The purpose of this study is to show how the modern society, with demands, expectations and the time constraints of adults, affects children and the everyday life at the preschool. Our intention is also to show the importance of identify stress symptoms of the children.         The study is of qualitative empirical kind and is based on a questionnaire to 19 parents of preschool children at the age of three to five years old. Interviews are made with four preschool teachers on one preschool. An observation of children in possible stressful situations is made during three days each at two preschools.      The results show that the modern society affects children and can be stressful. It also affects the everyday life at the preschool. The results show the significance of having strategies to prevent stress at the preschool in order to create a balance between demands and expectations in the everyday life and time for recreation.

Tissue ischemia is a major cause of morbidity contributing to disease processes such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cancer, and traumatic injury and may lead to death. Failure to quickly reestablish flow to ischemic tissue results in tissue death. However, even timely return to normal flow has a downside in that the reintroduction of oxygen to ischemic tissue results in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury that produces an oxidant stress. This pathological process requires new therapeutic strategies and agents to reduce the personal, social and economic loss. One of the most generally accepted mechanisms for the pathology of I/R injury is the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting antioxidants may ameliorate I/R injury. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a plant derived polyphenolic compound, has been shown to protect organs from I/R induced damage in vivo, and this effect has been attributed to its antioxidant activity. To better understand the mechanism of CAPE protection, a model using menadione-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells to simulate I/R injury in vitro was developed. Gene expression analysis was performed with microarrays undergoing cytoprotection with CAPE. The dose-dependent cytoprotection of CAPE has been related to its induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). With the aim of improving the beneficial effect of CAPE and understanding structure activity relationship, six new catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in the menadione-endothelial cell model. The data suggest good cytoprotective effects of CAPE and some analogues and indicate important structural features for cytoprotection. Further investigation of the mechanism of cytoprotection showed that cytoprotection profiles of CAPE and derivatives correlate better to their ability to induce HO-1 in human endothelial cells than free radical scavenging activity. One CAPE derivative (FCAPE) with cytoprotective effects similar to CAPE in vitro exhibited better stability in rat plasma. A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed that allowed for quantification of CAPE and FCAPE in plasma samples. Pharmacokinetic studies in male Sprague Dawley rats following intravenous bolus administration of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg CAPE and 20 mg/kg FCAPE were performed. The results indicate that dose proportionality for CAPE does not exist in the dose range studied. Although the elimination half life was found not to be significant different between CAPE and FCAPE, significant difference was observed between the total body clearance of FCAPE and CAPE which may due to the difference in volume of distribution.

The main aim of this study was to gain an overall estimate of the incidence of self-reported burnout among Indian secondary school teachers. Other secondary, though closely related aims were: a) to determine whether teachers differ, with respect to selected background variables, in their perceptions of burnout; b) to investigate the differences, if any, in the responses of burnoutees and non-burnoutees to 25 selected role-related variables with a view to examining the relationship between such variables and burnout; and c) to examine the distribution of burnoutees and nonburnoutees on an internal - external locus of control dichotomy with a view to examining the relationship between this personality construct and burnout. The sample of Level One secondary school teachers in this study (N = 690) was randomly selected from a list of all Indian secondary schools in the greater Durban area (N = 59). Teachers responded to a four-part questionnaire designed to gather data relating to demographic characteristics, role-related stressors, locus of control and degree of burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to determine whether a respondent was a "burnoutee" or a "non-burnoutee". It included 3 subscales relating to Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalisation and Personal Accomplishment. The major findings of this study were as follows: a) Approximately 1 in 4 teachers in the sample saw himself/herself as a "burnoutee". b) When teachers were grouped according to background variables, the incidence of burnout was found to be greater among female, married, younger, less experienced, graduate and low-salaried teachers. c) The majority of both "burnoutees" and "non-burnoutees" in this study were unhappy with teaching and found it to be only "moderately satisfying". Many also declared that teaching had not lived up to their expectations and that they would readily change to an entirely new kind of occupation if they had to start their careers afresh. The low degree of satisfaction was found to correlate with perceived feelings of burnout. Older teachers, however, enjoyed greater job satisfaction than their younger counterparts. d) No relationship was found between the personality construct of Locus of Control and burnout. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1992.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor upplever i hög grad stress i sitt arbete, vilket leder till konsekvenser för organisationen, sjuksköterskans egen hälsa samt för patientsäkerheten. Syfte: Syfte med denna litteraturstudie var att sammanställa hur arbetsrelaterad stress hos sjuksköterskor skulle kunna minskas. Metod: Denna studie hade utformningen av en beskrivande litteraturstudie där 12 artiklar analyserats. Huvudresultat: Flertalet interventioner och stressreducerande program har prövats för att öka sjuksköterskornas förmåga att hantera arbetsrelaterad stress, dvs att utveckla copingstrategier. Återhämtning i form av fysisk aktivitet, sociala kontakter, aktiviteter och stöd, samt olika slags behandlingar som djurassisterad terapi, öronakupunktur, lavendelolja, massage och raster visade sig bidra till en minskad känsla av stress hos sjuksköterskorna. Slutligen hade organisationen och ledningens betydelse visat sig vara viktig när det kommer till att minska stress hos sjuksköterskor. Slutsats:Flertalet olika metoder var bidragande när det kommer till att minska arbetsrelaterad stress hos sjuksköterskor. Dessa metoder skiljde sig mycket från varandra, men hade alla gemensamt att de ämnade att skapa strategier för sjuksköterskan att bättre kunna hantera stress, dvs utveckla sina copingstrategier. / Background: Nurses experience high levels of stress in their daily work, that leads to consequences when it comes to the organization, the well-being of the nurse herself, but also when it comes to patient safety. Aim: The aim of this study was to summarize how occupational stress among nurses can be reduced. Method: The design of this study was a describing literature review where 12 articles where analyzed.Main results: Several interventions and stress reduction programs have examined if they can help nurses handle occupational stress, i.e. develop their coping strategies. Recovery, as physical activity, social support, and other treatments like cane assisted therapy, auriculotherapy, massage, lavender oil treatment and the breaks can help reduce stress in nurses. The organization and the leadership, was also important when it comes to reducing the stress levels for nurses. Conclusion: Several methods contributed to reduce the stress level among nurses. Even though these methods differed, they all had in common that they aimed to create strategies for nurses to be able to handle occupational stress, i.e. to develop their coping strategies.

Forskningsfrågor: 1. Vilka proaktiva åtgärder använder arbetsgivare i förebyggande syfte för att undvika utvecklingen av negativ stress på arbetsplatsen? 2. Vilka reaktiva åtgärder använder arbetsgivare för att hantera redan utvecklad arbetsrelaterad stress hos sina medarbetare?  Syfte: Undersöka de praktiska åtgärder som arbetsgivare använder för att hantera arbetsrelaterad stress. Därmed eftersträvar denna studie till att bidra med en ackumulerad samling av konkreta förslag på åtgärder som kan användas praktiskt i olika arbetsrelaterade sammanhang. Metod: Kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv forskningsansats. Datainsamling genom djupgående semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes en och en. Den primära respondentgruppen var arbetsgivare.  Slutsats: Praktiska åtgärder på proaktiv och reaktiv stresshantering sammanfattas enligt studien genom fyra teman: kommunikation, kunskap, ledarskap och företagskultur. Genom regelbunden kommunikation kan symtom på stress upptäckas i tid och tillsammans med medarbetaren hitta en lösning för återhämtning. Genom planering kan onödig stress undvikas. Kunskap om stress och verktyg för hantering kan med fördel undvika utvecklingen av stress. Förslag på gott ledarskap i stresshanteringssyfte kan handla om närvaro och att visa att man som ledare finns där för att hjälpa medarbetare som drabbas av stress. En öppenhet kring dialoger om stress kan ha betydelse för hur stress kan undvikas och hanteras. En företagskultur som främjar gemenskap i kombination med en öppenhet om stress, kan hjälpa medarbetare att våga be om hjälp när stress upplevs på arbetsplatsen. / Research questions: 1. What proactive measures do employers use preventively to avoid the development of negative stress in the workplace? 2. What reactive measures do employers use to manage already developed negative work-related stress in their employees? Purpose: Investigate the practical measures employers use to manage work-related stress. Thus, this study strives to contribute with an accumulated of concrete proposals for measures that collection can be used practically in various work-related contexts. Method: Qualitative method with an abductive research approach. Data collection through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted one on one. The primary respondent group was employers. Conclusion: Practical measures on proactive and reactive stress management are summarized according to the study through four themes: communication, knowledge, leadership and corporate culture. Through continuous communication, symptoms of stress can be detected in time and together with the employee, find a solution for recovery. Through planning, unnecessary stress can be avoided. Knowledge of stress and tools for management can advantageously avoid the development of stress. Suggestions for good leadership for stress management purposes can be about presence and showing that you as a leader are there to help employees who are affected by stress. An openness about dialogues about stress can have an impact on how stress can be avoided and managed. A corporate culture that promotes community, combined with an openness about stress, can help employees dare to ask for help when stress is experienced in the workplace.

The purpose of this project was to examine the factors affecting coaches with stress burnout. This project was intended for all coaches from high school to college level.

The vertebrate eye lens functions to focus light onto the retina to produce vision. The lens is composed of an anterior monolayer of cuboidal epithelial cells that overlie a core of organelle free fiber cells. The lens develops and grows throughout life by the successive layering of lens fiber cells via their differentiation from lens epithelial cells. Lens developmental defect and damage to the lens are associated with cataract formation, an opacity of the lens that is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. The only treatment to date for cataract is by surgery. Elucidating those molecules and mechanisms that regulate the development and lifelong protection of the lens is critical toward the development of future therapies to prevent or treat cataract. To determine those molecules and mechanisms that may be important for these lens requirements we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing of microdissected differentiation statespecific lens cells to identify an extensive range of transcripts encoding proteins expressed by these functionally distinct cell types. Using this data, we identified differentiation state-specific molecules that regulate mitochondrial populations between lens epithelial cells that require the maintenance of a functional population of mitochondria and lens fiber cells that must eliminate their mitochondria for their maturation. In addition, we discovered a novel mechanism for how lens epithelial cells clear apoptotic cell debris that could arise from damage to the lens and found that UVlight likely compromises this system. Moreover, the data herein provide a framework to determine novel lens cell differentiation state-specific mechanisms. Future studies are required to determine the requirements of the identified molecules and mechanisms during lens development, lens defense against damage, and cataract formation. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Recovery during nonwork time is essential for restoring resources that have been lost throughout the working day. Recent research has begun to explore the nature of recovery experiences as boundary conditions between various job stressors and employee well-being. Interpersonal conflict is an important work stressor that has been associated with several negative employee outcomes, such as higher levels of psychosomatic complaints, anxiety, depression, and frustration. This study contributes to recovery research by examining the moderating role of recovery experiences on the relationship between workplace interpersonal conflict and employee well-being. Specifically, it was hypothesized that recovery experiences (e.g., psychological detachment, mastery, control, relaxation, negative work reflection, positive work reflection, and social activities) would moderate the relationship between interpersonal conflict and employee well-being (e.g., job satisfaction, burnout, life satisfaction, and general health complaints). Hierarchical regression was used to examine the hypotheses. Relaxation was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between self-reported interpersonal conflict and employee exhaustion. Additional analyses found mastery experiences to be a significant moderator of the relationship between coworker reported interpersonal conflict and both dimensions of burnout (exhaustion and disengagement). Several main relationships between recovery experiences and employee well-being were found that support and extend earlier research on recovery from work. Practical implications for future research are discussed.

Psykosocial ohälsa är en av de största orsakerna till sjukfrånvaro bland tjänstemän. Få studier syftar till att undersöka förebyggande aktiviteter för stress på organisationsnivå. Europeiska arbetsmiljöbyrån, EU-OSHA, erbjuder råd för att på företag förebygga stress. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att beskriva hur tjänstemän upplevde EU-OSHA:s råd för organisatoriska stressförebyggande insatser. Undersökningen sökte svar på om råden upplevdes genomförbara, om det fanns hinder som försvårade genomförandet och vilka förutsättningar som krävdes. Metoden som användes var en induktiv kvalitativ ansats, där 16 intervjuer genomfördes på sex stora Svenska företag. Resultatet visade att EU-OSHA:s råd upplevdes som genomförbara men de upplevdes ibland för övergripande och otydliga. De olika förutsättningarna och hindren som beskrevs formade följande teman: Kulturen på företaget, Krav, Kontroll & Stöd samt Kunskap & Kompetens. Diskussion: EU-OSHAs råd kan tyckas vara enkla men de ger inte praktiskt stöd till företagen. Alla informanter fann råden bra men de var tvetydiga och tolkades därför olika. Råden hade ingen inbördes prioritetsordning. Informanterna angav ett antal hinder och visade på förutsättningar som krävdes för att genomförande av råden skulle få effekt. Förutsättningarna tycktes ligga i att skapa bra kultur på företaget, ha möjlighet att påverka och kontrollera arbetsmiljön samt att kunskap fick chansen att förädlas till kompetens. / Psychosocial health is one of the biggest causes of absenteeism among employees. Few studies are designed to investigate prevention activities for stress at the organizational level. EU-OSHA offers recommendation to companies about stress prevention. The purpose of this study was to describe how officials experience EU-OSHA´s recommendation on organizational stress prevention. The study aimed to clarify whether the recommendations may be considered feasible, if there are any obstacles making implementation difficult and what conditions are required to fulfill implementation. The method used had an inductive qualitative approach, in which 16 interviews were conducted at six large Swedish companies. The result showed that the recommendations were considered feasible but they were at times experienced too general and vague. The various conditions and constrains described formed the following theses: Company Culture, Requirements, Control & Support and Knowledge & Skills. Discussion: The recommendations may seem simple but it was found that they do not give practical support to companies. All respondents found them good but sometimes ambiguous and consequently interpreted differently. Moreover, the recommendations are given no particular order of priority. The respondents listed different barriers that made implementation difficult. The conditions needed for a successful implementation seem to depend on good company culture, the possibility to influence and manage your own working environment as well as the chance to turn personal knowledge into practical skills.

Psykosocial ohälsa är en av de största orsakerna till sjukfrånvaro bland tjänstemän. Få studier syftar till att undersöka förebyggande aktiviteter för stress på organisationsnivå. Europeiska arbetsmiljöbyrån, EU-OSHA, erbjuder råd för att på företag förebygga stress. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att beskriva hur tjänstemän upplevde EU-OSHA:s råd för organisatoriska stressförebyggande insatser. Undersökningen sökte svar på om råden upplevdes genomförbara, om det fanns hinder som försvårade genomförandet och vilka förutsättningar som krävdes. Metoden som användes var en induktiv kvalitativ ansats, där 16 intervjuer genomfördes på sex stora svenska företag. Resultatet visade att EU-OSHA:s råd upplevdes generellt som genomförbara men ibland för övergripande och otydliga. De olika förutsättningarna och hindren som beskrevs formade följande teman: Kulturen på företaget, Krav, Kontroll & Stöd samt Kunskap & Kompetens. Diskussion: För att kunna jobba med stressförebyggande insatser på organisationsnivå och få de önskade effekterna, som välmående personal och förbättrad produktivitet,  måste alla delar av organisationen vara beredda att bidra i arbetet. Utmaningen i denna process är hur samverkan ska gå till och hur resurser ska tas fram  i form av tid och kompetent personal. Om företagsledningen lyckas med detta, skapas det förutsättningar för en bra psykosocial arbetsmiljö, vilket är ett nyckelord för ett friskt och lönsamt företag. / Psychosocial health is one of the biggest causes of absenteeism among employees. Few studies are designed to investigate prevention activities for stress at the organizational level. EU-OSHA offers recommendation to companies about stress prevention. The purpose of this study was to describe how officials experience EU-OSHA´s recommendation on organizational stress prevention. The study aimed to clarify whether the recommendations may be considered feasible, if there are any obstacles making implementation difficult and what conditions are required to fulfill implementation. The method used had an inductive qualitative approach, in which 16 interviews were conducted at six large Swedish companies. The result showed that the EU-OSHA recommendations were considered feasible but at times were general and vague. The various conditions and constrains described formed the following theses: Company Culture, Requirements, Control & Support and Knowledge & Skills. Discussion: To be able to work with stress prevention efforts at organizational level and get the desired affects as, well being staff and improved productivity, all parts of the organization have to be willing to contribute at the work. The challenge in this process is how the collaboration will be done and how resources should be developed in terms of time and skilled personnel. If management succeeds doing this, than the conditions for a good psychosocial work environment will be created, which is a keyword for a healthy and profitable company.