Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-06-23T19:07:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Yovani Adolfo Villanueva Herrera - 2017.pdf: 1975075 bytes, checksum: 4226bb99e3c16dbc26f70e7f7208e2c1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com), reason: on 2017-06-29T18:25:12Z (GMT) / Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-06-29T18:25:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Yovani Adolfo Villanueva Herrera - 2017.pdf: 2011176 bytes, checksum: 4107b5d00ad34d3b4127265319a99868 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-06-29T18:28:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Yovani Adolfo Villanueva Herrera - 2017.pdf: 2011176 bytes, checksum: 4107b5d00ad34d3b4127265319a99868 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T18:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Yovani Adolfo Villanueva Herrera - 2017.pdf: 2011176 bytes, checksum: 4107b5d00ad34d3b4127265319a99868 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The subject of this work is the theory of normal forms of smooth vector fields of constrained systems (systems of non-linear differential-algebraic equations). In this study we introduce the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations, with topics such as stability, structural stability, bifurcations, limit cycles and catastrophes of differential equations, and the functional singularity theory. The goal of this work is classify and normalize constrained systems, first of all from the local point of view, we'll show an idea of the global one and our final objective will be extend this theory to differenciable manifolds of dimension $n \geq 2$. / O tema deste trabalho é a teoria das formas normais de campos vetoriais suaves de sistemas forçados (sistemas de equações diferenciais-algébricas não lineares). Neste estudo entram a teoria qualitativa de equações diferenciais ordinárias, com tópicos como estabilidade, estabilidade estrutural, bifurcações, ciclos limite e catástrofes de equações diferenciais e a teoria das singularidades de funções. O objetivo do trabalho é a classificação e normalização dos sistemas forçados, primeiramente do ponto de vista local, mostraremos uma ideia da análise global e será nossa finalidade estender esta teoria para variedades diferenciáveis de dimensão $n \geq 2$.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise comparativa de diferentes sistemas estruturais para um edifício de 20 pavimentos. Cada um dos modelos foi dimensionado através dos princípios do método da análise direta, presente na ABNT NBR 8800:2008. O método da amplificação dos esforços solicitantes (MAES) foi usado para se obter de forma simplificada os esforços atuantes nos elementos do edifício considerando os efeitos locais e globais de segunda ordem. A incidência do vento foi simulada de duas formas diferentes. Na primeira, chamada de uniforme, o vento foi aplicado sem excentricidade, gerando apenas o efeito de tombamento nas estruturas. Na segunda hipótese, considerou-se uma excentricidade devida aos efeitos de vizinhança, prescrita pela ABNT NBR 6123:1988, responsável por ocasionar o tombamento e a torção dos edifícios. Todas as análises numéricas foram repetidas fazendo o uso de outro método simplificado de segunda ordem, conhecido como P-Delta. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a possibilidade de se reduzir a sobrecarga para o dimensionamento de pilares proporciona uma economia de material, mas, por outro lado, tem como consequência o aumento do tempo de análise, pois exige a utilização de diferentes combinações de cálculo para o dimensionamento de vigas e pilares. A estratégia utilizada para simular os efeitos de vizinhança mostrou-se satisfatória, pois permitiu introduzir de maneira fácil e prática a torção ocasionada pela incidência excêntrica do vento. Observou-se também que esses efeitos ocasionaram o aumento dos momentos fletores e dos deslocamentos das estruturas analisadas. Em relação à avaliação dos efeitos de segunda ordem, comprovou-se que, para a classificação da deslocabilidade, a combinação de cálculo crítica é aquela que possui o maior carregamento gravitacional. Entretanto, para o dimensionamento dos elementos, foi constatado que outras hipóteses de cálculo, principalmente aquelas em que o vento é a ação variável principal, podem ser determinantes. Por fim, foi observado que os resultados obtidos pelo método P-Delta ficaram bastante semelhantes àqueles calculados pelo MAES, com desvios desprezíveis. O MAES, por sua vez, mostrou-se bastante trabalhoso, pois exige a modelagem de diferentes tipos de estruturas para a determinação dos esforços. / This work presents a comparative analysis of different structural systems for a 20-storey building. Each model has been designed using the principles of the direct analysis method (DAM), present in the ABNT NBR 8800:2008. The first-order amplification method (FOAM) was used to obtain, in a simplified manner, the forces acting on the building elements, including local and global second-order effects. The incidence of the wind was simulated in two different ways. In the first case, named uniform, the wind was applied without eccentricity, generating only structure overturning. In the second case, it was considered an eccentricity due to vicinity effects, prescribed by the ABNT NBR 6123:1988, responsible for causing twisting and building overturning. All numerical analysis were carried out a simplified second-order method known as P-Delta. From the results obtained it was found that the reduction of live loads in the design of columns provides material economy, but on the other hand, increases analysis time, since it requires different combinations for beams and columns. The strategy used to simulate the vicinity effects was satisfactory, because it allowed, in an easy and practical way, the consideration of the torsion produced by the wind eccentric impact. It was also observed that these effects increased the bending moments and the displacements of the structures. About the second-order effects, it was shown that, for sway or non-sway classification, the critical combination is one with greatest gravitational loading. However, for the design of the elements, it was observed that other loading conditions can be critical, especially those in which the wind is the main live load. Finally, the results obtained by the P-Delta method were very similar to those calculated by the first-order amplification method. The FOAM was, in turn, very laborious, because it requires the modeling of different types of structures for the determination of the forces.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_mirella_santos.pdf: 4804645 bytes, checksum: cc6f1f71996095e1e2c710f5f51400cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent decades, some accidents occurred in reinforced concrete structures, such as the collapse of the Areia Branca Building in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, the partial collapse of the Palace II Building in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the collapse of the Real Class Building, during construction in Belém, Pará. Most recently, the Liberdade Building in Rio de Janeiro and Senador Building in São Bernardo, SP. Knows that at case of collapse of one of the columns of a reinforced concrete structure similar to "domino effect", that is will be a progressive collapse involving all floors. This fact, in most cases, precludes recovery of the building, causing financial losses and, especially, risk of death to workers or residents who are, by chance, on the site. It is increasingly common to construct tall buildings and slender with small number of columns. These characteristics, if there is a sharp break in the backups, can aggravate the situation significantly. Offshore oil platforms, are designed so that there at case of a collapse of any support, the structure do not collapse. Based on this concept, the present study aims to find conditions of design in which stability is ensured, with the loss of one of the columns, thus increasing robustness, permits the structure to survive to the unexpected or unusual situations. This work presents the application to the case of a reinforced concrete building, designed according to NBR 6118:2007. The work makes possible the verification of technical and financial feasibility of the solution / Nas últimas décadas, ocorreram alguns acidentes em estruturas de concreto armado, como o desabamento do Edifício Areia Branca, na Região Metropolitana do Recife, o desmoronamento parcial do Edifício Palace II, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o colapso do Edifício Real Class, em construção, em Belém do Pará. Mais recentemente os casos do Edifício Liberdade no Rio de Janeiro e Senador em São Bernardo, SP. Sabe-se que, com as condições usuais de projeto ocorrendo ruptura em um dos pilares de uma estrutura de concreto armado haverá a possibilidade do chamado "efeito dominó", ou seja, poderá ocorrer o colapso progressivo envolvendo todos os pavimentos. Este fato, na maioria dos casos, impossibilita a recuperação da edificação, causando prejuízos financeiros e, principalmente, risco de morte a trabalhadores ou moradores que se encontrem no local. É cada vez mais comum a construção de prédios altos e esbeltos com pequeno número de pilares. Estas características, no caso de haver ruptura brusca em um dos apoios, podem agravar a situação significativamente. Plataformas marinhas offshore de petróleo são projetadas de tal forma que havendo a ruptura de um dos elementos de apoios como estacas ou amarras os n-1 elementos remanescentes asseguram a estabilidade do conjunto, evitando o colapso da estrutura. Baseado neste conceito o presente estudo visa encontrar condições de projeto de edifícios em que a estabilidade seja assegurada em caso de perda de um dos pilares, aumentando assim a robustez, permitindo que a estrutura sobreviva a situações imprevisíveis ou não usuais. O trabalho apresenta uma aplicação ao caso de um edifício com estrutura de concreto armado, projetado de acordo com a NBR 6118:2007. É feita a análise de verificação da viabilidade técnica e financeira da solução adotada

This diploma thesis deals with a project of a road bridge. The bridge is located on a second class road S 7.5/50 and goes over a I/11 road and a local road crossing in Bystřice. Three options of the road bridge are conceived out of which the connected beam girder is chosen for further development. A calculation of the structural stability of the load-bearing construction, that includes time analysis of the construction work (i.e. particular phases of the construction), is added to the project. The structural stability calculation is assessed in accordance with valid European standards. Drawing documentation, a time schedule and 3D visualization of the road bridge is also attached to the diploma thesis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study has been to investigate the essentials of being able to incorporate high-strength steels (460 MPa and beyond) for structural elements in buildings. As of late, structural steels with a yield point of 355 MPa have been considered standard and have been for the past decade. One of the problems that occur with an increased yield point, is that deflection of structural elements increases, as the Young’s modulus does not increase with increasing yield point. Welding, stability, behavior during fire, and fatigue are also subjects of interest. Method: The study was conducted through several courses of action: a literature review covering the latest research of high-strength steels within the sought-after area of interest, followed by calculations of a truss resting on two columns, being subject to bending moment and compressive force, in both 355 MPa and 700 MPa, in order to review the differences that occur and how they can be counteracted. Lastly, interviews were carried out, where structural engineers gave their thoughts and experiences on the matter at hand. Results: The results show that welding is one of the largest hurdles with being able to utilize high-strength structural steels, though there are newer, more promising methods of welding which can be used, such as electron beam welding. Regarding structural integrity and buckling of structural elements, high-strength steel can be used for trusses, where the structural members are mainly being pulled, opposed to being subject to compressive force. This was shown with the performed calculations, during the interviews, and by the literature overview. Conclusions: The general conclusions of the study is that for welding, further research, education, and training is required for all concerned parts, such as the structural engineers and the on-site welders, which will increase the knowledge regarding how welding of high-strength steels should be performed, but also raise awareness about newer and more modern methods. Fire behavior for high-strength steels are a higher risk factor that should be treated and executed with higher degrees of caution by engineers. Reduction factors for fire affected steel construction elements should be corrected to fit the behavior for high-strength steels as well, as they differ from the current Eurocode 3 for lower class steels. Problems with instability can be counteracted by utilizing the steel in pulled structural members, such as trusses and struts. Lastly, for high-strength steels to be used more widely, structural engineers and manufacturers need to work together for any of the two to profit, as low production rates are costly.

Este trabajo de investigación presenta un diseño y posteriormente, la construcción de una vivienda unifamiliar a base de bolsas de tierra con un revestimiento interno de totora. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo poder brindar un diseño de vivienda que sea económico, estructuralmente estable, fácil de construir y, sobre todo, que sea un aislante térmico para las bajas temperaturas en época de heladas en la región de Puno. En la introducción, se plantea el problema actual de las viviendas rurales en el departamento de Puno y los datos de temperaturas y de población de la región de Mazocruz. El primer capítulo desarrolla el marco teórico de la investigación concerniente a la tierra como principal material para la estructura, la totora y sus propiedades de aislante térmico y, sobre el sistema de calefacción “Piso Kang”. Luego, en el segundo capítulo se explica la metodología de investigación y artículos científicos relevantes. El tercer capítulo abarca la verificación de estabilidad estructural del diseño de vivienda que se construyó. Posteriormente en el cuarto capítulo se explica a detalle cómo es la propuesta de diseño de la vivienda unifamiliar, considerando encuestas a pobladores de la zona para una distribución arquitectónica adecuada. En el quinto capítulo se presentan los métodos utilizados para el revestimiento con totora y el “Piso Kang” como sistema de calefacción natural. Luego, el sexto capítulo muestra el entregable final de este trabajo, que es una guía de construcción de esta vivienda para bajas temperaturas. En las conclusiones se presentan los resultados finales obtenidos luego de la construcción de la vivienda unifamiliar. Además, se presentan las recomendaciones para el desarrollo de futuras tesis de grado en esta línea de investigación. / In this research work a design is presented and later, the construction of a single-family dwelling based on earth bags with an internal “totora” coating. This thesis aims to provide a housing design that is economically, structurally stable, easy to build and, above all, that is a thermal insulator for low temperatures during the frost season in the Puno region. In the introduction, the current problem of rural housing in the department of Puno and the temperature and population data of the Mazocruz region are raised. In the first chapter, the theoretical framework of the research concerning the earth is presented as the main material for the structure, the “totora” and its properties as thermal insulating material and the method of natural heating called “Kang Floor”. Then, the second chapter is about the research methodology and the selection criteria of scientific articles and past research works that were of great contribution to this research is explained. The third chapter covers the verification of structural stability of the single-family housing design that was built. Later in the fourth chapter, is explained in detail how the design proposal of the single-family home was developed, taking as reference surveys conducted in the field, concluding in a right architectural distribution. In the fifth chapter, the methods used for totora cladding and the “Kang Floor” as a natural heating system are presented. Then, in the sixth chapter the final deliverable of this research work is developed, which is the guide for the construction of a single-family house for low temperatures. The conclusions show the results obtained after the construction of the single-family home. In addition, the appropriate recommendations for the development of future thesis in this line of research are presented. / Tesis

Une mauvaise connaissance des propriétés des sols et de leur fonctionnement peut avoir de nombreuses conséquences néfastes sur le rendement et la qualité des récoltes, sur la dégradation des sols et sur une pollution de l’environnement. En raison de l’importance des pratiques agricoles, notre étude s’est focalisée sur leur impact sur la qualité et la santé des sols. La recherche s’est effectuée de novembre 2003 à octobre 2007 sur des vergers de pommiers implantés sur des collines dans le nord-est de la Slovénie. Deux pratiques agricoles fréquentes dans cette région ont été suivies : (i) une irrigation localisée au goutte à goutte sur des Calcaric Cambisol (CALCOSOL) développés sur marnes, et ses effets sur la stabilité structurale des sols et leur biomasse microbienne à la Station expérimentale de Gačnik et (ii) la combinaison d’un engrais organique (Compo guano) et d’un amendement calcaire dans un verger conduit en agriculture biologique à Pohorski dvor sur un District Cambisol (ALOCRISOL) développé sur schistes. La présence de microbes pathogènes fécaux dans le sol, dus à l’irrigation ou à l’apport d’engrais organiques animaux a aussi été recherchée sur les deux sites. Le régime hydrique du sol a été suivi durant deux étés par des relevés tensiométriques hebdomadaires sur les deux sites. A la station expérimentale de Gačnik, un rang irrigué a été comparé à un rang non irrigué. La teneur en matière organique totale, son fractionnement granulométrique et la signature isotopique des différentes fractions permettant de discuter de leur origine et leur turn over ont été mesurés. La biomasse microbienne et son activité ont été caractérisées au printemps et à l’automne en 2004 et 2005. La stabilité structurale a été mesurée selon la méthode de Bartoli à l’automne 2004 et au printemps 2005. Sur le verger conduit en agriculture biologique à Pohorski dvor seul le pH et les paramètres microbiologiques ont été suivis selon la même périodicité en comparant les différents traitements dans une expérimentation par blocs. Enfin, sur les deux sites, une quantification des champignons, des bactéries (aérobies, anaérobies, coliformes fécaux) et des virus présents dans le sol a été réalisée. Incidence de l’irrigation par goutte à goutte sur la qualité du sol sur le site de Gačnik sur la qualité physique du sol- Les sols de ce verger, argilo-limoneux et carbonatés, varient fortement de l’amont à l’aval de la parcelle située sur une pente de 15%. le sol est peu épais à l’amont, la marne altérée apparaissant dès 60 cm tandis qu’à mi-pente et à l’aval le sol est épais >1 m et la marne plus fortement altérée. L’observation des profils pédologiques et l’historique de la parcelle montrent que le sol a été fortement remanié sur les 60 premiers centimètres préalablement à la plantation du verger. Le passage d’une plantation en terrasses à une plantation dans le sens de la pente a conduit à l’effacement des terrasses suivi d’un labour profond dont en voit encore la trace à 60 cm de profondeur à l’aval de la parcelle (Fig. 3.3 & Tab. 3.9). Un échantillonnage systématique de la teneur en carbone organique de l’horizon de surface, selon un pas de 6 m, montre un accroissement selon la pente suivant une forme en zig-zag reflétant la trace des anciennes terrasses (Fig. 3.19). Dans les 30 premiers centimètres la teneur en matières organiques, le rapport C/N et la capacité d’échange cationique augmentent de l’amont vers l’aval tandis la teneur en carbonates de calcium décroît (Fig. 3.15). Le pH reste stable entre 8 et 8, 4. A la surface du sol dans les rangs de plantation traités par désherbage chimique, une croûte alguaire se forme sur le côté ombragé du rang... / Underestimation of soil properties and poor understanding of soil conditions can have many negative consequences, which results in quality or quantity of yield, soil degradation or even environmental pollution. According to importance of agricultural practices, our study focused on their impact on soil quality and health. The research took place from November 2003 to October 2007 in apple orchards in north-eastern Slovenia where two frequent agricultural practices were investigated: (i) drip irrigation on Calcaric Cambisol and its effects on structural stability and microbial biomass at Gačnik experimental station and (ii) combination of organic fertiliser (Campo guano) and liming in organic farming to enhance microbial biomass and nitrogen nutrition at Pohorshi dvor on Dystric Cambisol. The presence of faecal pathogens in the soil due to irrigation or organic fertilizer was also investigated. Water potential was measured during two seasons in both locations. Structural stability according Bartoli method, organic mater characteristics (including grain size organic matter fractionation and isotopic signature of organic carbon origin), and microbiological parameters were analysed as potential indicators of soil quality in irrigation practice comparing an irrigated (IR) to a non-irrigated (NIR) row. In organic farming, mainly pH and microbiological parameters were followed according treatments on an experimental blocks comparison. According to hilly terrain and land levelling in Gačnik, we were dealing with two groups of soil differing in thickness, organic matter, and calcium carbonate contents: one at upslope and another at mid and downslope. Considering soil characteristics, slope effect was more expressed than irrigation effect. According to slope, water gravimetric content (W), organic matter (OM), microbial biomass (MB), and respiration (R) increased towards downslope while total carbonates (Ca) and structural stability (SS) decreased. According to irrigation, W, OM, and SS contents decreased, while MB and R increased from NIR to IR rows. No difference was observed for Ca between treatments. According to slope, higher carbonate content was as an important factor for higher structural stability as organic matter pool. According to irrigation, lower W in IRR row could be explained by modification in root distribution due to drip irrigation. Irrigation leads to an increase of soil microbial biomass and its activity (as a short-time effect) and decrease of OM (as a long-term effect); moreover, a decrease of OM originating from the marl bedrock was observed in IRR row and attributed to microbial mineralization. Lower SS of IRR row is related to the OM reduction. Seasonal variations of structural stability show complex trends resulting from the combination of climatic conditions and biological activity. In organic fertilising study, the interaction of Compo guano and lime together was not clear, but in long term this is probably the best solution because it had positive consequences on both soil pH and available nitrogen, while preserving fair levels of MB and labile organic matter (LOM). Irrigation water and Compo guano were considered as eventual sources of faecal coliforms which remains in soils. From our study it was concluded that OM, MB, R and faecal coliforms can be treated as general useful indicators in assessing soil quality. According to agricultural practice, SS should be emphasized as an important quality indicator in irrigation practice and pH in organic farming.

The aim of this work was to study the separate effect of fission fragment damage on the structural integrity and matrix dissolution of uranium dioxide in water. Radiation damage similar to fission damage was created by irradiating bulk undoped and doped ‘SIMFUEL’ disks of UO2, undoped bulk CeO2 and thin films of UO2 and CeO2 with high energy Xe and U ions. The UO2 thin films, with thicknesses in the range of 90 – 150 nm, were deposited onto (001), (110) and (111) orientations of single crystal LSAT (Al10La3O51Sr14Ta7) and YSZ (Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia) substrates. The CeO2 thin films were deposited onto single crystal silicon (001) substrates. Part of the bulk UO2 and CeO2 samples, the thin films of UO2 on the LSAT substrates and the thin films of CeO2 were irradiated with 92 MeV 129Xe23+ ions to a fluence of 4.8 × 1015 ions/cm2 to simulate the damage produced by fission fragments in uranium dioxide nuclear fuel. Part of the bulk UO2 and CeO2 samples and the thin films of UO2 on the YSZ substrates were irradiated with 110 MeV 238U31+ ions to a fluence of 5 × 1010, 5 × 1011 and 5 × 1012 ions/cm2 to study the accumulation of the damage induced. The irradiated and unirradiated samples were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques to characterise the as-produced samples and assess the effects of the ion irradiations. Dissolution experiments were conducted to assess the effect of the Xe ion irradiation on the dissolution of the thin film UO2 samples on the LSAT substrates and the bulk and thin film CeO2 samples. The solutions obtained from the leaching of the irradiated and unirradiated samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). XRD studies of the bulk UO2 samples showed that the ion irradiations resulted in an increased lattice parameter, microstrain and decreased crystallite size, as expected. The irradiated UO2 thin films on the LSAT substrates underwent significant microstructural and crystallographic rearrangements. It was shown that by irradiating thin films of UO2 with high energy, high fluence ions, it is possible to produce a structure that is similar to a thin slice through the high burn-up structure. It is expected that the ion irradiation induced chemical mixing of the UO2 films with the substrate elements (La, Sr, Al, Ta). As a result, a material similar to a doped SIMFUEL with induced radiation damage was produced.

Notre présence de 1990 à 2010 en qualité d’éducateur spécialisé sur Beaubreuil, quartier de la ville de Limoges, Haute-Vienne, nous a permis d’accompagner, d’observer et de prendre part pendant plus de vingt années aux processus migratoires vietnamiens. Durant tout ce temps nous avons pu constater d’un point de vue psychologique que les ruptures consécutives à l’exil, puis au choc culturel né du contact avec la société d’accueil, ont fait surgir chez les individus des problématiques complexes, notamment identitaires. Dans l’exil, pour faire face aux risques psychosociaux provoqués par l’instabilité de leur structure psychique et de leur système culturel, les vietnamiens ont investi l’espace public et l’espace privé proposés par la culture d’accueil. Ces démarches, multiples, leur ont permis dans le réaménagement de ces espaces, de retrouver, de recréer, les éléments perçus par eux comme fondamentaux de leur culture d’origine, nécessaires et indispensables au travail de rééquilibrage psychique. En France, l’injonction culturelle vietnamienne d’élaboration d’autels religieux au sein de leurs habitations a conduit les personnes à réinterpréter, au sein de dynamiques subjectives, la question des différentes composantes de leur identité, personnelle et sociale, culturelle et religieuse. Les interactions entre l’injonction de la culture d’origine et l’espace proposé par la culture d’accueil ont conduit les sujets à engager des transformations, des modifications dans l’élaboration de leurs autels religieux. En ce sens ces élaborations rendent compte et constituent des analyseurs particulièrement pertinents des processus d’interculturation. / Our presence from 1990 to 2010 as a social worker in Beaubreuil, district of the city of Limoges, Haute-Vienne, allowed us to support, observe and take part for over twenty years in the Vietnamese migration processes. All this time, we noted from a psychological perspective, that ruptures, resulting from the exile, then from the culture shock, were born by contacts with the host society, have given rise to individuals, complex problems including identity ones. In exile, to face the psychosocial risks caused by the instability of their psychic structure and their cultural system, the Vietnamese have invested public and private areas offered by the host culture. These approaches, multiple, allowed them in the redevelopment of these areas, to find, to recreate the elements perceived by them as fundamental in their native culture, necessary and essential to their work of psychic restructuring. In France, the cultural injunction of religious altars development in the private sphere has led them to reinterpret in a subjective way the question of the different components of their identity personal and social, cultural and religious The interactions between the native culture injunction and the space proposed by the host culture has engaged transformations, changes in the elaboration of religious altars. In that way, they are reflecting and are forming analyzers, particularly relevant to us, the intercultural exchange process.

This thesis presents the construction, the analysis and the verication of compact residual discretizations for the solution of conservation laws on unstructured meshes. <p>The schemes considered belong to the class of residual distribution (RD) or fluctuation splitting (FS) schemes. <p>The methodology presented relies on three main elements: design of compact linear first-order stable schemes for linear hyperbolic PDEs, a positivity preserving procedure mapping stable first-order linear schemes onto nonlinear second-order schemes with non-oscillatory shock capturing capabilities, and a conservative formulation enabling to extend the schemes to nonlinear CLs. These three design steps, and the underlying theoretical tools, are discussed in depth. The nonlinear RD schemes resulting from this construction are tested on a large set of problems involving the solution of scalar models, and systems of CLs. This extensive verification fills the gaps left open, where no theoretical analysis is possible. <p>Numerical results are presented on the Euler equations of a perfect gas, on a two-phase flow model with highly nonlinear thermodynamics, and on the shallow-water equations. <p>On irregular grids, the schemes proposed yield quite accurate and stable solutions even on very difficult computations. Direct comparisone show that these results are more accurate than the ones given by FV and WENO schemes. Moreover, our schemes have a compact nearest-neighbor stencil. This encourages to further develop our approach, toward the design of very high-order schemes, which would represent a very appealing alternative, both in terms of accuracy and efficiency, to now classical FV and ENO/WENO discretizations. These schemes might also be very competitive with respect to very high-order DG schemes. / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished