The Congo Crisis of the early 1960s served as a satellite conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Scholars have argued about U.S. motivations and interests involved in the Congo Crisis. The major division between scholars is between those who contend the United States acted for national security reasons and those scholars who argue the United States desired to establish a neocolonial regime to protect economic interests pertaining to vast Congolese mineral wealth. The argument of this thesis is that the United States policy in the Congo between 1960 and 1965 focused on installing a friendly regime in the Congo in order to protect its national security interests. This argument lends to the introduction of a new term to classify U.S. actions: pseudocolonialism. The previous term, neocolonialism, denotes a negative connotation based on economic greed and does not satisfactorily explain the motivations of the United States. By examining the value to the United States of Congolese uranium and cobalt as well as Congolese geographic location, the singular explanation of economic greed is weakened.

'Losing Control combines a glimpse behind the security screens with sharp analysis of the real global insecurities - growing inequality and unsustainability.' The New Internationalist The attacks in New York and Washington on 11th September 2001 took most of the world by surprise. It showed that, for those living in the West, the threat of terrorist attack is now very real. Maintaining control of global security has become a matter of paramount importance to all Western governments. As the war against 'terrorism' widens into a war against particular states who may have played little part in the disaster, the idea that we can maintain global security by desperately clinging to our current security paradigm becomes increasingly improbable. In Losing Control, Paul Rogers calls for a radical re-thinking of western perceptions of security that embraces a willingness to address the core issues of global insecurity. This acclaimed book has already become an essential guide for anyone who wishes to understand the current crisis, and this updated edition contains a new preface and a new chapter which address the specific problems that have arisen since the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Drawing on examples from around the world, Rogers analyses the legacy of the Cold War's proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the impact of human activity on the global ecosystem; the growth of hypercapitalism and resulting poverty and insecurity; the competition for energy resources and strategic minerals; biological warfare programmes; and paramilitary actions against centres of power. The new edition brings the whole analysis right up to date, arguing persuasively that the world's elite cannot maintain control and that a far more emancipatory and sustainable approach to global security has to be developed. / Also published in Japanese

L’investissement étranger est considéré aujourd’hui comme un facteur clé voire une valeur ajoutée à même de faciliter le développement de l’État d’accueil. Ainsi, l'État congolais mise sur l’amélioration de son arsenal juridique interne dont l’objectif consiste à attirer de nombreux investisseurs et investissements étrangers sur son territoire. Pour ce faire, des réformes tendant à l’amélioration de principaux textes juridiques applicables directement ou indirectement en matière d’admission et de sécurisation des investissements étrangers afin de se conformer aux standards internationaux deviennent une obsession pour cet État, dont la finalité demeure : la valorisation de ses ressources naturelles notamment le cobalt, le germanium et la colombo-tantalite etc. très souvent inexploitées et utile à même de servir à la production des batteries pour les voitures électriques. Il serait donc nécessaire désormais que le contrôle de l’État souverain sur ses ressources naturelles considérées comme des minerais stratégiques soit davantage renforcé et que le contentieux en matière d’investissement soit confié à des entités qui prennent en compte l’intérêt général au détriment des arbitrages sous l’égide des arbitres privés, défendant les intérêts privés. Ainsi, la création d’un Centre international africain de règlement des différends pourrait être profitable notamment en permettant aux experts africains - tant arbitres qu’avocats - d’être plus présents dans le cadre des procédures impliquant leurs États d’origine / Foreign investment is now considered a key factor or even an added value that can facilitate the development of the host country. Thus, the Congolese State is focusing on improving its domestic legal arsenal, the objective of which is to attract many foreign investors and investments to its territory. To this end, reforms aimed at improving the main legal texts directly or indirectly applicable to the admission and security of foreign investments in order to comply with international standards are becoming an obsession for this State, the purpose of which remains: the development of its natural resources, in particular cobalt, germanium and colombo-tantalite etc., which are very often unexploited and useful for the production of batteries for electric cars. It would therefore now be necessary for the sovereign State to strengthen its control over its natural resources considered as strategic minerals and for investment litigation to be entrusted to entities that take into account the general interest to the detriment of arbitrations under the aegis of private arbitrators, defending private interests. Thus, the creation of an African International Dispute Resolution Centre could be beneficial, in particular by allowing African experts - both arbitrators and lawyers - to be more present in proceedings involving their States of origin