Comparisons were made on the behavior of two full-sized reticulated domes subjected to uniform static loads only and uniform static loads with earthquake excitations. Space truss elements were used in the dome models. The stiffness matrix of the space truss element allows for the nonlinear strain-displacement behavior and the stress-strain behavior of the material is modeled with a bilinear approximation. The nonlinear solution technique is the Newton-Raphson method while the direct integration technique is the Newmark- Beta method. The joint displacements for the static and the dynamic analyses were compared for both domes along with the axial stresses in all members. The percentage increases in the axial stresses of the dynamic analyses as compared to those of the static analyses were determined. The reticulated domes used in the study were found to bet capable of withstanding the earthquake excitations when subjected to various uniform loads without failure. / Master of Science

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de análises de estabilidade por métodos de equilíbrio limite e análises tensão-deformação para um aterro sanitário de grande porte reforçado com geossintéticos e alteado com diques periféricos sucessivos segundo o método de montante de barragens de rejeitos, visando a aumentar sua capacidade de armazenamento. Os valores dos parâmetros de resistência elásticos e elasto-plásticos dos materiais foram definidos com base na bibliografia, privilegiando-se os obtidos em campo. Os parâmetros dos reforços geossintéticos (geogrelhas) foram obtidos dos catálogos técnicos de empresa fabricante de geogrelhas. Nas análises equilíbrio-limite verificou-se também a influência das pressões neutras nos fatores de segurança por meio da variação do parâmetro de pressão ru de 0 a 0,3. Os resultados dos métodos de equilíbrio limite mostraram que a construção de diques periféricos sucessivos não aumenta significativamente o fator de segurança do aterro para qualquer altura e a de diques reforçados aumenta-o para alturas até 30m. Por outro lado, o reforço dentro do maciço aumenta consideravelmente o fator de segurança para qualquer altura do aterro. As pressões neutras no maciço podem reduzir significativamente o fator de segurança, em até 25% para as configurações propostas. O fator de segurança 1,5 é atingido para ru = 0,2, para as alturas de até 30m nas configurações com reforço no interior do maciço sanitário. As análises tensão-deformação mostraram que as deformações são principalmente verticais, sendo que as horizontais representam até 30% das totais. As deformações verticais máximas foram de 4%, valor muito inferior aos encontrados na bibliografia em aterros monitorados (10 a 40%), provavelmente porque as contribuições da decomposição da matéria orgânica e do creep ao longo do tempo superam o efeito do peso próprio do maciço. A análise conjunta das duas metodologias mostra que os fatores de segurança obtidos nas análises tensão-deformação são muito próximos aos obtidos nas análises equilíbrio-limite para ru =0,1; que o uso de reforços no interior do maciço sanitário proporciona um aumento no fator de segurança da ordem de 30%, o que justifica a continuação deste estudo focalizando aspectos práticos construtivos e operacionais; e que a configuração em diques sucessivos e maciço sanitário reforçado mostrou-se, dentre as alternativas estudadas, a mais eficiente e eficaz para a configuração de aterro estudada, uma vez que permitiu obter o fator de segurança desejado sem a necessidade de reforço dos diques de solos. / This paper presents results of stability analysis by limit-equilibrium methods and stress-strain analysis for a large sanitary landfill reinforced with geosynthetics and raising with perimeters soil dikes according to the method used in tailing dams in order to increase their ability to storage. The values of strength parameters, elastic and elasto-plastic materials were defined based on the literature, privileging those obtained in the field. The parameters of geosynthetic reinforcements (geogrids) were obtained from the catalogs of technical manufacturer of geogrid. The analyzes limit-equilibrium were verified also the influence of the factors of safety pore pressures by varying the parameter pressure ru 0 to 0.3. The results of limit-equilibrium methods showed that the construction of dikes successive peripheral does not significantly increase the safety factor of the landfill for any height and the use of reinforced dikes increases it to heights up to 30m. Moreover, the reinforcement into the mass increases substantially the safety factor for any height of the landfill. The pore pressures in mass can significantly reduce the safety factor in up to 25% for the proposed configurations. The safety factor of 1.5 is achieved for ru =0.2, for heights up to 30m with enhanced settings inside the massive sanitary. The stress-strain analyzes showed that the deformations are mainly vertical and the horizontal represent up to 30% of the total. The maximum vertical deformations were 4%, value that is much lower than those described in the bibliography for landfill sites monitored (10-40%), probably because the contributions of organic matter decomposition and \"creep\" over time outweigh the effect of self-weight of the massif. The joint analysis of the both methods show that safety factors obtained in the stress-strain analyzes are very near the limit-equilibrium analyses for ru =0.1, that the use of solid reinforcement inside the landfill provides a factor increase in security of the order of 30%, its which justifies the continuation of this study focusing on practical aspects of construction and operational and that the configuration in successive dikes and massive sanitary reinforced proved to be, among the alternatives studied, the most efficient and effective configuration of landfill studied, since it allowed to obtain the desired safety factor without the need to strengthen the soil dikes.

Esse trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo entre métodos simplificados para avaliação da estabilidade de pórticos planos de aço. Aspectos relacionados à classificação das estruturas de aço quanto à deslocabilidade e sistema de contraventamento são apresentados e discutidos. O tradicional procedimento do comprimento efetivo de flambagem, ainda presente em algumas normas, é confrontado com métodos que empregam forças horizontais fictícias para contabilizar os efeitos desestabilizantes, tais como imperfeições geométricas iniciais e tensões residuais. Uma análise numérica avançada via MEF que permite a modelagem explícita dos efeitos que contribuem para a instabilidade de pórticos é empregada como referência na comparação dos resultados. É avaliada a resposta de pilares isolados, edifícios industriais e de múltiplos andares. Os métodos que empregam forças horizontais fictícias foram considerados adequados, pois além de eliminar o cálculo do comprimento efetivo de flambagem, apresentaram resultados mais consistentes em relação à análise avançada. / Two strategies for assessing steel frame stability and beam-column design are studied and compared. Some aspects related to bracing system and sway or non-sway classification are also discussed. The traditional procedure based on effective lengths are compared with some approaches based on notional loads, which propose a set of notional horizontal loads for account stability effects such as initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses. The results are compared with an advanced analysis using FEM, which consists in an explicit modeling of stability effects. Some industrial and multistory frames are studied and the results show that the notional load based procedures are accurate. These procedures are also practical because the need for effective length factors is eliminated.

Barras compostas em dupla cantoneira são constituídas por duas seções idênticas dispostas paralelamente, afastadas entre si e ligadas uma a outra apenas em alguns pontos ao longo do comprimento, por meio de chapas separadoras. O sistema aqui apresentado é bastante utilizado, principalmente em estruturas treliçadas leves, no entanto, não existem estudos específicos sobre seu comportamento, como conseqüência as normas de cálculo não fornecem subsídios para o projeto desse componente estrutural. É relevante estudar o comportamento de barras em dupla cantoneira, já que neste caso, além dos modos de instabilidade associados à cantoneira isolada, poderão ocorrer modos de instabilidade associados à barra composta em função da presença das chapas separadoras, que tendem a modificar o comportamento do sistema. Apresenta-se no trabalho análises numérica e experimental sobre o comportamento de barras submetidas à compressão centrada e excêntrica. Nas análises variou-se o número de chapas separadoras buscando estudar a eficiência das mesmas na força normal resistente das barras. Os resultados mostraram que a introdução de chapas separadoras melhorou significativamente o comportamento das barras, principalmente para compressão excêntrica. Foram observados modos de instabilidade por flexo-torção, por flexão e combinação dos dois modos. Para comparação dos resultados, inicialmente foram adotadas duas hipóteses de cálculo com base no procedimento da ABNT NBR 14762:2010, considerando compressão centrada. No primeiro procedimento considerou-se cada cantoneira como uma barra isolada independente da presença das chapas separadoras, admitiu-se instabilidades local, por flexo-torção e por flexão; no segundo considerou-se barra composta admitindo-se apenas instabilidades local e por flexão em relação ao eixo principal de menor inércia do conjunto. Em geral, os resultados das análises numérica e experimental apresentaram valores intermediários aos obtidos pelas duas hipóteses adotadas inicialmente. Com os resultados obtidos nas análises numérica e experimental são recomendados procedimentos para o dimensionamento desse componente estrutural. / Double-angle members with batten plates consist of two identical angles set up in parallel, spaced apart, and connected to each other by batten plates at specified points along the length. The system presented herein is widely used, especially in light truss structures; however, there are no standard design procedures specific for the design of this structural component. Studying the behavior of double angle members is interesting, because in this case, besides the critical modes of the single angle, they also show critical modes, due to the presence of the batten plates that sometimes interfere with the behavior of the system. This work presents a numerical and experimental study of members under concentric and eccentric axial compression. The number of batten plates is changed to study the influence on the nominal axial strength. The use of batten plates significantly increases the strength of the system, especially for members under eccentric compression. The buckling modes observed were flexural-torsional, flexural and combination of the modes. Initially, two design hypotheses are compared to the results obtained: (i) non-composite action (no interaction between angles), with only local, flexural, and flexural-torsional buckling considered; (ii) composite action (full interaction between angles), and only considering local and minor-axis flexural buckling of the pair of angles. The two design hypotheses ignore load eccentricity. The hypotheses are based upon recommendations in ABNT NBR 14762:2010. In general, numerical and experimental results for angles connected by bolted batten plates fall in between the design curves defined by methods (i) and (ii). With the results obtained in numerical and experimental analysis, procedures are recommended for the design of this structural component.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de análises de estabilidade por métodos de equilíbrio limite e análises tensão-deformação para um aterro sanitário de grande porte reforçado com geossintéticos e alteado com diques periféricos sucessivos segundo o método de montante de barragens de rejeitos, visando a aumentar sua capacidade de armazenamento. Os valores dos parâmetros de resistência elásticos e elasto-plásticos dos materiais foram definidos com base na bibliografia, privilegiando-se os obtidos em campo. Os parâmetros dos reforços geossintéticos (geogrelhas) foram obtidos dos catálogos técnicos de empresa fabricante de geogrelhas. Nas análises equilíbrio-limite verificou-se também a influência das pressões neutras nos fatores de segurança por meio da variação do parâmetro de pressão ru de 0 a 0,3. Os resultados dos métodos de equilíbrio limite mostraram que a construção de diques periféricos sucessivos não aumenta significativamente o fator de segurança do aterro para qualquer altura e a de diques reforçados aumenta-o para alturas até 30m. Por outro lado, o reforço dentro do maciço aumenta consideravelmente o fator de segurança para qualquer altura do aterro. As pressões neutras no maciço podem reduzir significativamente o fator de segurança, em até 25% para as configurações propostas. O fator de segurança 1,5 é atingido para ru = 0,2, para as alturas de até 30m nas configurações com reforço no interior do maciço sanitário. As análises tensão-deformação mostraram que as deformações são principalmente verticais, sendo que as horizontais representam até 30% das totais. As deformações verticais máximas foram de 4%, valor muito inferior aos encontrados na bibliografia em aterros monitorados (10 a 40%), provavelmente porque as contribuições da decomposição da matéria orgânica e do creep ao longo do tempo superam o efeito do peso próprio do maciço. A análise conjunta das duas metodologias mostra que os fatores de segurança obtidos nas análises tensão-deformação são muito próximos aos obtidos nas análises equilíbrio-limite para ru =0,1; que o uso de reforços no interior do maciço sanitário proporciona um aumento no fator de segurança da ordem de 30%, o que justifica a continuação deste estudo focalizando aspectos práticos construtivos e operacionais; e que a configuração em diques sucessivos e maciço sanitário reforçado mostrou-se, dentre as alternativas estudadas, a mais eficiente e eficaz para a configuração de aterro estudada, uma vez que permitiu obter o fator de segurança desejado sem a necessidade de reforço dos diques de solos. / This paper presents results of stability analysis by limit-equilibrium methods and stress-strain analysis for a large sanitary landfill reinforced with geosynthetics and raising with perimeters soil dikes according to the method used in tailing dams in order to increase their ability to storage. The values of strength parameters, elastic and elasto-plastic materials were defined based on the literature, privileging those obtained in the field. The parameters of geosynthetic reinforcements (geogrids) were obtained from the catalogs of technical manufacturer of geogrid. The analyzes limit-equilibrium were verified also the influence of the factors of safety pore pressures by varying the parameter pressure ru 0 to 0.3. The results of limit-equilibrium methods showed that the construction of dikes successive peripheral does not significantly increase the safety factor of the landfill for any height and the use of reinforced dikes increases it to heights up to 30m. Moreover, the reinforcement into the mass increases substantially the safety factor for any height of the landfill. The pore pressures in mass can significantly reduce the safety factor in up to 25% for the proposed configurations. The safety factor of 1.5 is achieved for ru =0.2, for heights up to 30m with enhanced settings inside the massive sanitary. The stress-strain analyzes showed that the deformations are mainly vertical and the horizontal represent up to 30% of the total. The maximum vertical deformations were 4%, value that is much lower than those described in the bibliography for landfill sites monitored (10-40%), probably because the contributions of organic matter decomposition and \"creep\" over time outweigh the effect of self-weight of the massif. The joint analysis of the both methods show that safety factors obtained in the stress-strain analyzes are very near the limit-equilibrium analyses for ru =0.1, that the use of solid reinforcement inside the landfill provides a factor increase in security of the order of 30%, its which justifies the continuation of this study focusing on practical aspects of construction and operational and that the configuration in successive dikes and massive sanitary reinforced proved to be, among the alternatives studied, the most efficient and effective configuration of landfill studied, since it allowed to obtain the desired safety factor without the need to strengthen the soil dikes.

[pt] A motivação para este trabalho é desenvolver equações simples, porém suficientemente precisas, que possam ser usadas para projetos de vigas casteladas submetidas à flexão pura, considerando a contribuição do conjunto mesa-alma na flambagem local do elemento. Métodos energéticos - Quociente Rayleigh - são adotados para determinar a equação da tensão crítica aproximada. Neste método, a energia de deformação e o trabalho externo são calculados assumindo uma forma de deflexão aproximada, cinemática admissível e contínua. Assim, a precisão do resultado depende da qualidade da forma de deflexão adotada. Estas funções de forma foram escolhidas com base nos resultados obtidos a partir de modelos numéricos criados usando o software ABAQUS e verificados com o software GBTUL, considerando para analise a interação completa entre a alma e a mesa. As expressões desenvolvidas foram baseadas em aproximações clássicas de estabilidade de placas, validadas com estudos paramétricos realizados com os softwares ABAQUS e GBTUL. Os resultados indicaram que a equação proposta pode efetivamente calcular a tensão crítica relativa a instabilidade local de vigas casteladas. A expressão validada e os limites associados são destinados a ser gerais dentro dos limites típicos das aplicações práticas. / [en] The motivation for this work is to develop a simple yet sufficiently accurate equation that can be used in the design of castellated beams subjected to pure bending, considering the contribution of the web-flange coupling effect in the local buckling. To accomplish this, an energy method - Rayleigh quotient - is adopted to determine the approximate critical stress equation. In this method, the strain energy and the potential work are calculated for an assumed approximate and kinematically admissible continuous deflected shape. Thus, the accuracy of the result is dependent on the quality of the assumed buckled shape. These shape functions were chosen based on the results obtained from numerical models created using ABAQUS software and verified with GBTUL, considering full interaction between web and flange. The developed closed-form expressions were based on classical plate stability approximations, validated with parametric studies performed using ABAQUS and GBTUL. The results indicate that the proposed equation can effectively calculate the critical stress of castellated beams due to local instability. The validated expression and its associated limits are intended to be general within the typical limits of practical applications.

Abstract not available

Theoretical studies of point defect interactions and structural stability of compounds have been performed using density functional theory. The defect-related properties, such as activation energy of diffusion, electronic and magnetic structure of selected materials have been studied. The major part of the present work is devoted to a very important material for semiconductor industry, GaAs. The formation energies of intrinsic point defects and the solution energies of 3d transitions in GaAs have been calculated from first principles. Based on the calculated energies, we analysed the site preference of defects in the crystal. The tendency of defects to form clusters has been investigated for the intrinsic defects as well as for impurities in GaAs. The magnetic moment of 3d impurities has been calculated as a function of the chemical environment. The possibility of increasing the Curie temperature in (Ga,Mn)As by co-doping it with Cr impurities has been examined on the basis of calculated total energy difference between the disordered local moment and the ferromagnetically ordered spin configurations. We found that, in order to reach the highest critical temperature, GaAs should be separately doped with either Cr or Mn impurities. Also, we have shown that diffusion barrier of interstitial Mn depends on the charge state of this impurity in (Ga, Mn)As. The formation of defect complexes between interstitial and substitutional Mn atoms, and their influence on the value of diffusion barrier for interstitial Mn, has been studied. The pair interactions energies between interstitial oxygen atoms in hcp Zr, Hf and Ti have been calculated using first principles. Based on the calculated energies, the oxygen ordering structures in IVB transition metal solid solutions have been explained. A prediction of nitrogen ordering in Hf-N solid solution has been made. The thermodynamic description of intermetallic compounds in the Zr-Sn binary system has been obtained. The conclusion has been made that Zr substitution on the Sn sites takes place in the Zr4Sn phase, which accounts for the unusual stoichiometry of this Cr3Si structure type compound. The influence of pressure on the phase stability in the Fe-Si system has been investigated. We have found instability of the hcp Fe0.9Si0.1 random alloy with respect to the decomposition onto the Si-poor hcp Fe alloy and the B2 FeSi under high pressure. The tendency of this decomposition becomes stronger with increasing the applied pressure. / QC 20100624

The current design procedure for steel frame structures is a two-step process including an elastic analysis to determine design actions and a separate member capacity check. This design procedure is unable to trace the full range of load-deflection response and hence the failure modes of the frame structures can not be accurately predicted. In recent years, the development of advanced analysis methods has aimed at solving this problem by combining the analysis and design tasks into one step. Application of the new advanced analysis methods permits a comprehensive assessment of the actual failure modes and ultimate strengths of structural steel systems in practical design situations. One of the advanced analysis methods, the refined plastic hinge method, has shown great potential to become a practical design tool. However, at present, it is only suitable for a special class of steel frame structures that is not subject to lateral torsional buckling effects. The refined plastic hinge analysis can directly account for three types of frame failures, gradual formation of plastic hinges, column buckling and local buckling. However, this precludes most of the steel frame structures whose behaviour is governed by lateral torsional buckling. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a practical advanced analysis method suitable for general steel frame structures including the effects of lateral-torsional buckling. Lateral torsional buckling is a complex three dimensional instability phenomenon. Unlike the in-plane buckling of beam-columns, a closed form analytical solution is not available for lateral torsional buckling. The member capacity equations used in design specifications are derived mainly from testing of simply supported beams. Further, there has been very limited research into the behaviour and design of steel frame structures subject to lateral torsional buckling failures. Therefore in order to incorporate lateral torsional buckling effects into an advanced analysis method, a detailed study must be carried out including inelastic beam buckling failures. This thesis contains a detailed description of research on extending the scope of advanced analysis by developing methods that include the effects of lateral torsional buckling in a nonlinear analysis formulation. It has two components. Firstly, distributed plasticity models were developed using the state-of-the-art finite element analysis programs for a range of simply supported beams and rigid frame structures to investigate and fully understand their lateral torsional buckling behavioural characteristics. Nonlinear analyses were conducted to study the load-deflection response of these structures under lateral torsional buckling influences. It was found that the behaviour of simply supported beams and members in rigid frame structures is significantly different. In real frame structures, the connection details are a decisive factor in terms of ultimate frame capacities. Accounting for the connection rigidities in a simplified advanced analysis method is very difficult, but is most critical. Generally, the finite element analysis results of simply supported beams agree very well with the predictions of the current Australian steel structures design code AS4100, but the capacities of rigid frame structures can be significantly higher compared with Australian code predictions. The second part of the thesis concerns the development of a two dimensional refined plastic hinge analysis which is capable of considering lateral torsional buckling effects. The formulation of the new method is based on the observations from the distributed plasticity analyses of both simply supported beams and rigid frame structures. The lateral torsional buckling effects are taken into account implicitly using a flexural stiffness reduction factor in the stiffness matrix formulation based on the member capacities specified by AS4100. Due to the lack of suitable alternatives, concepts of moment modification and effective length factors are still used for determining the member capacities. The effects of connection rigidities and restraints from adjacent members are handled by using appropriate effective length factors in the analysis. Compared with the benchmark solutions for simply supported beams, the new refined plastic hinge analysis is very accurate. For rigid frame structures, the new method is generally more conservative than the finite element models. The accuracy of the new method relies on the user's judgement of beam segment restraints. Overall, the design capacities in the new method are superior to those in the current design procedure, especially for frame structures with less slender members. The new refined plastic hinge analysis is now able to capture four types of failure modes, plastic hinge formation, column buckling, local buckling and lateral torsional buckling. With the inclusion of lateral torsional buckling mode as proposed in this thesis, advanced analysis is one step closer to being used for general design practice.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de diferentes tipos de lajes na execução de prédios altos vem crescendo muito nos últimos anos no mercado brasileiro. A têndência dos edifícios terem uma arquitetura arrojada e esbelta, trazem para a engenharia o desafio de executar uma estrutura com diferentes modelos e métodos executivos, e como consequencia surgem as dificuldades em garantir a estabilidade global das edificações. A escolha do tipo de laje e a inclusão de um núcleo rígido em estruturas de um edifício de múltiplos pavimentos é uma escolha importante, sendo que análise de estabilidade global de edificações são, diretamente, influenciadas por essa escolha. A avaliação da estabilidade global de estruturas de concreto armado, normatizada pela norma brasileira ABNT NBR 6118:2014, é realizada através dos parâmetros de estabilidade global parâmetro α (alfa) e coefiente γz (Gama Z), além do processo iterativo P-Delta. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se estudar a estabilidade global em edificações de múltiplos pavimentos com diferentes tipos de lajes e inclusão de núcleos rigidos, para a modelagem foi utilizado o programa comercial CAD/TQS. Os resultados evidenciaram que a estrutura com laje maciça se mostrou mais rígida comparada a estruturas com laje pré-fabricada e laje nervurada, obtendo menores valores de coefiente Gama Z e a inclusão do núcleo rígido aumentou, consideravelmente, a rigidez de todas as estruturas analisadas. / The use of different types of slabs in the execution of high buildings has been increasing a lot in recent years in the Brazilian market. The buildings have a bold and slender architecture, they bring to the engineering the challenge of executing a structure with different models and executive methods, and as a consequence arise the difficulties in guaranteeing the overall stability of the buildings. The choice of slab type and the inclusion of a rigid core in multi-floor building structures is an important choice, and global stability analysis of buildings are directly influenced by this choice. The evaluation of the global stability of reinforced concrete structures, normalized by the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 6118: 2014, is performed through the global stability parameters parameter α (alpha) and coefficient γz (Range Z), in addition to the iterative P-Delta process. In this research, we tried to study the global stability in multi-floor buildings with different types of slabs and inclusion of rigid cores. For the modeling, the commercial CAD / TQS program was used. The results showed that the structure with solid slab was more rigid compared to structures with prefabricated slab and ribbed slab, obtaining lower values of Coefiente Gama Z and the inclusion of the rigid core considerably increased the rigidity of all structures analyzed.