Many different stormwater control measures (SCMs) can be implemented in order to mitigate issues with polluted stormwater flows into receiving water bodies.  The treatment function of  SCMs is commonly based on the removal of particles by sedimentation, thereby also removing pollutants associated with particles. In recent years, more attention has been given to characterizing and understanding of different particle size fractions and their association with pollutants commonly found in stormwater. It has become increasingly clear that the smaller sized particles are very important pollutant transporters and should be considered when designing and implementing SCMs. However, the settling velocities for smaller sized particles are very low and may not be effectively removed in existing SCMs. One treatment process with a proven ability to enhance sedimentation is coagulation/flocculation, widespread in water and wastewater treatment, but with very few accounts of it being used in a stormwater context. This thesis aims to investigate the treatability of stormwater with a coagulation/flocculation process. This includes the determination of operating conditions, the dominating coagulation mechanism and the reduction efficiency of stormwater related pollutants. The objectives of the thesis were achieved in laboratory tests treating stormwater in a jar-testing procedure. An initial screening of primary coagulants and flocculant aids was conducted using an urban snowmelt mixture. Five of the chemicals were then selected for an extended testing regime which was setup up to determine the operating conditions where maximal turbidity reduction was attained by measuring the pH, conductivity, alkalinity and zeta-potential over the tested doses for each coagulant. Criteria used for chemical selection included high turbidity reduction, low dose requirement and low pH/alkalinity impacts. Charge reversal was observed at positive zeta-potential indicating that the dominating coagulation mechanism was charge neutralization. The content of turbidity/total suspended solids, total organic carbon, total metals and hydrocarbons by >90%. Dissolved copper was reduced by 40% on average, and the reduction rates for dissolved zinc were varying with up to a 300% increase, presumably due to changes in pH, leading to a higher mobility. Changes in the particle size distribution after coagulation/flocculation as compared to sedimentation indicated an effect on the size fraction corresponding to smaller particles. The performance of the coagulation/flocculation process was also tested on road runoff collected from a central road in Luleå with a high traffic intensity. Two coagulants were tested, iron chloride and pre-hydrolyzed aluminum chloride. Reduction rates for the total metal fraction were >90% on average for both coagulants, but for the dissolved metal fractions differences could be observed between the coagulants with the iron chloride resulting in higher reductions for dissolved chrome (57% compared to 34%) and copper (47% compared to 30%). Both products increased the dissolved fractions of nickel and zinc due to lower final pH.

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Finspång Municipality suspects that the stormwater discharge has a negative impact on the quality of lake Skutbosjön due to its poor quality. Therefore, Tyréns is currently working together with the municipality to introduce new stormwater measures that would help to improve the state of the lake. This study will provide supporting evidence for decision-making by analysing and comparing the potential environmental impacts of a detention pond, an underground detention chamber system (UDCS) and a biofiltration system by utilising life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Metrics used in this study include 18 mid-point impact categories that are quantified for each system’s life cycle. The modelled pond had significantly lower adverse environmental impact in 12 impact categories than other systems, and UDCS had the highest environmental impacts in 13 impact categories. For pond, majority of the impacts where attributed to the transport of bulky materials during the decommissioning phase while for UDCS and biofilters, the material production in the construction phase dominated the life cycle impacts. Overall, applying LCA in a context of stormwater management can help in gaining a better understanding of the system’s life cycle and identifying areas of improvement. / Finspångs kommun misstänker att dagvattenutsläppet till Skutbosjön har en negativ påverkan på vattenkvalitet i sjön. Därför arbetar Tyréns tillsammans med kommunen för att införa nya dagvattenåtgärder som ska bidra till att förbättra sjöns tillstånd. Denna studie kommer att ge underlag för beslutsfattande genom att analysera och jämföra den potentiella miljöpåverkan av en dagvattendamm, ett underjordiskt avsättningsmagasin och dagvattenbiofilter genom en livscykelanalys (LCA). Mätvärden som används i denna studie inkluderar 18 effektkategorier som är kvantifierade för varje systems livscykel. Den modellerade dammen hade betydligt lägre negativ miljöpåverkan i 12 effektkategorier än andra system, och avsättningsmagasinen hade den högsta miljöpåverkan i 13 effektkategorier. För dammen tillskrevs merparten av påverkan transporten av skrymmande material under byggfasen, medan för avsättningsmagasinen och dagvattenbiofilter dominerade materialproduktionen i byggfasen. Att tillämpa LCA i ett sammanhang med dagvattenhantering kan hjälpa till att få en bättre förståelse av systemets livscykel och identifiera förbättringsområden.

The number of hardened surfaces has increased as a result of urbanization, and thus also the amount of road stormwater. Road stormwater can transport pollutants that have been released on road areas to surrounding recipients. Two substances that are found in particularly high concentrations in road storm water are copper and zinc. At high concentrations of these substances, toxic effects occur which are particularly harmful to aquatic organisms. This report intends to investigate how well the filter material Polonite purifies road stormwater from copper and zinc. Polonite is a reactive filter material made of the sedimentary rock Opoka, which binds substances such as copper and zinc by adsorption. In this thesis, a laboratory experiment has been carried out where it has been investigated how well different amounts of Polonite adsorb copper and zinc during different time periods. The results show that the concentrations of copper and zinc generally decreased over time and with an increasing amount of Polonite. Furthermore, a simulation of how Polonite's purification capacity decreases over time has been created. The simulation showed that Polonite's ability to purify stormwater according to the guideline values ceases after 133 days for copper and 325 days for zinc. Data collected from a column experiment was then compared with the simulation. The comparison showed that the simulation for zinc was in good agreement with the data from the column experiment, while the data for copper were more different from the simulation.  Conclusions drawn are that Polonite can be a good solution for sustainable road stormwater management as it can purify zinc and copper in accordance with the recommended guideline values. The results also show that Polonite has a better ability to purify zinc than copper and that it can purify zinc for a longer period of time. Moreover, other aspects such as economics need to be investigated in future studies to establish with certainty that Polonite is a good solution for the purification of road stormwater in large-scale treatment plants. / Till följd av urbaniseringen ökar antalet hårdgjorda ytor, och därmed även mängden vägdagvatten. Vägdagvatten kan transportera föroreningar som uppkommit på vägområden till omgivande recipienter. Två ämnen som hittas i särskilt höga koncentrationer i vägdagvatten är koppar och zink.  Vid höga koncentrationer av dessa ämnen uppstår toxiska effekter som är särskilt skadliga för vattenlevande organismer. Denna rapport ämnar att undersöka hur väl filtermaterialet Polonite renar vägdagvatten från koppar och zink. Polonite är ett reaktivt filtermaterial som genom adsorption kan rena vägdagvatten. I detta arbete har en laboration utförts där det har undersökts hur väl olika mängder Polonite adsorberar koppar och zink under olika tidsperioder. Resultatet visar att halterna koppar och zink generellt minskar med tiden samt med ökande mängd Polonite. Vidare skapades en simulering av hur Polonites reningsförmåga minskar med tiden.  Slutsatser som dragits är att Polonite kan vara en god lösning för hållbar vägdagvattenhantering då det kan rena koppar och zink i enlighet med de rekommenderade riktvärdena. Resultatet visar även att Polonite har en bättre förmåga att rena zink än koppar samt att det kan rena zink under en längre tidsperiod. För att med säkerhet fastställa att Polonite är en bra lösning för rening av vägdagvatten i storskaliga reningsanläggningar behöver flera aspekter såsom ekonomi undersökas i framtida studier.

Planning and design of stormwater facilities (including best management practices and low impact development) involve the calculation of peak flows and runoff volumes. Rainfall-runoff models are frequently utilized to estimate this information. A userriendly rainfall-runoff tool (LIDIA) was developed using Visual Basic for Applications in Microsoft Office Excel. This research showed comprehensive guidelines on how to setup a model in LIDIA and reported the first evaluation of LIDIA using field data. LIDIA hydrologic module was tested using 10-minute rainfall, land cover, soil series, land cover management, and runoff data from two small watersheds in North Mississippi. Eleven storm events, over a period of seven months were used for the one evaluation site and 11 storm events were used for the second case study. Overall the development and results of LIDIA tool showed in this study are positive in keeping the enhancement of the model.

Most cities are dominated by asphalt and concrete, which blocks the natural movement of rain water. Wetlands, riparian buffers, and roadsides are being lost or degraded in urban areas due to human development. Cities can be designed to benefit humans and nature by using techniques from green infrastructure and restoration ecology to improve urban sustainability. Parking lot M on McMaster University's west campus, constructed in 1968 on a former floodplain, directs the highly saline parking lot runoff into the adjacent Ancaster Creek. Natural groundwater sources along the surrounding hillslopes are directed into pipes under the parking lot and into the creek. A one-hectare riparian buffer restoration at lot M was used to assess the viability of depaving asphalt and establishing native plants through a vegetation study. Total native plant biomass was found to be similar to non-native plant biomass and was affected by road-salt salinity from the parking lot. Species richness per quadrat was higher for non-native plants, and greater for both non-native and native plants where less salt was present. Key hydrological fluxes were examined at the parking lot that could contribute to a proposed 0.6 hectare constructed wetland on the parking lot, known as “McMarsh.” Potential wetland water storage is in surplus year round, with an average storage of 265 mm/month. Successful restorations require maintenance following the establishment of native species. Management and maintenance of the restoration can help decrease non-native species. Engaging with the community through outreach and education on restoration projects is important for a successful restoration and increasing urban sustainability in cities. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Most cities are dominated by asphalt and concrete, which blocks the natural movement of rain water. Wetlands, riparian buffers, and roadsides are being lost or degraded in urban areas due to human development. Cities can be designed to benefit humans and nature by using techniques from green infrastructure and restoration ecology to improve urban sustainability. Parking lot M on McMaster University's west campus, constructed in 1968 on a former floodplain, directs the highly saline parking lot runoff into the adjacent Ancaster Creek. Natural groundwater sources along the surrounding hillslopes are directed into pipes under the parking lot and into the creek. A one-hectare riparian buffer restoration at lot M was used to assess the viability of depaving asphalt and establishing native plants through a vegetation study. Total native plant biomass was found to be similar to non-native plant biomass and was affected by road-salt salinity from the parking lot. Species richness per quadrat was higher for non-native plants, and greater for both non-native and native plants where less salt was present. Key hydrological fluxes were examined at the parking lot that could contribute to a proposed 0.6 hectare constructed wetland on the parking lot, known as “McMarsh.” Potential wetland water storage is in surplus year round, with an average storage of 265 mm/month. Successful restorations require maintenance following the establishment of native species. Management and maintenance of the restoration can help decrease non-native species. Engaging with the community through outreach and education on restoration projects is important for a successful restoration and increasing urban sustainability in cities.

The rapid urban development has impacted a great loss of natural landscape in the U.S in recent years. In the process of urbanization, the population has moved from the city centers to the edges of the Metropolitan or the newly developed suburbs as much as 62% until 2000. The annual conversion rate of undeveloped land to developed land between 1982 and 1992 was 1.4 million acres per year while it accelerated later in only five years between 1992 and 1997 to 2.2 million acres per year. Among all the development one of the most common was the Enormous shopping mall in suburban districts which are the collections of a vast range of retail corporations in response to the growing consumerism. In support of the gigantic malls, more service infrastructures were built as in the multi-storied parking garages, surface parking, HVAC. Currently, the total number of malls in the U.S is approximately 116,000. The downside of the development has been observed as rapid as it has grown. As in 2014, nearly 3% of all the malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). The sudden deterioration was caused because of several factors such as the socio-economic change of the demography in the urban context, the change in the spending habit of the consumers (i.e. spending for experience rather than goods), Rise of the E-commerce, etc. While the dying circumstance continues, these vast and trapped places have nothing but negative impacts in the urban environment as being wasteful land, blocking the visual connectivity through places, clogging the pedestrian flow, contributing to the heat island effect. Thus the problem is evoking to rethink a sustainable design approach. This thesis will first generate an adaptive master plan for the future, in a specific site as the result of investigating the socio-economic issues that forced the mall site to be vacant. After projecting the master plan, the architectural project will be proposed which will prioritize the physical and social development of the context. Educating people regarding the redevelopment of the community and the sustainable way of living are the key features of the project. The new project will be considered an iconic community asset that would serve the neighborhoods. / Master of Architecture / The rapid urban development has impacted a great loss of natural landscape in the U.S in recent years. In the process of urbanization, the population has moved from the city centers to the edges of the Metropolitan or the newly developed suburbs as much as 62% until 2000. To serve the resettled population new services have been developed at the outskirts of the cities. Among all the development one of the most common was the Enormous shopping mall in suburban districts which are the collections of a vast range of retail corporations in response to the growing consumerism. In support of the gigantic malls, more service infrastructures were built as in the multi-storied parking garages, surface parking, HVAC. Currently, the total number of malls in the U.S is approximately 116,000. The downside of the development has been observed as rapid as it has grown. As in 2014, nearly 3% of all the malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). The sudden deterioration was caused because of several factors such as the socio-economic change of the demography in the urban context, the change in the spending habit of the consumers (i.e. spending for experience rather than goods), Rise of the E-commerce, etc. This thesis will explore the strategy for reintegrating the troubling mall sites within the urban fabric. The thesis will first generate an adaptive master plan for the future, in a specific site as the result of investigating the socio-economic issues that forced the mall site to be vacant. After projecting the master plan, the architectural project will be proposed which will prioritize the physical and social development of the context. Educating people regarding the redevelopment of the community and the sustainable way of living are the key features of the project. The new project will be considered an iconic community asset that would serve the neighborhoods.