Dans de nombreuses situations, les décideurs sont amenés à choisir une action ou une politique sans être parfaitement informés. De plus, il est parfois difficile ou coûteux d'acquérir directement les informations manquantes. Dans ce cas, ils peuvent solliciter l'aide des institutions ou individus informés. Ces derniers peuvent essayer d'influencer la décision en leur faveur en cachant ou en ne présentant qu'une partie de l'information. Par exemple, les employeurs s'appuient sur l'information présentée par les demandeurs d'emploi, les autorités financières utilisent les rapports des entreprises pour les évaluer et les élus consultent les experts avant de proposer une loi. Dans ces exemples, au moins certaines informations sont certifiables ou vérifiables. En d'autres termes, la partie informée peut prouver certaines déclarations en présentant des preuves ou le décideur peut vérifier l'exactitude de ces déclarations. Puisque la vérification peut être coûteuse ou prenante, le décideur ne peut souvent vérifier qu'une partie de l'information reçue. Ces contraintes déterminent la quantité d'information qui peut être vérifiée avant la prise de décision. Les deux premiers chapitres portent sur des modèles adaptés aux situations où le décideur doit évaluer une déclaration ou répondre à une demande faite par une personne ou une institution. Dans le troisième chapitre, je considère un cadre légèrement différent où le décideur consulte des agents informés avant de choisir une action.Dans le premier chapitre, j'étudie un modèle où les préférences de l'agent informé sont indépendantes de l'état. En communication unilatérale, seul l'agent envoie un message au décideur. En communication bilatérale, les deux échangent des messages. Je compare ces deux mécanismes en supposant que la même quantité de preuves peut être présentée dans les deux cas. Dans le mécanisme canonique de communication bilatérale, après avoir reçu une déclaration de la part de l'agent, le décideur lui demande de présenter une preuve en particulier. La décision dépend seulement de sa capacité à présenter la preuve demandée. Le résultat principal de ce chapitre stipule que la communication bilatérale améliore le résultat si la certification de l'information est limitée de manière à empêcher le décideur d'atteindre son optimum en communication unilatérale.Le deuxième chapitre, qui résulte d'un travail joint avec Frédéric Koessler (CNRS, École d’Économie de Paris), étudie l'implémentation en présence d'agents averses à l'ambiguïté. Nous montrons que si une règle d'allocation peut être implémentée avec une certification illimitée, elle peut également être implémentée avec une certification limitée d'information si le décideur peut utiliser des mécanismes de communication ambigus et si les agents sont averses à l'ambiguïté au sens du maxmin. L'implication inverse est vraie s'il ya un seul agent et une action de punition.Dans le troisième chapitre, j'étudie un modèle avec deux types d'agents informés. Un type veut maximiser l'action du décideur tandis que l'autre veut la minimiser. Dans ce cas, il peut y avoir besoin de consulter plus d'un agent. J'étudie la consultation séquentielle et j'examine son impact sur la révélation d'information. À l'équilibre, le décideur continue de consulter des agents informés tant que son incertitude est suffisamment élevée. Les agents minoritaires - en termes de préférences - peuvent influencer le décideur en cachant l'information lorsqu'elle est défavorable car il anticipe, à juste titre, que la majorité est davantage susceptible de le faire. En outre, la menace de consultation séquentielle peut être utilisée afin d'extraire des informations plus précises tout en consultant un seul agent. / In many situations, decision makers do not observe all relevant information which undermines their ability to choose the best action or policy. Moreover, it can be difficult or costly to directly acquire the missing information. In such cases, the decision maker may acquire information from privately informed parties with potentially different objectives. The issue is that they may try to influence the outcome in their favor either by withholding or selectively reporting information. For instance, employers rely on information presented by job applicants, financial authorities use firms' reports to evaluate them and elected representatives seek expert advice before selecting policies. In these examples, at least some information is certifiable or verifiable. In other words, the informed party can prove certain statements by presenting hard evidence or the decision maker can verify the accuracy of received claims and documents. Since verification can be costly or time consuming, the decision maker might be able to only partially check the claim. These constraints determine the amount of information that can be verified before the decision is made. The first two chapters focus on models that best describe settings where the decision maker has to evaluate a claim or respond to a request made by an individual or institution. In the third chapter, I consider a slightly different framework where the decision maker seeks advice by consulting informed agents.In the first chapter, I study the basic framework where the informed agent's preferences over the decision maker's actions are independent of the state. In unilateral communication, only the agent sends a message to the decision maker. In bilateral communication, both exchange messages sequentially. I study and compare these two types of mechanisms under the constraint that the agent can present the same amount of certifiable information in both cases. In the canonical bilateral communication mechanism, after receiving a claim from the agent, the decision maker asks him to certify a certain event and bases her decision on his ability to do so. The main result of this chapter essentially states that if information certification is limited and the limitation prevents the decision maker from achieving her first-best in unilateral communication then she strictly benefits from bilateral communication.In the second chapter, which results from a joint work with Frédéric Koessler (CNRS, Paris School of Economics), we study implementation in the presence of ambiguity aversion. We show that if an allocation rule can be implemented with unlimited information certification, then it can also be implemented with limited information certification if the designer can use ambiguous communication mechanisms, and if agents are averse to ambiguity in the sense of maxmin expected utility. The reverse implication is true if there is a single agent and a worst outcome.In the third chapter, I study a setting with two types of informed agents. One type prefers higher actions while the other prefers lower actions. The decision maker ignores the informed agent's preferences. In this case, it might not be sufficient to consult one agent. I study sequential consultation of more than one informed agent and examine its impact on information revelation. It is shown that in equilibrium the decision maker may consult more than one agent and that she continues to seek advice as long as her uncertainty is high enough. Learning on the equilibrium path happens through both revelation and withholding of information. It is possible for agents of the minority - in terms of preferences - to influence the decision maker by withholding information so that she chooses their favorite outcome when she should not. Moreover, sequential consultation can be used as a threat to extract more precise information while consulting only one agent.

xvi, 398 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Social movements that fundamentally challenge the status quo struggle to connect theory and practice by framing advocacy messages in ways that serve the utilitarian purpose of resonating with mainstream public values while also demonstrating deontological integrity in authentically reflecting their own radical ideology. This study examines the animal rights movement's framing challenges in transforming discriminatory worldviews against nonhuman animals (NHAs) to create respect for them as inherently valuable subjects. U.S. animal rights organizations (AROs) increasingly focus on protecting animals exploited for food, and this dissertation examines frames used in such food advocacy campaigns of five national AROs: Compassion over Killing, Farm Animal Rights Movement, Farm Sanctuary, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and Vegan Outreach. Using textual analysis of ARO advocacy and interviews with ARO leaders, this study analyzes how and to what extent AROs do or could construct less speciesist frames that resonate with a largely speciesist American public. Findings reveal AROs framed problems with agribusiness around farmed animal cruelty and commodification, human and environmental harm, and unnecessary killing. Solution frames suggested consumers eat a total or largely plant-based diet, and some proposed industry welfare reforms. To motivate audiences, AROs appealed to values, such as: compassion, sentience, moral consistency, desire to make a difference, choice, pleasurable and convenient food, belonging, life, concern for fellow human beings, honesty, American populism, naturalness, freedom, and American pride. Strategically, AROs leaders applied both deontology and utilitarianism in choosing to prioritize NHA altruism rather than human self-interest, but most leaders favored utilitarianism in choosing to privilege animal welfare over animal rights for wider appeal. Overall, while some ARO messages supported animal rights, promoting veganism and respect for NHA subject status, many frames used animal welfare ideology to achieve animal rights solutions, conservatively avoiding a direct challenge to the dominant human/animal dualism. Changes to framing strategy are prescribed in support of frame transformation, such as emphasizing injustice, respect, freedom, life, and a shared animality. This deontologically aligns animal rights theory with advocacy practice in a way that also strategically incorporates both environmental ethics and human rights and merges nature and culture. / Adviser: Debra Merskin

Submitted by DANIELE APARECIDA BUENO (daniele.bueno.rp@gmail.com) on 2018-10-22T21:28:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REPOSITORIO DISSERTAÇÃO DANIELE BUENO.pdf: 1616040 bytes, checksum: ea864daf0de4e7053458361978164b4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-10-23T14:37:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_da_me_bauru.pdf: 1616040 bytes, checksum: ea864daf0de4e7053458361978164b4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-23T14:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_da_me_bauru.pdf: 1616040 bytes, checksum: ea864daf0de4e7053458361978164b4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Diante do cenário midiatizado atual e de relações sociais cada vez mais complexas, as organizações são desafiadas a repensar sobre seus processos, a exemplo da comunicação e da estratégia, que se constituem como foco deste estudo. Frente às instabilidades e fluidez desse cenário marcado pela intensa presença das mídias na dinâmica social, muitas organizações passam a transpor a esse novo panorama antigas lógicas herdadas de pensamentos e modelos de gestão que se consolidaram durante a Revolução Industrial. Nesse período, prevalecia uma abordagem simplificadora no modo de desenvolver ações e de estruturar os processos organizacionais. Na tentativa de aproximarem-se de seus interlocutores, elas tendem a desenvolver estratégias de comunicação, por exemplo, a partir de modelos e modismos que limitam-se a escolhas de canais de comunicação para emitir mensagens de um emissor – a organização –, evidenciando a lógica funcionalista, sem refletirem sobre a complexidade estratégica e comunicacional que envolve todo o processo e sobre a necessidade de pensar para além dos aspectos técnicos ao interagirem com os sujeitos. Por este motivo apresenta-se, neste trabalho, a comunicação estratégica como uma proposta integradora que pode nortear as ações organizacionais, incluindo as ações estratégicas de comunicação. Entende-se que a comunicação estratégica pode ser compreendida a partir de uma essência comunicacional para além de sua espontaneidade, sendo voltada e direcionada à ação. Parte-se do pressuposto de que prevalecem nas organizações estratégias de comunicação majoritariamente de cunho instrumental, distanciando-se de uma consciência integradora de comunicação estratégica. Para tanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre os conceitos de comunicação e de estratégia nas organizações em contexto midiatizado, a partir da identificação das estratégias de comunicação em organizações de diferentes portes, buscando compreender se essas se aproximam de uma lógica informacional ou se possibilitam uma perspectiva norteadora à comunicação estratégica. Assim, este trabalho caracteriza-se como de natureza conceitual e aplicada, e de abordagem qualitativa, composto por uma etapa inicial voltada ao referencial teórico desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e uma segunda fase empírica que se constitui de entrevista semiestruturada junto a três empresas de micro, pequeno e médio porte do segmento “Alimentação Fora do Lar” da cidade de Bauru/SP. Por fim, verificou-se que, embora as organizações pertencentes à amostra apresentem um sentido relacional no contato face a face junto aos seus públicos, ao desenvolverem ações direcionadas trabalham mais as estratégias de comunicação sob um viés funcionalista, acreditando ser um impasse para a constituição da comunicação estratégica como essência norteadora. Por fim, espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para os estudos da comunicação organizacional, especificamente da comunicação estratégica e instigue novas reflexões sobre a temática. / In view of the current mediated scenario and increasingly complex social relations, organizations are challenged to rethink their processes, such as communications and strategy, which are the focus of this study. In the face of the instabilities and fluidity of this scenario marked by the intense presence of the media in the social dynamics, many organizations begin to transpose to this new panorama old logics inherited from thoughts and management models that were consolidated during the Industrial Revolution. During this period, a simplifying approach prevailed in the way of developing actions and structuring organizational processes. As an attempt to get closer to their interlocutors, they tend to develop communication strategies, for example, from models and fads that are limited to the choices of communication channels to emit messages from a source - the organization, evidencing the functional logic, without reflecting on the strategic and communicational complexity that involves the whole process and the need to think beyond the technical aspects when interacting with the subjects. For this reason, strategic communication is presented as an integrative proposal that can guide organizational actions, including strategic communication actions. It is understood that strategic communication can be comprehended from a communicational essence beyond its spontaneity, being directed to action. It is based on the hypothesis that communication strategies predominate in organizations, mainly as an instrumental nature, distancing themselves from an integrating consciousness of strategic communication. In order to do so, this work aims to reflect on the concepts of communication and strategy in organizations in a mediatized context, from the identification of communication strategies in organizations of different sizes, seeking to understand if they approach an informational logic or if they enable a guiding perspective for strategic communication. Thus, this work is characterized as a conceptual and applied one, and also has a qualitative approach, consisting of an initial stage focused on the theoretical framework developed by means of bibliographical research and a second empirical phase that consisted of a semi-structured interview with three micro, small and medium-sized companies, in the Food Service segment in Bauru city SP. As results, it was verified that, although the organizations belonging to the sample have a relational sense in the face-to-face contact with their publics, in developing directed actions, communication strategies work under a functionalist bias, believing it to be a deadlock for the strategic communication as the guiding principle. Finally, it is expected that this research can contribute to the study of organizational communication, specifically strategic communication and instigate new studies on the subject.

COUTINHO, Mayra Pontes. A comunicação institucional em universidades públicas: a perspectiva da administração superior da UFC. 2015. 109f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação Superior, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-04T14:53:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mpcoutinho.pdf: 1082056 bytes, checksum: a41ef8138e20e72cd616dc955e5fdfd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-05T10:59:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mpcoutinho.pdf: 1082056 bytes, checksum: a41ef8138e20e72cd616dc955e5fdfd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T10:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mpcoutinho.pdf: 1082056 bytes, checksum: a41ef8138e20e72cd616dc955e5fdfd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / In a globalized world, where information spreads fast, communication plays an important role in all kinds of organizations, including Higher Education Institutions (IES). However, in order to obtain good results, not only the existence of a professional communication sector, but also the involvement of the superior administration from these institutions with the area are fundamental. The leaders must authorize the transformation of communication into an instrument for the qualification of processes and also of organizational identity, also taking part in this process. Based on this panorama and on the observation that little attention is given to the behavior of the leaders of higher education institutions with relation to communication in the academic literature, the goal of this study is to analyze the role of institutional communication under the perspective of the senior management staff at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). The theoretical review articulated concepts related to integrated communication, to communication management, to strategic communication, among others. In order to reach the established goal, semi-structured interviews with senior management members at UFC were accomplished. Making use of a qualitative approach, the data were transcribed and analyzed according to the method of content analysis. The results indicate that the UFC managers who were interviewed recognize communication as something fundamental in the relationship with different stakeholders, especially for the internal public. According to them, the communication actions are instruments that help in the legal reporting and in transparency, allowing society to know what the work developed by UFC is. But despite the acknowledgment of its importance, for the great majority of the leaders, communication still occupies an instrumental dimension, more related to its role of announcing the decisions made. / Em um mundo globalizado, onde as informações fluem de maneira veloz, a comunicação ocupa um papel fundamental em todos os tipos de organização, incluindo as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES). Contudo, para obter bons resultados, é fundamental não apenas a existência de um setor de comunicação profissional, mas o envolvimento da administração superior dessas instituições na área. Os dirigentes devem autorizar a transformação da comunicação em um instrumento de qualificação dos processos e da identidade organizacional, participando também desse processo A partir desse panorama e da constatação da pouca atenção dada ao comportamento dos gestores das IES em relação à comunicação na literatura acadêmica, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o papel da comunicação institucional na perspectiva dos integrantes da administração superior da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). A revisão teórica articulou conceitos relacionados à comunicação integrada, à gestão da comunicação, à comunicação estratégica, entre outros. Para conseguir atingir o objetivo estabelecido, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com integrantes da administração superior da UFC. Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa, os dados foram transcritos e analisados seguindo o método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que os gestores da UFC entrevistados reconhecem a comunicação como algo fundamental no relacionamento com os diferentes stakeholders, com destaque especial para o público interno. Para eles, as ações de comunicação são instrumentos que auxiliam na prestação de contas e na transparência, permitindo que a sociedade saiba qual é o trabalho desenvolvido pela UFC. Mas apesar do reconhecimento da importância, para a grande maioria dos gestores, a comunicação ainda ocupa uma dimensão instrumental, mais relacionada ao seu papel de divulgadora das decisões tomadas.

This master thesis aims to understand whether the connection of visuals and emotions on social media can be utilized by activists to increase awareness of environmental issues. In particular, this thesis discussed if emotional visual content about environmental activism on social media increases recipients' emotional awareness and small-scale activism when embedded in visual framing communication. The work is based on theories like affective visual framing, affective intensity, stickiness and grab, which define the dynamics of emotions online and the merits that come with it, when used for strategic communication. In combination with visual communication on social media and the emotional impact of visuals, environmental imagery develops power for social transformation. Analyzing the organization Greenpeace and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation for their emotional strategic communication on Instagram, the research uses mixed-methods to gather data about the reception of emotional visuals. A questionnaire collects data about broad responses to images and seven in-depth interviews focus on deeper motivations and opinions behind the emotional reaction. The research reveals that first of all emotions are generated by emotionally framed visual contents. These emotions also lead to an emotional awareness of environmental issues. Nevertheless, small-scale activism was neither increased by emotional content nor by general emotional awareness. Solely short-term interest in activism could be identified.

Following the events that saw Russia operating in the Ukrainian information space as well as on the ground, concern for hybrid threats and targeted propaganda campaigns has grown in the world and especially in Europe. Allegations of foreign involvement in electoral campaigns within liberal democracies have drawn even more attention to the matter and have hastened plans of action to fight hybrid threats in the European Union and the Eastern Partnership. In theregion, one of the priorities at all levels of governance is to counteract foreign-sourced propaganda campaigns that make use of disinformation. These disinformation-fighting strategies include the strategical use of fact-checking practices. Fact-checkingas a branch of journalism, though, has great potential for being weaponised and used as a vehicle for institutional propaganda, especially when absorbed within the domain of strategic communication. This research offers a case study of EUvsDisinfo, the fact-checking project started by the European External Action Service, to explore its weaknesses as a fact-checking organisation and deconstruct its activity in terms of propaganda analysis. The research employs mixed qualitative methods to show how the project falls short of its ideal role and its function as a fact-checker. Without any value judgement, EUvsDisinfo is exposed as a potential platform for the dissemination of hegemonic narratives or (counter)propaganda in the West and in particular in the European Union. The case study is meant to be a way of developing research on the possible existence of institutional (counter)propaganda in liberal democracies, which is heavily underresearched in present times.

The phenomenon focused on in this study is that while many young adults experience pressure regarding their Instagram use, the use is widespread. Furthermore, there are different purposes to the use, which are rarely analyzed from a strategic communication perspective. Therefore, the essay provides more insights from that point of view, regarding the expression of identity and social media’s role in that process. The purpose of this essay is to examine how individuals work with self representation on Instagram, if they have a clear image of what they want to convey and whether they implement it in their posts. Moreover, the study aims to explore the purposes of self representation and if it can be understood as strategic communication. Seven individual interviews and image analyzes were carried out. Based on the ideas regarding identity, lifestyle, self representation and media use, by theorists such as Giddens, Goffman and Sheldon and Bryant, the results were analyzed. The study shows that six out of seven interviewees had a clear picture of what they want to convey and found that their posts in some sense reflect who they are. Six recurring purposes were noted: using the platform to store memories, get attention, express identity, receive affirmation, develop knowledge and network. Furthermore, the conclusion was drawn that all interviewees but one use Instagram in a way that can be classified as strategic communication. The results provide an increased understanding of the purposes of Instagram use and how it can affect the identity and self confidence of young adults in today’s digitalized society.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze existing communication of the company and, based on field research, evaluate the image of the company as perceived by inhabitants of surrounding villages. The other aim is to make a suggestion for optimization of communication strategy. Underlying aim of the thesis is to assess general function of Public Relations and CSR activities in the field, which is rather demanding in the view of the subject of its activity.

This essay examines corporate reputation and reputation management online, where destinations were selected as an example of a reputation-dependent industry with special terms. The aim of this study is to examine how Swedish destinations strategically manage their reputation online. Furthermore, the thesis sees into six destinations in Sweden using a theoretical approach on how companies work with their reputation to prevent and nurture their reputation online from a public relations perspective. The result showed that the destinations work actively online to maintain their reputation. Their primary critical stakeholders are politicians and their visit nutrition, their secondary stakeholders are in the long term their own residents. The result also showed that the digitalization has led to both challenges and opportunities. There is thus, an internal challenge in finding resources and an external challenge to compete globally. The destinations determinedly work to measure and monitor their reputation online, but see management as complex today. This study concludes that some areas of online reputation management are found to be applicable for companies in general, but mainly Swedish destinations. In conclusion the study presents a model on how companies proactively can manage their reputation from a public relations point of view.

This study has aimed to examine how Världsnaturfonden WWF communicates trust in various communication channels. We also wanted to see if there are any differences in the different channels on how WWF communicates trust. It is a qualitative study that uses critical rhetoric analysis as method. We choose to analyze the communication channels sponsored facebookposts, personalized letters and two sites from WWF:s website. The empirical data has been analyzed with the aid of theories of strategic communication, non-profit organizations, rhetoric and media specificity. The results show that WWF uses various communication strategies to communicate trust in all of the examined channels. The most important aspects of trust is communicated through presenting what WWF:s collected money has contributed to, that the organization appears to be knowledgeable and engaged in the various areas they work for. In all of the channels we have examined, we have also seen that WWF uses a personal address to the reader. In the sponsored facebookposts and in the personalized letters, we find that WWF communicates more trust than on the website by using more emotions. WWF express more gratitude for donors and more concern for the various animals and the environment affected. Other differences we have seen between the channels are that they differ in how they are designed, but these differences are mainly due to different norms relating to the specific channels. This study has contributed with knowledge of how a non-profit organization such as WWF rhetorically communicates trust to different target groups through different communication channels. This study has also contributed to knowledge of the differences and similarities regarding how WWF communicates trust through the three different communication channels.