This paper starts where previous research in this scientific field, research about individuals who managed to end their criminal lifestyle, ends – by talking in terms of Pierre Bourdieu’s forms of capital. In former studies the researchers pointed out access to a job and parenting as helpful factors to end a criminal lifestyle. Our purpose with this paper, however, was to find out if it is possible to understand criminals successfully ending their criminal lifestyle from Bourdieu’s capital metaphors and Mark Granovetter’s concept of strong and weak ties. The empirical data consists of interviews with a life story perspective by eight members of an organization called KRIS (Criminals Return Into Society). All the interviewees included in this study have managed to end their respective criminal lifestyle. The results indicate that our interviewees had help in their ending of the criminal lifestyle by access to or by establishing social capital. The social capital in the interviewees’ cases were constituted by on one hand strong ties, on the other hand weak ties. In a couple of cases both types of ties were involved. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the social capital itself cannot make an ending of the criminal lifestyle possible. The following factors in the individual’s life has to be fulfilled in order to end his or hers criminal lifestyle: (1) exhort a strong motive inside him-/herself, (2) accept no drug use of any kind and (3) carry through a switch of field from the criminal society to the conventional.

The purpose of the following essay is to study and explain how young adults use their social networks when it comes to finding a job. This study was conducted using nine semi-structured interviews with young adults with some form of employment. We used Granovetter’s theory about strong and weak ties, Bourdieu’s capital theory, Lin’s social reources theory and Putnam’s reasoning about generalized reciprocity. The result shows that social capital is a decisive factor in how young individuals use their social contacts. The volume of social capital is determined by economic resources, social background and the size of the social network. Less resourceful groups have a tendency to take advantage of the strong ties, i.e. family and relatives, often when looking for their first job. The weak ties, i.e. acquaintances, are used later in life when the individual has greater resources and networks. Individuals from the privileged groups may not always be able to work on their parents’ company as a first job, because they might require certain qualifications to do so. However, these job positions become possible for the young individuals from resourceful groups when they accomplish a relevant education. That's when they get the chance to use the resources that are embedded in their strong ties.

Hållbarhet är ett ämne som konstant är på dagens agenda. Många länder gör idag omställningar föratt nå de uppsatta klimatmålen inom FN, EU och på en nationell nivå. Gotland Grönt Centrum är enaktör på Gotland som genom sitt projekt “Ökad livsmedelsförädling” drar sitt strå till stacken för att ökaden hållbara utvecklingen på ön. Gotland Grönt Centrum vill öka kunskapsspridningen ochinnovationsgraden inom den gotländska livsmedelsförädlingsindustrin genom att upprätta enFacebooksida där aktörer kan mötas. Forskningsfrågan för uppsatsen är därför fokuserad på hurkommunikationen bör se ut för att nå de uppsatta målen i GGC:s projekt. Genom en kvalitativ studieämnar denna uppsats besvara forskningsfrågan genom teorier om social network theory,sensemaking, strukturella hål med flera för att sedan mynna ut i en slutsats. Genom en kodning avempirin kunde analysen visa flera aspekter som är vitala för att GGC ska kunna föra en framgångsrikkommunikation för att nå sina mål. Svaret blev att genom att arbeta med sensemaking för att formasitt budskap efter målgruppen kan engagemanget gentemot projektet öka. Detta kan leda till eninstitutionalisering och gemensam förståelse, vilket kan leda till framtida samarbeten mellan aktörer.Innovationsgraden kan dessutom öka ifall GGC antar en roll som länk och gränsöverskridare inomnätverket för att överbrygga strukturella hål och således få in ny information i flödet. / Sustainability is a topic that is constantly on the agenda of today. Many countries today are makingadjustments to achieve the set climate goals within the UN, the EU and at a national level. GotlandGrönt Centrum is an regional actor on Gotland, which through its project "Increased food processing"aim to increase the sustainable development on the island. Gotland Grönt Centrum wants to increasethe dissemination of knowledge and the degree of innovation within Gotland’s food processingindustry by establishing a platform where players can meet. The research question for the essay istherefore focused on how the communication should be formulated to achieve the set goals in theGGC project. Through a qualitative study, this paper aims to answer the research question throughtheories of social network theory, sensemaking, structural holes, and more, in order to draw aconclusion. Through the coding of the empirical data, the analysis could show several aspects thatare vital for GGC to be able to conduct successful communication in order to achieve its goals. Theanswer was that by working with sensemaking to shape their message according to the target group,the commitment to the project can increase. This can lead to institutionalization and mutualunderstanding, which can lead to future collaboration between actors. The degree of innovation canalso increase if GGC assumes a role as a link and boundary spanner within the network to bridgestructural holes and thus bring in new information in the flow.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amaury de Souza Amaral.pdf: 6080140 bytes, checksum: 0cb16a7bf0b53c8f66a4c49527ebc928 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / The effects of globalization are felt in all countries. Many have socioeconomic scenarios marked by inequality and by indebtedness. In order to liquidate its debts, they capture resources abroad with the issue of the so-called sovereign bonds. The rating agencies are companies that assess risks before the eventual entitling of these titles and issue opinions. Even that they disclose their methodology of evaluation, in fact there is a huge subjective field, which ultimately influence and, often, increasing the domestic interest rate. Although not everyone realizes the size of the social impact of this component, they effectively change the daily reality experienced by citizens. Because of it, we became interested in studying the effects of the impacts caused by risk factors that enter in the economy. For this reason, it was used as a basis a simplified model that simulates an artificial economy, designed to study a network of credit and the effects of fluctuations in interest rates. This model was chosen also for allowing us to capture amplitudes of economic fluctuations in responses to shocks promoted by the insertion of the interest in an evolutionary process. But it was necessary to go beyond. In this study, we propose an extended version of the simplified economic model by inserting a network of consumers with all its amplitude; this is because the previous model was based on the Say law, that starts from the assumptions that all offer generates its own demand. Thus, it does not permit us to investigate the impacts of the interest on the choices made by consumers in their buying process. The Complex System Theory, and all the development that is currently available for computing, among them the modern algorithms with their accuracy and speed, were fundamental to the achievement of the work. We have, also, progressed in the rupture of the traditional economic analyzes characterized by a top-down approach and, through agents models based, we could adopt a bottom-up approach. This was possible with the integration of macro-parameters associated with a micro level of processing. The main conclusion of this work is that the formation of agglomerates (clusters) between businesses, banks and families encourage economic agents. The agents connected by strong ties are benefited to the extent that the asymmetry in the distribution of wealth between firms and households is reduced. On the other hand, the increase in the interest rate leads to a fall in the connections between the agents, causing a dilution of the network and an increase in the asymmetry of the sharing of wealth / cenários socioeconômicos marcados pela desigualdade e pelo endividamento. Para saldarem suas dívidas captam recursos no exterior com a emissão dos chamados títulos soberanos. As agências de rating são empresas que avaliam riscos diante do eventual inadimplemento destes títulos e emitem opiniões. Ainda que divulguem sua metodologia de avaliação, a bem da verdade, existe nela um enorme campo subjetivo, que acaba por influenciar e, não raras vezes, majorar as taxas de juros domésticos. Muito embora nem todos percebam o tamanho do impacto social deste componente, eles efetivamente alteram a realidade vivenciada pelo cidadão em seu dia-a-dia. Assim, interessou-nos estudar os efeitos dos impactos causados pelos fatores de risco que adentram à economia. Para isso, foi utilizado como base um modelo simplificado que simula uma economia artificial, concebido para se estudar uma rede de crédito e os efeitos das flutuações dos juros. Esse modelo foi o escolhido também por permitir capturar as amplitudes das flutuações econômicas em respostas a choques promovidos através da inserção dos juros em um processo evolutivo. Mas foi necessário ir além. Neste trabalho propomos uma versão estendida do modelo econômico simplificado por meio da inserção de uma rede de consumidores com toda a sua amplitude; isto porque o modelo anterior estava baseado na lei de Say, que parte da premissa que toda oferta gera sua demanda. Assim, ele não permite investigar os impactos dos juros sobre as escolhas dos consumidores em seu processo de compra. A teoria dos sistemas complexos e todo o ferramental que atualmente é disponível pela computação, dentre eles os modernos algoritmos com sua precisão e rapidez, foram fundamentais para a consecução do trabalho. Conseguimos, igualmente, avançar na ruptura das análises econômicas tradicionais caracterizadas pela abordagem top down e, por meio de modelos baseados em agentes, pode-se adotar uma abordagem bottom-up. Isto foi possível com as inserções dos macro-parâmetros associados ao processamento a nível micro. A conclusão principal do trabalho é que a formação de aglomerados (clusters) entre empresas, bancos e famílias favorecem os agentes econômicos. Os agentes conectados por laços fortes são beneficiados na medida em que diminui a assimetria na distribuição de riquezas entre firmas e famílias. Por outro lado, o aumento da taxa de juros leva a uma quebra nas conexões entre os agentes, causando a diluição da rede e aumento na assimetria da partilha da riqueza

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amaury de Souza Amaral.pdf: 6080140 bytes, checksum: 0cb16a7bf0b53c8f66a4c49527ebc928 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / The effects of globalization are felt in all countries. Many have socioeconomic scenarios marked by inequality and by indebtedness. In order to liquidate its debts, they capture resources abroad with the issue of the so-called sovereign bonds. The rating agencies are companies that assess risks before the eventual entitling of these titles and issue opinions. Even that they disclose their methodology of evaluation, in fact there is a huge subjective field, which ultimately influence and, often, increasing the domestic interest rate. Although not everyone realizes the size of the social impact of this component, they effectively change the daily reality experienced by citizens. Because of it, we became interested in studying the effects of the impacts caused by risk factors that enter in the economy. For this reason, it was used as a basis a simplified model that simulates an artificial economy, designed to study a network of credit and the effects of fluctuations in interest rates. This model was chosen also for allowing us to capture amplitudes of economic fluctuations in responses to shocks promoted by the insertion of the interest in an evolutionary process. But it was necessary to go beyond. In this study, we propose an extended version of the simplified economic model by inserting a network of consumers with all its amplitude; this is because the previous model was based on the Say law, that starts from the assumptions that all offer generates its own demand. Thus, it does not permit us to investigate the impacts of the interest on the choices made by consumers in their buying process. The Complex System Theory, and all the development that is currently available for computing, among them the modern algorithms with their accuracy and speed, were fundamental to the achievement of the work. We have, also, progressed in the rupture of the traditional economic analyzes characterized by a top-down approach and, through agents models based, we could adopt a bottom-up approach. This was possible with the integration of macro-parameters associated with a micro level of processing. The main conclusion of this work is that the formation of agglomerates (clusters) between businesses, banks and families encourage economic agents. The agents connected by strong ties are benefited to the extent that the asymmetry in the distribution of wealth between firms and households is reduced. On the other hand, the increase in the interest rate leads to a fall in the connections between the agents, causing a dilution of the network and an increase in the asymmetry of the sharing of wealth / cenários socioeconômicos marcados pela desigualdade e pelo endividamento. Para saldarem suas dívidas captam recursos no exterior com a emissão dos chamados títulos soberanos. As agências de rating são empresas que avaliam riscos diante do eventual inadimplemento destes títulos e emitem opiniões. Ainda que divulguem sua metodologia de avaliação, a bem da verdade, existe nela um enorme campo subjetivo, que acaba por influenciar e, não raras vezes, majorar as taxas de juros domésticos. Muito embora nem todos percebam o tamanho do impacto social deste componente, eles efetivamente alteram a realidade vivenciada pelo cidadão em seu dia-a-dia. Assim, interessou-nos estudar os efeitos dos impactos causados pelos fatores de risco que adentram à economia. Para isso, foi utilizado como base um modelo simplificado que simula uma economia artificial, concebido para se estudar uma rede de crédito e os efeitos das flutuações dos juros. Esse modelo foi o escolhido também por permitir capturar as amplitudes das flutuações econômicas em respostas a choques promovidos através da inserção dos juros em um processo evolutivo. Mas foi necessário ir além. Neste trabalho propomos uma versão estendida do modelo econômico simplificado por meio da inserção de uma rede de consumidores com toda a sua amplitude; isto porque o modelo anterior estava baseado na lei de Say, que parte da premissa que toda oferta gera sua demanda. Assim, ele não permite investigar os impactos dos juros sobre as escolhas dos consumidores em seu processo de compra. A teoria dos sistemas complexos e todo o ferramental que atualmente é disponível pela computação, dentre eles os modernos algoritmos com sua precisão e rapidez, foram fundamentais para a consecução do trabalho. Conseguimos, igualmente, avançar na ruptura das análises econômicas tradicionais caracterizadas pela abordagem top down e, por meio de modelos baseados em agentes, pode-se adotar uma abordagem bottom-up. Isto foi possível com as inserções dos macro-parâmetros associados ao processamento a nível micro. A conclusão principal do trabalho é que a formação de aglomerados (clusters) entre empresas, bancos e famílias favorecem os agentes econômicos. Os agentes conectados por laços fortes são beneficiados na medida em que diminui a assimetria na distribuição de riquezas entre firmas e famílias. Por outro lado, o aumento da taxa de juros leva a uma quebra nas conexões entre os agentes, causando a diluição da rede e aumento na assimetria da partilha da riqueza

<p>On the annexation of Jämtland by Sweden in 1645, Danish clergymen were allowed to remain on condition that they officiated in the Swedish language.</p><p>This dissertation investigates the changes in the written language of one of these Danish clergymen and is based on the parish register kept by the Rev. Olof Bertilsson between 1636 and 1668. The premise for this study is that individual variations and alterations in written language do not occur arbitrarily, but display systematisation and express social consensus. The analytical basis for this approach is derived from Alexander Zheltukhin’s work on orthographic code theory and employs concepts used in sociolinguistics, but also borrows ideas from theories of mixed languages and second-language learning.</p><p>Between 1636 and 1646 Olof Bertilsson displays a highly stable orthographic code with few variations. Following his attendance at the Riksdag (the Swedish Parlament) in Stockholm in 1647, a distinct change is evident in his orthography. Changes occur quite early in the spelling of some place-names, personal names and important and frequent ecclesiastical terms.</p><p>A decisive factor in determining when and how change occurs is his access to examples of Swedish texts. In the last decade of his life, an influx of Swedish clergy, increased contacts with Swedish officials and help from young clergymen with a Swedish education, contribute to a predominance of Swedish forms in Olof Bertilsson’s individual orthographic code.</p>

On the annexation of Jämtland by Sweden in 1645, Danish clergymen were allowed to remain on condition that they officiated in the Swedish language. This dissertation investigates the changes in the written language of one of these Danish clergymen and is based on the parish register kept by the Rev. Olof Bertilsson between 1636 and 1668. The premise for this study is that individual variations and alterations in written language do not occur arbitrarily, but display systematisation and express social consensus. The analytical basis for this approach is derived from Alexander Zheltukhin’s work on orthographic code theory and employs concepts used in sociolinguistics, but also borrows ideas from theories of mixed languages and second-language learning. Between 1636 and 1646 Olof Bertilsson displays a highly stable orthographic code with few variations. Following his attendance at the Riksdag (the Swedish Parlament) in Stockholm in 1647, a distinct change is evident in his orthography. Changes occur quite early in the spelling of some place-names, personal names and important and frequent ecclesiastical terms. A decisive factor in determining when and how change occurs is his access to examples of Swedish texts. In the last decade of his life, an influx of Swedish clergy, increased contacts with Swedish officials and help from young clergymen with a Swedish education, contribute to a predominance of Swedish forms in Olof Bertilsson’s individual orthographic code.

Magister Artium - MA / Social networking sites are used on a daily basis, to communicate with friends we have known for quite some time as well as make new friends from all over the globe - a global phenomenon. According to Aparicio (2011) the use of social networking sites have given way to a new “social dynamic” where friendships are formed with individuals from diverse backgrounds and geographical locations. Larsen (2007) continues to state that social network sites make for the creation of new friendships and the maintenance of new relationships. Using social networking sites to develop relationships provides us with new social skills, but through constant use of these sites we lose valuable interpersonal skills learnt through the use of face to face interaction (Aparicio, 2011). This thesis investigated the notion of social networking sites, specifically focusing on interpersonal relationships and language use within the networking context. The social networking site in question is that of Twitter, as majority of existing studies in this area focuses on the more popular Facebook. The main objective was to determine whether social networking sites, specifically Twitter, influence the development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships and language use. Participants included a group of 11 males and 11 females (22 in total), ranging from the ages of 17 to 33 and from different geographical locations (e.g. United Kingdom, South Africa, Tokyo, and so on). These participants frequently keep in contact with each other. Four ways in which Twitter has been adapted to emulate face to face communication have been found, namely: (1) the use of Paralinguistic and Prosodic Features to imitate speech, (2) Ustream, although not prominent within the data collected, is used to make up for the lack of face to face communication.This, however, is one-way; only one user provides a video link while those communicating with him or her (as there can be more than one) would type messages, (3) as expected a variety of shortenings can be found within the data collected. Shortenings imitate speech among the younger generation, and (4) participants make use of an informal register, as the most common type of relationship found on Twitter is that of friendships. Both strong and weak ties exist in the collected data; with weak ties being the majority. It is possible for weak ties to become strong ties. All online relationships start off as weak and gradually, over time, become strong ties. This is done through establishing trust between participants and communicating on a regular basis. Paolillo (1999) found that online relationships manifests as both weak and strong. However, “online ties are not ‘branded’ as weak ties” and these ties differ in quality; “those who have regular contact have strong ties and those with less frequent contact have weaker ties weak”. Social support is evident in the collected data and possible in online, textbased communication. In is manifested in four types of support, namely: instrumental, emotional, informational, and appraisal. The most common type of support found in the collected data is that of informational support. With regards to support activation strategies, most tweet fall under the ‘ask’ and ‘cry’ types of strategies. Also, considering the amount of emoticons found in the data, little or no emoticons were found in the activation strategies. There are also more indirect support activation strategies as opposed to direct. This could possibly be due to the fact that majority of the ties are ‘in the weak stage’. Textese has not been adapted in anyway; the same elements used by texters and IMers are used by tweeters, such as initialisms, phonetic spellings and contractions. Although present in the Twitter data, elements of textese did not occur as frequently as that found in e.g. Bieswanger’s (2007) and Thurlow’s (2003) studies; however more elements of Twitter language was found. If anything, the characteristics of textese are well-suited for Twitter; as shortened forms of words would make it easier for users to maintain a character count below the imposed limitation and it promotes the idea of writing quick and concise messages instead of filling message space with irrelevant content. With regards to the difference in the way male and female participants use language in terms of the linguistic characteristics of textese and the language unique to Twitter and the use of paralinguistic and prosodic features, it can be said that females tend to use these characteristics more than males do.