Our direct environment affects our lives directly. Christopher Alexander saw that we are able to feel or see if an object or structure is natural through the characteristics of them. He also saw that we generally feel better near these living, natural structures as it more closely resembles ourselves. Our bodies and our surroundings are made up of far more smaller than large things. When structures follow this pattern they are considered to be more natural, and when they move away from this pattern they are considered to be less natural and thus often boring or ugly. This scaling law is used to analyse the complex networks within cities. By analysing underlying structures instead of direct geometry it becomes possible to identify how living they are.This study applies these theories to analyse urban morphology within different cities. By identifying living structure within cities comparisons can be made between different types of cities. Specifically artificial and historical cities are analysed as they are counterparts in livingness. Following the identification of the living structure within these different types of cities an assessment can be made on what kind of an effect this has on our wellbeing based on Alexander’s theory. To see how living structure evolves over time a second analysis is performed which compares a city with its own evolution through time.Firstly natural cities and natural streets are identified in a bottom up approach based on the underlying structures of OpenStreetMap road data. Thereafter historical cities are compared with artificial cities because historical cities generally have living structure while artificial cities lack this. Then the developments of a historic city are identified and compared temporally. This research finds that current usage of concrete, steel and glass combined with very fast development speeds is detrimental to living structure within cities currently. Newer city developments should be performed in symbiosis with older city structures and the structure of the development should inhibit scaling as well as the buildings themselves. It is not sufficient to look only at geometry when managing cities, the importance of the fractal geometry, which is initially invisible must not be underestimated.

The streets are one of the most commonly used spaces of a city and most people would probably say that they know what a street is. However, at a second glance, streets could be quite complex spaces hosting sometimes co-existing and sometimes contradicting uses. To start with, there is both an inherent relation between staying and moving as well as between space and network in the concept of streets. Relations that is reflected in the global goals for sustainable development and that can´t be treated separated from each other if the streets are going to work as both a network of transportation, public spaces and as individual spaces. This study aims to investigate these inherent relations in the concept of streets between space and networks, staying and moving to describe the inherent complexity in the concept of streets these relations causes. Through the reasearh survey of this essay it is discovered that different parts of important litterature about urban planing treats this complexity in the concept of streets differently. This essay is therefore carried out through a observational study where different streets in Gothenburg, Sweden is observed. Thereafter the streets are described and analyzed in the light of the inherent complexity in the concept streets to examine if differents streets treats this complexity differently.

Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

A arborização viária possui importante papel na manutenção do equilíbrio físico-ambiental das cidades e pode ser considerada um indicativo de qualidade de vida. Porém, a falta de planejamento em sua implantação e manutenção acaba por prejudicar sua eficiência. Também o não conhecimento do patrimônio arbóreo e arbustivo presente e das suas respectivas condições, dificultam a tomadas de decisões corretas. O presente trabalho ocupa-se, do levantamento quali-quantitativo da arborização viária da Estância de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Para tanto, foi adotado o método de inventário do tipo censo, ou seja, foram inventariados todos os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos contidos nas vias públicas. Foram levantados um total de 3654 indivíduos, perfazendo 161 espécies, 126 gêneros e 54 famílias. Desse total, 61,33% das espécies são exóticas e 38,67% são nativas, distribuídas, segundo hábito de crescimento em 70,85% arbóreas, 19,90% arbustivas, 6,05% palmeiras e 3,20% coníferas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener calculado é de 3,90. Na Estância de Águas de São Pedro há apenas uma discreta predominância da Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) que representa 13,36% da arborização viária. O índice médio de indivíduos por quilômetro de rua percorrida é de 130, considerado alto, embora o hábito de crescimento não tenha sido considerado neste cálculo. Existe uma tendência ao plantio de arbustos, especialmente em anos mais recentes, que deve ser revertida. São sugeridas indicações de manejo, como novos plantios, substituições, adequação das podas e na condução de mudas e incremento do plantio de espécies arbóreas nativas em detrimento das arbustivas. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de implementação de um plano diretor que contemple a arborização, para que se melhore sua qualidade, eliminando-se assim, dificuldades na manutenção e das tendências de manejo e plantio levados a efeito da população. / Street arborization plays an important role on keeping the physical and environmental balance in urban areas thus, improving the life quality. Lack of planning on its implantation and maintenance can jeopardize its efficiency. The knowledge of the street tree and shrub assets as well as their overall conditions can support the correct decisions on high quality arborization. The present work describes a quali-quantitative survey on street arborization of Águas de São Pedro Resort, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Census is the type of inventory used in this research; therefore, all individuals planted on streets sidewalks have been assessed. A number of 3,654 individuals were analyzed, comprising 161 species, 126 genus and 54 families. A total of 61.33% species were found to be exotic whilst 38.67% were native. According to their growth habit, 70.85% were classified as trees, 19.90% shrubs, 6.05 palms and 3.20% conifers. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found to be 3.90. Only a discreet predominance of Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) was observed, which represented 13.36% of all street arborization of Águas de São Pedro. The average index of individuals per kilometer of street was 130, which can be considered high, despite the growth habit not being considered in the calculations. There is a trend in planting shrubs instead of trees, especially in recent years, which should be reversed. This work contains recommendations on the management, new planting of trees and replacements, adaptation and management of newly planted individuals, adequate pruning and improvement of the planting of native trees over the shrubby species. There is also a need to implement a directive plan in order to improve the quality of the arborization. This plan should bring positive effects on reducing difficulties on management as well as controlling both the planting and management carried out by the local population.

Este trabalho examina as transformações e usos urbanos na 6 7 Rua Augusta, em São Paulo, entre 1891 e 2012. Percebe-se que ao longo deste período a Rua Augusta, sobretudo na vertente que a comunica ao centro histórico da cidade, teve grande importância social e urbana, polarizando e respondendo a processos de urbanização que a cidade de São Paulo como um todo enfrentava. Seu papel e suas características, no entanto, variaram historicamente de acordo com as diferentes formas de apropriação por parte dos mais variados grupos sociais. A rua não só foi apropriada física e funcionalmente por esses grupos, mas também simbolicamente, tornando-se ao mesmo tempo um espaço e um emblema de determinados interesses econômicos, usos sociais e culturais, modos de consumo, identidades coletivas e estilos de vida nos distintos momentos estudados. A apropriação da rua por atividades de lazer é um aspecto privilegiado na dissertação, sobretudo em função do estabelecimento recente de uma importante mancha de vida noturna juvenil na cidade, que, desde a década de 1990, e sobretudo os anos 2000, vem catalizando um ciclo bastante representativo de investimentos, atividades, dinâmicas e significados. / this thesis examines the transformations and urban ocupations 8 9 of Augusta Street between 1891 and 2012. It is noticed that throughout this period of time, Augusta Street has had great social and urban relevance, polarizing and responding to processes of urbanization that the city of Sao Paulo was facing as whole, but especially regarding it\'s historic center. the street\'s role and characteristics however varied historically according to the diff erent forms of apropriation from diff erent social groups. the street was not only apropriated physically and functionally by these groups, but also symbolically, becoming at the same time a space and an emblem of determined economical interests, social and cultural uses, ways of consumption, colective identities and life styles, during diff erent moments covered in this study. the apropriation of this street by leisure activities is one aspect privileged in this work, especially because of a recent establishment of a young nocturnal life in the area, that since the 90\'s and more consistenly in the 2000\'s has been catalizing a cicle that is very representative of investments, activities, dinamics and meanings. this work has newspaper copies as the main research source, from which a line of thought was constructed, allowing a better understanding of this apropriation and the opinions about Augusta Street and to relate it to bigger social and urban issues.

The rapidly and significantly growth of the population in the United States has caused expansion of the urban areas to accommodate more residential facilities.. Thus, the demand for more efficient intersection designs is a high priority, as wasted fuel and travel time increases each year. A new method to solve the congestion issue is the creation of unconventional arterial intersection designs (UAID). The objective of this study is to compare the operational and environmental performance of three UAIDs called Left-turn Bypass, Diverging Flow, and Displaced Left-turn intersections. This study will evaluate the UAIDs in the isolated manner and then compare the intersections in a network using an existing corridor in the state of Florida. The microscopic simulation platform VISSIM v. 5.10 will be used to test different scenarios. The results indicated that the Displaced Left-turn consistently reports better results for average delay of less than 20 seconds per vehicle. / by Claudia Olarte. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Cuidado à população adulta em situação de rua em Lajeado, RS. Essa é a temática que orienta a pesquisa, que tem como objetivo central compreender como as pessoas adultas, em situação de rua, percebem e acolhem as estratégias de cuidado disponibilizadas pelo sistema de Proteção Social na cidade de Lajeado. Para embasar os objetivos da pesquisa, foram criados quatro capítulos conceituais para fundamentar teoricamente a proposta: A praça, o enredo, a história; Paulo, Joaquim e Márcio: quem são eles que compõem a história; Política da Assistência Social; Onde fica a praça? Onde se passa a história? Um pouco sobre Lajeado. Esta é uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como metodologia grupos focais com a população em situação de rua de Lajeado. As falas disparadas nos encontros foram avaliadas pela análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2011). Após as transcrições, os conteúdos foram distribuídos em quatro categorias: Vida com Droga, Droga com Vida (versa sobre as relações estabelecidas com o uso de álcool e outras drogas em suas vivências nas ruas); Entre o real e o ideal(izado) (aborda a rede de serviços disponível na cidade, do mesmo modo que avaliam como necessário); Trabalho: o abre e fecha (discute formas de inclusão e exclusão que atravessam o mercado de trabalho); Quem (des) cuida de quem? (analisa as relações de cuidado que vivenciam na rua, que perpassam movimentos de acolhida e violência). Ao longo do processo de escrita do trabalho, foram realizados encontros com a proposta de discutir a construção da história. Nestes foram apresentados os resultados aos sujeitos participantes e, ainda, ocorreram práticas de cuidado como roda de conversa, lanche coletivo, risadas, etc. / Care to people on the street in Lajeado, RS. This is the theme that guides the research, which was aimed at understanding how the adults people on the street realize and embrace the strategies of care provided by the social protection system in the city of Lajeado. To support the objectives of the research, four conceptual chapters were created to theoretically support the proposal: The square, the plot, the story; Paulo, Joaquim and Márcio: who are they that make up the story; Politics of Social Assistance; Where is the square? Where does the story take place? About Lajeado. This is a qualitative study which used as methodology focal groups on the streets people of Lajeado. The statements triggered in the meetings were evaluated by content analysis proposed by Bardin (2011). After the transcripts, the contents were divided into four categories: Life on Drugs, Drugs with Life (it deals with the established relations with the use of alcohol and other drugs in their experiences on the streets); Between the real and the ideal (ized) (it addresses the network services available in the city, as well as evaluating as necessary); Work: opens and closes (discusses ways of inclusion and exclusion that cross the labor market); Who (un) takes care of whom? (It analyzes the care relationships they experience between them, or in their relations on the street, as well as how they perceive the care provided by the city services). At the end of the research and writing process, a meeting was held with the aim to discuss the construction of the story. The results were presented to the participating people and care practices also ocurred as conversation circle, collective snack, laughter, etc.

Thesis. 1976. M.Arch. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaf 135. / by Andrew T. Zalewski. / M.Arch.cn

Thesis. 1979. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 57-58. / by William L. Rawn, III. / M.Arch.

A arborização viária possui importante papel na manutenção do equilíbrio físico-ambiental das cidades e pode ser considerada um indicativo de qualidade de vida. Porém, a falta de planejamento em sua implantação e manutenção acaba por prejudicar sua eficiência. Também o não conhecimento do patrimônio arbóreo e arbustivo presente e das suas respectivas condições, dificultam a tomadas de decisões corretas. O presente trabalho ocupa-se, do levantamento quali-quantitativo da arborização viária da Estância de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Para tanto, foi adotado o método de inventário do tipo censo, ou seja, foram inventariados todos os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos contidos nas vias públicas. Foram levantados um total de 3654 indivíduos, perfazendo 161 espécies, 126 gêneros e 54 famílias. Desse total, 61,33% das espécies são exóticas e 38,67% são nativas, distribuídas, segundo hábito de crescimento em 70,85% arbóreas, 19,90% arbustivas, 6,05% palmeiras e 3,20% coníferas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener calculado é de 3,90. Na Estância de Águas de São Pedro há apenas uma discreta predominância da Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) que representa 13,36% da arborização viária. O índice médio de indivíduos por quilômetro de rua percorrida é de 130, considerado alto, embora o hábito de crescimento não tenha sido considerado neste cálculo. Existe uma tendência ao plantio de arbustos, especialmente em anos mais recentes, que deve ser revertida. São sugeridas indicações de manejo, como novos plantios, substituições, adequação das podas e na condução de mudas e incremento do plantio de espécies arbóreas nativas em detrimento das arbustivas. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de implementação de um plano diretor que contemple a arborização, para que se melhore sua qualidade, eliminando-se assim, dificuldades na manutenção e das tendências de manejo e plantio levados a efeito da população. / Street arborization plays an important role on keeping the physical and environmental balance in urban areas thus, improving the life quality. Lack of planning on its implantation and maintenance can jeopardize its efficiency. The knowledge of the street tree and shrub assets as well as their overall conditions can support the correct decisions on high quality arborization. The present work describes a quali-quantitative survey on street arborization of Águas de São Pedro Resort, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Census is the type of inventory used in this research; therefore, all individuals planted on streets sidewalks have been assessed. A number of 3,654 individuals were analyzed, comprising 161 species, 126 genus and 54 families. A total of 61.33% species were found to be exotic whilst 38.67% were native. According to their growth habit, 70.85% were classified as trees, 19.90% shrubs, 6.05 palms and 3.20% conifers. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found to be 3.90. Only a discreet predominance of Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) was observed, which represented 13.36% of all street arborization of Águas de São Pedro. The average index of individuals per kilometer of street was 130, which can be considered high, despite the growth habit not being considered in the calculations. There is a trend in planting shrubs instead of trees, especially in recent years, which should be reversed. This work contains recommendations on the management, new planting of trees and replacements, adaptation and management of newly planted individuals, adequate pruning and improvement of the planting of native trees over the shrubby species. There is also a need to implement a directive plan in order to improve the quality of the arborization. This plan should bring positive effects on reducing difficulties on management as well as controlling both the planting and management carried out by the local population.