Le travail de recherche qui est rapporté dans ce manuscrit porte sur les couches minces de pérovskites et leur utilisation dans le cadre de la problématique des microcavités en régime de couplage fort. L’arrangement cristallin des pérovskites forme une structure en multi-puits quantiques dans laquelle les états excitoniques présentent une grande force d’oscillateur et une énergie de liaison importante (quelques 100 meV), en raison des effets de confinements quantique et diélectrique. Un premier axe de ce travail a consisté à collecter des informations sur les propriétés excitoniques de ces matériaux. Sur une pérovskite particulière (PEPI), nous avons notamment effectué des mesures de photoluminescence sous excitation impulsionnelle et des mesures pompe-sonde qui semblent suggérer l’existence, sous forte densité d’excitation, d’un processus de recombinaison Auger des excitons. Un deuxième axe de recherche fut de mettre en cavité des couches de certaines pérovskites. Avec les pérovskites PEPI et PEPC, nous avons montré que la réalisation de microcavités présentant un facteur de qualité de l'ordre de la dizaine suffit à obtenir, à température ambiante, le régime de couplage fort en absorption et en émission avec des dédoublements de Rabi pouvant atteindre 220 meV. Un goulet d’étranglement dans la relaxation des polaritons a été clairement mis en évidence pour la microcavité PEPI. Nous avons d’autre part montré que les pérovskites pouvaient également être associées à des semi-conducteurs inorganiques dans des microcavités dites "hybrides". Selon Agranovich et al., ces dernières pourraient, dans le cadre de la problématique du laser à polaritons, constituer une alternative à l'augmentation du facteur de qualité des microcavités. Dans cette optique, le couple ZnO/MFMPB semble particulièrement prometteur. / The research work which is reported in this manuscript focuses on 2D perovskites and their use to obtain microcavities working in the strong coupling regime. Perovskite structure forms a multi-quantum wells in which the excitonic states have a high oscillator strength and a large binding energy (a few 100 meV) due to quantum and dielectric confinement effects. A first axis of this work was to collect information on the excitonic properties of these materials. On a particular perovskite (PEPI), we performed photoluminescence and pump-probe measurements, which seem to suggest the existence, under high excitation density, a process of Auger recombination of excitons. A second research axis was to put in cavity thin layers of some perovskites. With PEPI and PEPC perovskites, we have shown that the realization of microcavities with a quality factor of the order of ten is sufficient to obtain at room temperature, the strong coupling regime in absorption and emission with Rabi splitting up to 220 meV. A bottleneck effect has been clearly demonstrated for the PEPI microcavity. We have also shown that perovskites could be associated with inorganic semiconductors in “hybrid” microcavities. According Agranovich et al., these microcavities could present polariton lasing with lower quality factors. To this end, the ZnO/MFMPB association seems particularly promising.

Superradiance is an enhanced decay of an excited system of emitters resulting from their mutual coupling. This thesis is focused on superradiance of the emitters coupled via their interaction with a plasmonic nanoparticle. So-called plasmon-mediated superradiance results in even stronger enhancement of the decay rate as the nanoparticle serves as an additional decay chanel. We have developed a quantum model of the system of emitters coupled to a plasmonic nanoparticle, which allows us to differentiate between a pure dephasing and decay processes. We show that the pure dephasing can destroy the cooperative effect leading to superradiance. Furthermore, we have studied how the direct mutual coupling between emitters affects time evolution of the system in dependence on its configuration, and we show conditions when a decay of the system is dramatically decreased by direct coupling.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: Michael J. Naughton / In this dissertation I present studies of plasmonic interactions in different coupling regimes, from zero to strong coupling and approaching ultrastrong coupling. Different physics are manifest in each regime, with different possible applications. The first project uses finite element electromagnetic simulations to model plasmonic waveguides that couple near field light into the far-field for sub-diffraction limited microscopy. Wavelength/32 resolution is shown by minimizing coupling between adjacent waveguiding nanowires, with minimal attenuation over a few microns. The next two projects, by contrast, seek to maximize coupling between plasmons and excitons into the strong coupling regime where the optoelectronic properties are modified and quantum coherent phenomena may be observed. Strong exciton–plasmon coupling in MoS2 is shown experimentally at room temperature and found to be a general phenomenon in other semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides using transfer matrix modeling. A semiclassical oscillator model is fit to the experimental data to discover coherent hybridization between the ground and first excited states of MoS2. Enhanced coupling is found at the third excitonic transition, approaching the ultrastrong coupling regime where exotic properties are predicted to emerge, such as ground state virtual photons. Our strong coupling studies motivate further studies of the TMDCs as a platform for coherent quantum physics with possible applications in quantum computing and cryptography. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Physics.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18058号 / 理博第3936号 / 新制||理||1567(附属図書館) / 30916 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 池田 隆介, 教授 川上 則雄, 教授 石田 憲二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

権利表示を行うこと, 出典表示を行うこと, 出版社版へのリンクを表示すること / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19488号 / 理博第4148号 / 新制||理||1596(附属図書館) / 32524 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 大西 明, 准教授 菅沼 秀夫, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ultracold neutral plasmas are created by photoionizing laser-cooled atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Due to their large electrical potential energies and comparatively small kinetic energies, ultracold plasmas fall into a regime of plasma systems which are called “strongly coupled.” A priority in the field of ultracold plasmas is to generate plasmas with higher values of the strong coupling parameter Γ, which is given as the ratio of the nearest-neighbor Coulomb potential energy to the average kinetic energy. The equilibrium strong coupling in ultracold plasmas is limited by the ultrafast relaxation of the ions due to spatial disorder in the initial system. This heating mechanism is called “disorder-induced heating” (DIH) and it limits the ion strong coupling in ultracold plasmas to order unity. This thesis describes experiments that explore ways to generate higher values of the strong coupling parameter in an ultracold neutral calcium plasma.One way to increase Γ is to mitigate the effects of DIH using electron screening. This thesis describes an experiment in which the initial electron temperature was systematically changed to determine the effect that electron screening has on the ion thermalization. At lower initial electron temperatures, corresponding to a higher degree of electron shielding, it was found that the screening slows the ion thermalization and reduces the equilibrium ion temperature by as much as a factor of two. However, electron screening also reduces the ion interaction strength by the same amount, which has the net effect of leaving the effective Γ unchanged.Another method for increasing the strong coupling of an ultracold plasma is to excite the plasma ions to a higher ionization state. Simulations predict that doubly ionizing the plasma ions can increase the strong coupling in an ultracold plasma by as much as a factor of 4, with the maximum value of Γ depending on the timing of the second ionization relative to the DIH process. This thesis describes an experiment designed to test these predictions in a Ca2+ plasma. Measurements of the change in the Ca+ ion temperature as a function of the timing of the second ionization pulses were made using laser-induced fluorescence. Results of these measurements show that the heating of the Ca+ ions due to the second ionization depends on the timing of the second ionization pulses, as predicted by MD simulations.

No description available.

Les deux grands défis actuels pour l’optoélectronique térahertz (THz) sont d’une part, le besoin de miniaturiser les sources de rayonnement térahertz, et d’autre part, la nécessité d’améliorer leurs performances actuelles. Parmi les sources de rayonnement térahertz existantes, le laser à cascade quantique (QCL) est à ce jour le meilleur candidat pour remplir ces critères. Afin d’y parvenir, il faut cependant apporter des solutions aux verrous qui limitent la miniaturisation des QCLs THz. Le premier est d’ordre fondamental, et tient au fait que les dimensions des cavités photoniques usuelles sont soumises à la limite de diffraction. Le second verrou provient du fait que la recherche de compacité des sources se traduit généralement par la détérioration de leur puissance optique de sortie et de la directionnalité du faisceau laser. Une nouvelle famille de résonateurs THz métal - semiconducteur - métal (M-SC-M) est présentée de façon théorique et expérimentale. Ces dispositifs, inspirés des oscillateurs électroniques LC, ont permis d’atteindre un volume effectif record Veff=LxLyLz/λeff=5.10−6, où Lx,y,z sont les dimensions de la cavité et λeff est la longueur d’onde de résonance dans le cœur du résonateur (GaAs). Ces résonateurs hybrides photoniques-électroniques ont la particularité d’être libérés de la limite de diffraction dans les trois dimensions spatiales, et bénéficient pour la première fois de toutes les fonctionnalités habituellement réservées aux dispositifs électroniques. Une application aux polaritons inter-sousbandes THz a permis d’obtenir des résultats à l’état de l’art, démontrant d’une part que ces résonateurs hybrides conservent leurs propriétés photoniques, et d’autre part qu’ils permettent un couplage lumière-matière fort. En parallèle de ce travail, la faisabilité d’un QCL THz avec une région active extrêmement fine est démontrée expérimentalement. Une étude systématique des caractéristiques du laser en fonction de l’épaisseur de la région active (Lz) a permis la réduction de Lz=10 μm (≈λeff/2,7) jusqu’à la valeur record de Lz=1,75 μm (≈ λeff/13) dans une cavité Fabry-Pérot M-SC-M. Malgré l’augmentation des pertes optiques, l’effet laser est obtenu au-dessus de la température de l’azote liquide (78 K) pour la région active la plus fine. Ces résultats sont très encourageants pour le développement de régions actives plus performantes, et permettent d’envisager le développement de micro-cavités lasers avec des volumes effectifs extrêmement sub-longueur d’onde. Les perspectives de ce travail de thèse s’étendent de l’électrodynamique quantique en cavité au nanolaser. Les applications potentielles varient énormément en fonction de la configuration des résonateurs hybrides. Ils peuvent être utilisés comme des éléments passifs pour la détection, ou encore comme des éléments actifs tels que des antennes. Enfin, l’utilisation d’une région active fine en combinaison avec un résonateur hybride devrait permettre d’obtenir un QCL THz ultra-compact libéré de la limite de diffraction, tout en introduisant pour la première fois la possibilité d’accorder la fréquence du laser en adaptant l’impédance complexe équivalente de la combinaison d’éléments LC. / The development of terahertz (THz) optoelectronics faces two major challenges: first, a need for miniaturization of the existing radiative sources, and second, an improvement of their performances. Amongst the current sources of THz radiation, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) represent to date the best candidates to match these two requirements. The integration of compact sources necessarily results in decreased optical output power and laser beam directionality. Therefore, a considerable amelioration of the active region performances must be achieved in parallel with the miniaturization of the dimensions of the photonic cavity. Because the latter are subject to the diffraction limit, which imposes on at least one dimension to be of the order of the effective half wavelength, further miniaturization of photonic devices requires a new approach. In this manuscript, a new class of metal-semiconductor-metal (M-SC-M) THz resonators is presented, both theoretically and experimentally. These devices, inspired by electronic LC resonators, allow to achieve a record effective volume Veff =LxLyLz/λeff =5.10-6, where Lx,y,z are the cavity dimensions and λeff is the effective wavelength resonance inside of the resonator core (GaAs). These devices are intrinsically free from the diffraction limit in the three spatial dimensions, and present the typical functionalities which are usually found only in a resonant electronic circuit. In order to demonstrate that their photonic properties are preserved, these devices have been successfully applied to THz intersubband polariton, demonstrating at the same time that they can be used for strong light-matter coupling. In parallel to this work, the feasibility of a THz QCL operating at λ=100 microns with an extremely thin active region is demonstrated experimentally. A systematic study of the laser characteristics for different thicknesses of the active region (Lz ) resulted in the reduction of Lz = 10 microns (≈λeff/2.7) down to the record value of Lz = 1.75 microns (≈λeff/13) in a M-SC-M Fabry-Perot waveguide. Despite a strong increase in optical losses, lasing is maintained above liquid nitrogen temperature (78 K) in the device with thinnest active region. This unexpected behavior is attributed to the existence of a large fraction of the current flowing through the active region at laser threshold being non-radiative. These results are very promising for future developments of efficient THz QCL active regions, as well as for fabrication of microcavity lasers with extremely low effective volumes. The perspectives of this work extend from cavity quantum electrodynamics to the development of a nanolasers. Potential applications of hybrid resonators can span over a broad range, depending on the chosen configuration. They can be used as passive elements for detection, as well as active elements such as antennas. Finally, the use of a thin active region in combination with an optimized version of these hybrid resonators should allow for the realization of an ultra-compact THz QCL free from the diffraction limit, with the possibility of fine tuning the laser frequency by adapting the equivalent complex impedance combination of the LC elements.

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is an important physical phenomenon in many applications and across various disciplines including aerospace, civil and bio-engineering. In civil engineering, applications include the design of wind turbines, pipelines, suspension bridges and offshore platforms. Ocean structures such as drilling risers, mooring lines, cables, undersea piping and tension-leg platforms can be subject to strong ocean currents, and such structures may suffer from Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV's), where vortex shedding of the flow interacts with the structural properties, leading to large amplitude vibrations in both in-line and cross-flow directions. Over the past years, many experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to comprehend the underlying physical mechanisms. However, to date there is still limited understanding of the effect of oscillatory interactions between fluid flow and structural behavior though such interactions can cause large deformations. This research proposes a mathematical framework to accurately predict FSI for elastically supported rigid structures. The numerical method developed solves the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for the fluid and the Equation of Motion (EOM) for the structure. The proposed method employs Finite Differences (FD) on Cartesian grids together with an improved, efficient and oscillation-free Immersed Boundary Method (IBM), the accuracy of which is verified for several test cases of increasing complexity. A variety of two and three dimensional FSI simulations are performed to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the method. In particular, forced and a free vibration of a rigid cylinder including Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) of an elastically supported cylinder are presented and compared with reference simulations and experiments. Then, the interference between two cylinders in tandem arrangement at two different spacing is investigated. In terms of VIV, three different scenarios were studied for each cylinder arrangement to compare resonance regime to a single cylinder. Finally, the IBM is implemented into a three-dimensional Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) method and two high Reynolds number (Re) flows are studied for a stationary and transversely oscillating cylinder. The robustness, accuracy and applicability of the method for high Re number flow is demonstrated by comparing the turbulence statistics of the two cases and discussing differences in the mean and instantaneous flows.