Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter nanocompósitos de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPMs) com TiO2, e caracterizá-los quanto a sua estrutura, características ópticas e atividade fotocatalítica. Os nanocompósitos foram obtidos a partir de NTCPMs comerciais (Baytubes®), e dois diferentes TiO2: um comercial (P25) e um obtido na síntese de TiO2 tendo tetra propóxido de titânio (TTP) como precursor. Foram utilizados dois diferentes sistemas líquidos para a obtenção dos nanocompósitos NTCPM-TiO2: um, em pH ácido e outro, em pH alcalino. Os nanocompósitos obtidos a partir do TTP foram posteriormente tratados termicamente a 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C e 700 °C para formação de fases cristalinas de TiO2. Os nanocompósitos foram investigados quanto a sua atividade fotocatalítica, empregando-os como catalisadores na degradação do corante orgânico alaranjado de metila, em solução aquosa, sob radiação ultravioleta. Os resultados foram associados a características da estrutura dos nanocompósitos, utilizando técnicas como difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, espectroscopia Raman e espectroscopia por infravermelho e área superficial específica. A caracterização óptica foi obtida por espectroscopia fotoluminescente e espectroscopia por refletância difusa. A análise térmica foi empregada para quantificar a presença de NTCPMs no nanocompósito empregado como catalisador. O desempenho fotocatalítico dos nanocompósitos foi correlacionado com o efeito do pH dos sistemas líquidos empregados na sua obtenção, natureza da interação (química e/ou física) entre nanotubo de carbono e TiO2, fases presentes no TiO2, energia do gap óptico e presença de defeitos estruturais no TiO2. A maior eficiência na fotocatálise foi observada nos nanocompósitos NTCPMs-TiO2 obtidos a partir do TiO2 comercial, e nos obtidos a partir do precursor TTP tratado termicamente a 500 °C, ambos em meio ácido. Estes resultados puderam ser associados às menores energias de transição e nível de defeitos no TiO2 nesses nanocompósitos, quando comparados aos demais. / This study aimed to obtain nanocomposites from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with TiO2, and characterize them according to their structure, optical properties and photocatalytic activity. The nanocomposites were obtained from commercial MWCNTs (Baytubes®) and two different types of TiO2: a commercial one (P25) and one obtained by synthesizing TiO2 with titanium tetra propoxide (TTP) as a precursor. Two different fluid systems were used for obtaining the MWCNT-TiO2 nanocomposites: one with acid pH and the other with alkaline pH. The nanocomposites obtained from TTP were subsequently heat treated at 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C and 700 °C to form crystalline phases of TiO2. The nanocomposites were investigated for their photocatalytic activity, employing them as catalysts in the degradation of organic methyl orange dye in an aqueous solution under ultraviolet radiation. The results were associated with the characteristics of the nanocomposites’ structure, using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and specific surface area. Optical characterization was obtained by photoluminescence spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Thermal analysis was used to quantify the presence of MWCNTs in the nanocomposite employed as catalyst. The photocatalytic performance of the nanocomposites were correlated with the effect of the pH of the liquid systems employed for obtaining them, the nature of the interaction (chemical and/or physical) between the carbon nanotube and TiO2, the phases present in the TiO2, the optical energy gap and the presence of structural defects in TiO2. The highest photocatalytic efficiency was observed in the MWCNT-TiO2 nanocomposites obtained from commercial TiO2, and in those obtained from the TTP precursor heat treated at 500 °C, both in an acid medium. These results could be associated with the lower transition energy and level of defects in the TiO2 of these nanocomposites when compared to the other samples.

Orientador: Ljubica Tasic / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T13:55:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borin_PaulaFernandaLacarini_M.pdf: 1689128 bytes, checksum: c3f8712ed17691069b7fabb711257101 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) é uma bactéria Gram-negativa que parasita plantas cítricas e é responsável pela doença conhecida como cancro cítrico, que apresenta grande importância econômica em todo mundo. Acredita-se que a infecção da célula hospedeira ocorre com atuação dos sistemas de secreção, onde fatores macromoleculares de virulência, normalmente proteínas ou complexos de ácidos nucléicos com proteínas, são excretados para o citosol da célula no caso dos sistemas do tipo III e IV, onde irão interferir no processo celular do hospedeiro. O alvo do estudo é a proteína hipotética XACb0033, codificada pelo locus virB do plasmídio pXac64. Ela foi identificada como possível chaperona secretória do sistema de secreção tipo IV, por apresentar diversas características destas proteínas, como baixo peso molecular, pI ácido e propensão a formação de dímeros, entre outras. A XACb0033 foi clonada no vetor de expressão pET23a(+) e expressa na bactéria Escherichia coli utilizando técnicas de biologia molecular de clonagem e expressão. Os resultados da expressão foram satisfatórios, obtendo-se a proteína em quantidade suficiente para sua purificação seguida pela caracterização estrutural. A XACb0033 foi analisada por Espectrometria de Massas (MALDI-Tof MS), Dicroísmo Circular (CD), fluorescência de emissão estática e dinâmica, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio-1 (RMN de H) e Espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Todos os dados indicam que a XACb0033 apresenta estrutura enovelada, não interage com os nucleotídeos (ATP e ADP) e tende em agir em forma dimerica seguindo o modelo de uma chaperona secretória, e, por fim, a estrutura do seu envelope molecular foi obtida. / Abstract: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is a Gram-negative bacterium that parasites citric plants all over the world and is responsible for causing the citrus canker with significant economic importance. It is believed that infection of the host cell occurs with activity of Xac¿s secretion systems, where macromolecular virulence factors, usually proteins or nucleic acid complexes with proteins, are excreted into the cytosol of the host cells as in the case of type III and IV systems, where they will interfere with the key cell processes. The aim of our study was structural characterization of the XACb0033, Xac¿s hypothetical protein, encoded by the locus virB of pXac64 plasmid. This protein was identified as a possible type IV secretion system chaperona because it presents many features of these proteins, such as low molecular weight, acidic pI, and propensity to form dimers, among others. The XACb0033 was cloned at expression vector pET23a (+) and expressed in Escherichia coli using molecular biology techniques for cloning and expression. The expression results were satisfactory, obtaining sufficient protein for its purification followed by structural characterization. The XACb0033 was analyzed by Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-Tof MS), Circular Dichroism (CD), static and dynamic Fluorescence, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H NMR) and by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). All collected data indicated that XACb0033 has folded structure, does not interact with nucleotides (ATP and ADP) and tends to act in dimeric form, following a model of a secretory chaperona, and, at last but not at least, its molecular envelope structure has been obtained. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-19T14:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Vinicius Sousa Ferreira - 2014.pdf: 2847427 bytes, checksum: 6221d2131ccf2cfb6a29bc8074cb0e54 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-19T14:08:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Vinicius Sousa Ferreira - 2014.pdf: 2847427 bytes, checksum: 6221d2131ccf2cfb6a29bc8074cb0e54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-19T14:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Vinicius Sousa Ferreira - 2014.pdf: 2847427 bytes, checksum: 6221d2131ccf2cfb6a29bc8074cb0e54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Solid dosage forms are the most widespread among pharmacists, due to its ease of handling and high adherence by patients, leading the growth of structural studies of drugs in this state. The technique of solid state NMR has gained increasingly space in analysis of drugs combined with other techniques, such as X- ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, besides having different types of computations as tools to aid structural characterization. The objective of this work is the characterization of the structure of the drug Lamivudine in its different forms via technique of nuclear magnetic resonance in the solid state with the aid of computer calculations as a confirmatory tool. The drug lamivudine, salicylate and biphthalate lamivudine salts prepared from lamivudine form II were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, mid-infrared (FITR), nuclear magnetic resonance solution (1H NMR and 13C {1 H}) and solid (CPMAS 13C NMR e15N), and the use of theoretical calculations of GIAO type by computer program GAUSSIAN and GIPAW by CASTEP program, for a relevant structure unambiguous assignment of NMR signals and confirmation of information of crystalline structure. The data obtained from experimental analysis were consistent with the structure of lamivudine and the results of theoretical calculations. The results were arranged in tables, and a statistical work was realized in order to correlate the experimental data with the theoretical, by analysis of the standard deviation (SD), mean deviation (MD), linear coefficient of determination (R2).The method GIPAW / CASTEP when purchased from GIAO / Gaussian was more significant studies to theoretical calculations in solid-state NMR, with values of R2, SD MD and 0.99 respectively, 2.5 and 3.6, while these same values for the GIAO were 0.92, 6.2 and 8.2. This difference in values is justified by the fact that the calculations GIPAW consider the pseudopotential plane-wave, not contemplated in GIAO calculations. It was found that the theoretical values of the chemical shifts 13C NMR, obtained by DFT / B3LYP theory, allowed for the drug excellent correlation with experimental values and permitted to associate a low computational cost at a good accuracy of the results obtained plus additional information not listed on experimental results, as in NMR spectra in the solid state. / As formas farmacêuticas sólidas são as mais difundidas no meio farmacêutico, devido a sua facilidade de manuseio e elevada adesão por parte dos pacientes, o que leva o crescimento de estudos estruturais de fármacos neste estado. A técnica de RMN no estado sólido ganha cada vez mais espaço em análises de fármacos aliadas a outras técnicas, como difração de raios-X e espectroscopia no infravermelho, além de contar com diversas modalidades de cálculos computacionais como ferramentas para auxílio de caracterização estrutural. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a caracterização da estrutura do fármaco lamivudina em suas diferentes formas via técnica de ressonância magnética nuclear no estado sólido com auxílio de cálculos computacionais como ferramenta confirmatória. O fármaco lamivudina e os sais salicilato e biftalato de lamivudina, preparados a partir da lamivudina forma II, foram caracterizados por difratometria de raios X(DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho médio (FITR), ressonância magnética nuclear em solução (RMN de 1H e 13C{1H}) e de sólidos (RMN CPMAS de 13C e15N), além do uso de cálculos teóricos do tipo GIAO, pelo programa computacional GAUSSIAN e GIPAW pelo programa CASTEP, para uma atribuição inequívoca dos sinais de RMN e confirmação de informações pertinentes à estrutura cristalina. Os dados obtidos pelas análises experimentais foram coerentes com a estrutura da lamivudina e os resultados dos cálculos teóricos. Os resultados foram dispostos em tabelas, sendo realizado um trabalho estatístico de forma a correlacionar os dados experimentais com os teóricos, pela análise do desvio padrão (SD), desvio médio (MD), coeficiente de determinação linear (R2). A metodologia GIPAW/CASTEP quando comprada a GIAO/GAUSSIAN, se mostrou mais significativa para estudos de cálculos teóricos de RMN no estado sólido, com valores de R2, MD e SD de respectivamente 0,99, 2,5 e 3,6, enquanto esses mesmos valores para a GIAO foram de 0,92, 6,2 e 8,2. Essa diferença de valores é justificada pelo fato dos cálculos GIPAW considerarem os pseudopotenciais de onda plana, não contemplados nos cálculos GIAO. Verificou-se que os valores teóricos dos deslocamentos químicos de 13C de RMN, obtidos com a teoria DFT/B3LYP, possibilitaram para o fármaco em questão uma excelente correlação com os valores experimentais e permitiram associar um baixo custo computacional a uma boa precisão dos resultados obtidos além de complementar informações não elencadas em resultados experimentais, como ocorre em espectros de RMN no estado sólido.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo do estado sólido do ganciclovir (GCV) e suas diferentes formas polimórficas. O GCV é um fármaco antiviral útil no tratamento de infecções por citomegalovírus (CMV). Embora seja um fármaco amplamente usado, poucos estudos têm sido realizados sobre seu estado sólido. Atualmente, o GCV é conhecido por apresentar quatro formas cristalinas, duas anidras (Forma I e II) e duas hidratas (III e IV). Neste trabalho, nós reportamos a solução da estrutura cristalográfica da Forma I do GCV, que foi encontrado durante o screening de cristalização do fármaco, em que nove ensaios de cristalização (GCV-1, GCV-A, GCV-B, GCV-C, GCV-D, GCV-E, GCV-F, GCV-G e GCV-H) foram realizados e os materiais resultantes foram caracterizados por Difratometria de raios X (DRX), análise térmica (DTA/TG) e Hot Stage Microscopy. De todas as cristalizações realizadas foram obtidas quatro formas sólidas, denominadas como Forma I (GCV-1, GCV-B e GCV-H), Forma III (GCV-C, GCV-D, GCV-F e GCV-G), Forma IV (GCV-A) e Forma V (GCV-E). Esta última está sendo descrita pela primeira vez na literatura e indica a presença de outra forma hidratada de GCV. As Formas I, III e IV corresponderam a forma anidra e as duas formas hidratadas do fármaco, respectivamente. Além disso, foi evidenciado por experimentos de conversão de slurry e análise térmica que o cristalizado de GCV-1 (Forma I) foi o mais estável entre os materiais obtidos, e este deu origem ao monocristal da Forma I de GCV, estrutura cristalina anidra do fármaco. Neste trabalho, pela primeira vez, a estrutura cristalina deste composto foi definida por cristalografia de raios X de monocristal. A análise estrutural mostrou que a Forma I do fármaco cristaliza no grupo espacial monoclínico P21/c e está composta por quatro moléculas de GCV na sua unidade assimétrica. Cada molécula está unida intermolecularmente por ligações de hidrogênio, que dão lugar à formação de cadeias infinitas e estas por sua vez se arranjam de maneira a formar uma estrutura tridimensional. / This presented work aims to study the solid state of ganciclovir (GCV) and its different polymorphic forms. GCV is an antiviral drug useful in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Although it is a widely-used drug, few studies have been conducted on its solid state. Currently, GCV is known to have four crystalline forms, two anhydrous (Form I and II) and two hydrates (III and IV). In this investigation, we report a successful preparation of GCV Form I and its crystallographic structure, which was found during the crystallization of the drug, in which nine crystallization tests (GCV-1, GCV-A, GCV-B, GCV- D, GCV-E, GCV-F, GCV-G and GCV-H) were performed and the resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA/TG) and Hot Stage Microscopy. Of all the crystallizations performed, four solid forms were obtained, denoted as Form I (GCV-1, GCV-B and GCV- H), Form III (GCV-C, GCV-D, GCV-F and GCV-G), Form IV (GCV-A) and Form V (GCV-E). The latter is being described for the first time in the literature and indicates the presence of another hydrated form of GCV. Forms I, III and IV corresponded to the anhydrous form and the two hydrated forms of the drug, respectively. In addition, it was evident by both the slurry conversion and the thermal analysis methods that the GCV-1 crystallized (Form I) was indeed the most stable amongst the materials obtained. This gave rise to GCV Form I monocrystal, anhydrous crystalline structure of the drug. The compound was characterized by monocrystal X-ray crystallography. The structural analysis showed that Form I of the drug crystallized in the monoclinic system space group P21/c is composed of four molecules of GCV in its asymmetric unit. Each molecule is linked intermolecularly by hydrogen bonds, which give rise to the formation of infinite chains arranged in a way that form a three-dimensional structure.

Dans le cadre d’un stockage direct en milieu géologique, les actinides, et en premier lieu le plutonium, représentent l’essentiel de la radiotoxicité à long terme des combustibles nucléaires usagés. En conditions de stockage, les interactions entre les espèces silicatées présentes au sein de l’environnement et ces radioéléments pourraient fortement en impacter la mobilité et donc l’empreinte environnementale du stockage. La formation de AnSiO4 pourrait notamment jouer un rôle important, eu égard à la formation de telles phases pour le thorium et l’uranium en milieux naturels réducteurs et riches en ions silicate. La chimie associée aux phases de type AnSiO4 étant peu renseignée à ce jour, leur préparation et l’étude de leur propriétés thermodynamiques constitue un préalable essentiel afin d’évaluer leur potentielle formation en conditions de stockage.La première partie de ce travail est donc été consacrée à la préparation, en conditions hydrothermales, de ThSiO4, de USiO4 et de CeSiO4 en tant que phases analogues de PuSiO4. Cette étude a permis d’identifier les principaux paramètres expérimentaux contrôlant la formation de ces phases, d’optimiser les conditions d’obtention de solides purs et de proposer des mécanismes de formation pour chacune d’entre elles. Il est apparu que, pour l’ensemble de ces phases, la compétition entre la complexation des cations métalliques par les ions silicate et leur hydrolyse joue un rôle prédominant lors de la synthèse.Trois stratégies de synthèse ont été finalement retenues : la première a consisté à travailler en milieu faiblement acide lorsque cela s’est avéré possible, la seconde à se placer en présence d’ions complexants permettant de stabiliser les actinides à des pH favorables à la réactivité des ions silicate et la troisième à jouer sur le degré redox des ions métalliques, en se plaçant à un degré d’oxydation moins sensible à l’hydrolyse permettant de favoriser les interactions avec les ions silicate. La transposition de ces voies de synthèse à la préparation de PuSiO4 a ensuite été réalisée afin de de comparer la réactivité de Pu(IV) en milieu silicaté avec celles des différents éléments analogues considérés. / Actinides, and mainly plutonium, are the main contributors to the long-term radiotoxicity of spent nuclear fuel. In conditions representative for geological repository, the interactions between such radioelements and silicate species could influence the mobility of the actinides in the environment and thus, could affect the safety of the storage facilities. Especially, the formation of actinide silicate, AnSiO4, has to be considered carefully, since thorium and uranium silicate are ubiquitous in environmental silicate rich media and under reductive conditions. Because the chemistry of AnSiO4 is poorly known, their preparation is a prerequisite in order to determine thermodynamic data associated to their formation and to evaluate their stability under geological repository conditions.The first part of this work consisted in the preparation, under hydrothermal conditions, of ThSiO4, USiO4 and CeSiO4 as surrogates of PuSiO4. This study allowed us to determine the preponderant parameters which impact the formation of silicate phases, to establish optimized conditions for their synthesis as pure phases and then to propose potential mechanisms of formation. For all of these syntheses, the competition between the complexation of metal cations by silicate ions and their hydrolysis played a predominant role. Three different and efficient strategies have been identified for the formation of actinide silicates. The first one was characterized by the use of weakly acid reactive media to limit the hydrolysis of actinide in solution. The second involved the use of strong ligands to maintain the actinide in solution in weakly basic media. The third was developed with element oxidation states that also protected it against hydrolysis. The transposition of these strategies to the preparation of PuSiO4 allowed to determine the suitable synthesis conditions to form PuSiO4 and then to identify the differences in terms of reactivity between Pu(IV) and surrogate elements.

Aus der Einleitung: „In this paper, we reuse the representation formalism `description graph' in order to characterize subsumption of ALN-concepts. The description logic ALN allows for conjunction, valuerestrictions, number restrictions, and primitive negation. Since Classic allows for more constructors than ALN, e.g., equality restrictions an attribute chains by the constructor SAME-AS,we can confine the notion of description graphs from [BP94]. On the other hand, ALN explicitly allows for primitive negation which yields another possibility { besides conflicting number restrictions { to express inconsistency. Thus, we have to modify the notion of canonical description graphs in order to cope with inconsistent concepts in the structural characterization of subsumption. It turns out that the description graphs obtained from ALN-concepts are in fact trees. A canonical graph is a deterministic tree. The conditions required by the structural characterization of subsumption on these trees can be tested by an eficient algorithm, i.e., we obtain an algorithm deciding subsumption of C and D in time polynomial in the size of C and D. The report is structured as follows. In the preliminaries, we define syntax and semantics of the description logic ALN as well as the inference problem of subsumption. In Section 3, we introduce description graphs, the data structure our structural subsumption algorithm is working on. Besides syntax and semantics also an algorithm for translating ALN-concepts into description graphs is given. Thereafter, we present the main result of this report in Section 6, a characterization of subsumption of ALN-concepts by a structural comparison of corresponding description graphs. Furthermore, a structural subsumption algorithm can be found in Section 6.2. In the last section we summarize our results and give an outlook to further applications of structural subsumption in terminological knowledge representation systems.

Aus der Einleitung: „Equational unification is a generalization of syntactic unification in which semantic properties of function symbols are taken into account. For example, assume that the function symbol '+' is known to be commutative. Given the unication problem x + y ≐ a + b (where x and y are variables, and a and b are constants), an algorithm for syntactic unification would return the substitution {x ↦ a; y ↦ b} as the only (and most general) unifier: to make x + y and a + b syntactically equal, one must replace the variable x by a and y by b. However, commutativity of '+' implies that {x ↦ b; y ↦ b} also is a unifier in the sense that the terms obtained by its application, namely b + a and a + b, are equal modulo commutativity of '+'. More generally, equational unification is concerned with the problem of how to make terms equal modulo a given equational theory, which specifies semantic properties of the function symbols that occur in the terms to be unified.”

Computing the least common subsumer (lcs) in description logics is an inference task first introduced for sublanguages of CLASSIC. Roughly speaking, the lcs of a set of concept descriptions is the most specific concept description that subsumes all of the input descriptions. As such, the lcs allows to extract the commonalities from given concept descriptions, a task essential for several applications like, e.g., inductive learning, information retrieval, or the bottom-up construction of KR-knowledge bases. Previous work on the lcs has concentrated on description logics that either allow for number restrictions or for existential restrictions. Many applications, however, require to combine these constructors. In this work, we present an lcs algorithm for the description logic ALEN, which allows for both constructors (as well as concept conjunction, primitive negation, and value restrictions). The proof of correctness of our lcs algorithm is based on an appropriate structural characterization of subsumption in ALEN also introduced in this paper. / This research was carried out while the second author was still at the LuFG Theoretical Computer Science, RWTH Aachen.

When trying to apply recently developed approaches for updating Description Logic ABoxes in the context of an action programming language, one encounters two problems. First, updates generate so-called Boolean ABoxes, which cannot be handled by traditional Description Logic reasoners. Second, iterated update operations result in very large Boolean ABoxes, which, however, contain a huge amount of redundant information. In this paper, we address both issues from a practical point of view.

Whereas matching in Description Logics is now relatively well investigated, there are only very few formal results on matching under additional side conditions, though these side conditions were already present in the original paper by Borgida and McGuinness introducing matching in DLs. The present report closes this gap for the DL ALN and its sublanguages.