modes of heat storage tank in small-scale CHP plant, develop an algorithm allowing to choose the storage tank volume and present a model allowing determination of thermal stratification in the storage tank at any time of its operation. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjami būdingi šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimai, susiformuojantys nedidelės galios kogeneracinėje jėgainėje, tiriamas šiluminės stratifikacijos susidarymas tokioje talpoje ir atliekamas jos modeliavimas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – ištirti nedidelės galios kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų ypatumus, sudaryti algoritmą, padedantį parinkti tokios talpos tūrį ir pateikti modelį, leidžiantį nustatyti šiluminę stratifikaciją akumuliacinėje talpoje bet kuriuo jos veikimo metu.

Wärmespeicher tragen bei optimierter Integration in Wärme- und Kälteversorgungsanlagen zur Einsparung von installierter Erzeugerleistung, Brennstoffeinsatz und Betriebskosten bei. Leider treten in Wärmespeichern oft noch beachtliche Verluste auf und das Potenzial zur Kosten- und Energieeinsparung wird nicht vollständig ausgeschöpft. Dabei spielen nicht nur Wärmeverluste an die Umgebung, sondern vor allem auch innere Verluste im Speicher eine Rolle. Schwerpunkte der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Beschreibung der einzelnen Verluste an Wasserwärmespeichern, die Ermittlung ihrer Ausmaße abhängig von der konstruktiven Gestaltung und der Betriebsweise des Speichers sowie die Auswirkungen der Verluste auf einen vorgelagerten Wärmeerzeuger und den Einsatz von Primärenergie. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf umfangreichen Speichermodellierungen mit dem CFD-Code Fluent sowie experimentellen Untersuchungen an drei Testspeichern. Der quantitative Vergleich der Verluste für ausgewählte Beispiele zeigt bestehende Defizite sowie die Potenziale für die Verbesserung der Konstruktion neuer Wasserwärmespeicher auf. / If hot water storage tanks are optimally integrated in heat or cold supply systems, they contribute to a reduction of required capacity, fuel and operation costs. Unfortunately, even today remarkable heat losses and internal losses occur in hot water storage tanks. The potential for cost and energy reductions is not completely utilized yet. Here, not only heat losses to the ambience, but also internal losses play a decisive role. Main focus of the presented work is the description of the single losses at hot water storage tanks and the determination of the correlation between the losses, the tank design and the mode of operation. Furthermore the effects of the losses in the tank on the efficiency of different types of heat generators and the input of primary energy into the system have been examined. The results are based on extended numerical modeling with the CFD-code Fluent as well as experimental test with three storage tanks. The quantitative comparison of the losses for selected examples shows the current shortcomings but even the potential for an optimized hot water storage tank design.

This diploma thesis deals with analysis of particular elements of ground water storage tanks, their comparison and describtion of their characteristic. Basic information of designing volume of accumulation tank is included in the first part followed by a key section where particular construction parts and elements are described. In the next section, new types of water tanks are mentioned. In the final section of this thesis, study of 5 existing water tanks was accomplished. A technical recommendation is summed up in the final part that can be taken into account when constructing a new water storage tank.

The thesis proposes heating the family log house. It contains a theoretical analysis of thermal insulation and thermal behavior of log house. The work on the proposed experiment termocentral box, who cares about the operation and management of the heating in the house with the possibility of control over the internet. The findings were practiced in the design of heating through termocentral box the heat source for wood, storage tank and preparation hot water.

This diploma thesis is focused on finite element analysis of storage tank. The designed computational model in this work is based on existing storage tank documentation. Diploma thesis is divided into parts. Introduction part consists of various storage tanks types description and basis of finite element method. Next part contains methodical process of computational model designs, its characteristics and purpose. Designed models are loaded with set of specific border conditions. These tests are evaluated and described more closely. After that, the table of results is created and von Misses stress of all models is compared. The best model matching real construction is selected after this compare. The final part of this work consists of suggested construction changes based on the analysis results.

yes / This work describes how the design and operation parameters of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process are optimised when the process is subject to variation in seawater temperature, fouling and freshwater demand throughout the day. A simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature and variable freshwater demand correlations are developed based on actual data which are incorporated in the MSF mathematical model using gPROMS models builder 3.0.3. In addition, a fouling model based on stage temperature is considered. The fouling and the effect of noncondensable gases are incorporated into the calculation of overall heat transfer co-efficient for condensers. Finally, an optimisation problem is developed where the total daily operating cost of the MSF process is minimised by optimising the design (no of stages) and the operating (seawater rejected flowrate and brine recycle flowrate) parameters.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjami būdingi šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimai, susiformuojantys nedidelės galios kogeneracinėje jėgainėje, tiriamas šiluminės stratifikacijos susidarymas tokioje talpoje ir atliekamas jos modeliavimas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – ištirti nedidelės galios kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų ypatumus, sudaryti algoritmą, padedantį parinkti tokios talpos tūrį ir pateikti modelį, leidžiantį nustatyti šiluminę stratifikaciją akumuliacinėje talpoje bet kuriuo jos veikimo metu. / The dissertation investigates typical operation modes of the heat storage tank in the small-scale cogeneration (CHP) plant, analyses formation of thermal stratifi-cation in such storage tank and presents the simulation of the stratification. The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate peculiarities of operation modes of heat storage tank in small-scale CHP plant, develop an algorithm allowing to choose the storage tank volume and present a model allowing determination of thermal stratification in the storage tank at any time of its operation.

Le chauffe-eau thermodynamique (CET), dont le principe repose sur une pompe à chaleur (PAC), est l’une des principales solutions pour répondre à l’enjeu de réduction des consommations énergétiques des bâtiments liées à l’eau chaude sanitaire. Le CET le plus courant sur le marché français est composé d’une PAC sur air extérieur, au R134a, dont le condenseur est de type manteau, entourant le ballon de stockage. Bien que le système arrive à maturité, les performances annuelles semblent encore loin des performances théoriques. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif l’optimisation des performances énergétiques des CET, en partant du CET standard français, selon un principe de compromis technico-économique. Pour cela, un modèle détaillé du CET standard est élaboré. La PAC est modélisée sous Dymola à l’aide de la bibliothèque TIL. Le ballon de stockage est modélisé par une combinaison d’une approche zonale et d’un modèle 1D. Ce modèle détaillé est calibré et validé expérimentalement grâce à des essais d’un CET standard réalisé en enceintes climatiques. Ce modèle est ensuite utilisé pour identifier les principaux gisements d’économie d’énergie. Une première analyse permet d’identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur les performances du CET. Cette sélection conduit ensuite à l’élaboration d’un modèle simplifié, plus apte à étudier des périodes longues de fonctionnement en intégrant des critères de coût et de confort. Une étude spécifique, à l’aide d’un algorithme génétique, permet d’évaluer le potentiel d’optimisation lié au pilotage du CET. Une étude multi-paramétrique montre ensuite que le design des échangeurs joue également un rôle important. Les résultats de ces deux voies prometteuses d’optimisation du CET étant inter-dépendants, une dernière partie consiste en une étude multi-critère. Les résultats montrent qu’avec la nouvelle configuration proposée sont obtenus, un meilleur confort thermique sur une plus large gamme de scénario, une augmentation de COP moyenne annuelle de 37 % et une réduction moyenne de facture électrique de 30 %. / Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH) are efficient and fast-developing sanitary hot water production systems relying on a heat pump thermodynamic cycle for heat generation, consequently offering a considerable energy saving potential in the buildings sector. The most forthcoming HPWH on the French market are Air-Source Heat Pump Water Heaters (ASHPWH) composed of an exterior air source R134a heat pump and using a wrap-around type condenser, surrounding the thermal storage tank (TST). However, it is found that although these ASHPWH have reached an important level of maturity, it seems that there is still room for improvement of their energy performance. Consequently, the main objective of this PhD thesis is to search for optimization pathways, starting of from the reference ASHPWH on the French market, leading a better technical and economical compromise in terms of ASHPWH design. To reach this objective, a detailed model is first developed using Dymola (Modelica langage). This model comprises of a zonal model and a 1D model for the TST associated to an air source heat pump modeled with the TIL thermal component modeling library. After model calibration, the model is validated thanks to a large set of experimental tests carried out on a standard ASHPWH in climatic cells. The validated model is then used to identify optimization pathways by carrying out annual simulations and identifying energy performance improvement potentials. It is found out that both thermodynamic cycle performance and improved ASHPWH control logics are major contributors to the final energy performance. Both being highly interdependent and impacting energy performances, but also comfort and ASHPWH cost, the last part of the study consists of a multi-criteria optimization. Finally, a new ASHPWH design is proposed achieving better thermal comfort upon a large variety of user draw-off profiles, achieving a 37 % average annual energy saving and a 30 % reduction of the electrical bill.