Orientadores: Carlos Manuel Giles Antunez de Mayolo, Pascoal Jose Giglio Pagliuso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serrano_RaimundoLora_D.pdf: 2642603 bytes, checksum: 743f3ac1f8dffb9e6358f1a7958794e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos de forma sistemática as propriedades magnéticas macroscópicas (Susceptibilidade magnética, calor específico, resistividade elétrica) e as estruturas magnéticas de uma nova série de compostos tetragonais isoestruturais Rm Mn In3m+2n (R = Gd, Tb, Sm; M = Rh, Ir; m = 1, 2; n = 0, 1) e exploramos suas relações com as interessantes propriedades físicas encontradas em outros compostos desta família, especialmente quando R = Ce, onde tem sido observado um comportamento do tipo férmions pesados com supercondutividade não convencional (USC). Foram determinadas as estruturas magnéticas dos compostos Gd2IrIn8, GdRhIn5, GdIn3, TbRhIn5, Tb2RhIn8, Smn2IrIn8 em amostras monocristalinas de alta qualidade através da técnica de Difração Magnética de Raios-x (DMRX), e encontramos que todos se ordenam antiferromagneticamente com estruturas comensuráveis abaixo da temperatura de ordenamento (TN) com vetores de propagação (1/2,0,0), (0,1/2,1/2),(1/2,1/2,0), (1/2,0,1/2), (1/2,1/2,1/2) e (1/2,0,0), respectivamente. Os momentos magnéticos dos íons de terra rara se orientam no plano ab tetragonal no caso dos compostos com R = Gd e Sm2IrIn8 enquanto que no TbRhIn5 a orientação tem lugar ao longo do eixo c. Os compostos tetragonais inéditos a base de Tb foram todos sintetizados e caracterizados magnética e estruturalmente, pela primeira vez, dentro deste trabalho. Eles apresentam maior TN em relação ao composto cúbico TbIn3 (Tb1-0-3, TN ¿32 K), similar ao comportamento apresentado pelos compostos tetragonais de R = Nd. Com relação à direção dos momentos magnéticos no estado ordenado e à evolução de TN ao longo da série, os nossos resultados estão de acordo com um novo modelo teórico de campo médio, desenvolvido por colaboradores, que considera uma interação de primeiros vizinhos Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) isotrópica e efeitos de campo cristalino (CEF) tetragonal aplicado aos compostos com R = Ce, Nd e Tb. A idéia básica de interpretação dos nossos resultados, extraída dos resultados do modelo, é que as diferentes direções de ordenamento encontrados para diferentes R são determinadas por efeitos de CEF e que a variação dos parâmetros de CEF tetragonal determina a evolulção de TN . De acordo com isto, nos compostos com R = Gd, onde o momento angular orbital L = 0, os efeitos CEF não são importantes, TN é aproximadamente igual quando se comparam os compostos tetragonais com o cúbico GdIn3. Nos outros compostos tetragonais, cuja direção dos momentos tem lugar no plano ab (R = Ce e Sm), TN diminui, e aumenta quando a ordem ocorre ao longo do eixo c. O mecanismo de controle, por efeitos de campo cristalino, do comportamento da orientação dos momentos magnéticos e de TN pode, em particular, ser extrapolado aos compostos tetragonais de Ce já que a supressão de TN , combinada com efeitos de hibridização e efeito Kondo, muito importantes nestes casos, podem provocar fortes flutuações magnéticas no plano ab que, pela sua vez, podem ser relevantes no mecanismo de supercondutividade não convencional quase-2D / Abstract: In this work we present a systematic study of the physical properties (magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and electrical resistivity) and the determination of magnetic structures of a new series of isostructural tetragonal compounds RmMnIn3m+2n(R = Gd, Tb, Sm; M = Rh, Ir; m = 1,2; n = 0,1) exploring their relationships with the interesting physical properties found in other compounds of this family, specially when R = Ce compounds, for whose a heavy fermion behavior with unconventional superconductivity (USC) has been reported. The magnetic structures have been determined using high quality single crystalline samples of Gd2IrIn8, GdRhIn5, GdIn3, TbRhIn5, Tb2RhIn8 and Sm2IrIn8 through the resonant x-ray magnetic scattering (RXMS) technique. Our results show that all these systems order antiferromagnetically in commensurate structures below the ordering temperature (TN) with propagation vectors (1/2,0,0),(0,1/2,1/2),(1/2,1/2,0),(1/2,0,1/2),(1/2,1/2,1/2) and (1/2,0,0), respectively. The magnetic moments of rare earth ions are oriented in the tetragonal ab-plane for R = Gd and Sm2IrIn8 compounds, while for the TbRhIn5 they order along the c-axis direction. The tetragonal Tb-based compounds were synthesized and characterized for the first time during this work. In these cases TN is increased when compared to the TN of the cubic TbIn3 (Tb1-0-3, TN¿32 K), as has been found for tetragonal Nd-based compounds. Regarding the magnetic moment directions in the ordered phase and the TN evolution along the series our results agree with those obtained from a mean field theoretical model, developed by collaborators, which considers an isotropic first-neighbors Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction and tetragonal crystal field effects (CEF) applied to Ce-, Nd- and Tb-based compounds. We can conclude from our results that the CEF effects are responsible in determining the magnetic moment directions for different R ions and varying the tetragonal CEF parameters we can also determine the TN evolution along the series. According to this idea, for Gd-based compounds, where the orbital angular momentum L = 0 and CEF effects are not important, TN is approximately the same for the tetragonal compounds when compared with cubic GdIn3. For those cases with ordered moments along any in-plane direction (R = Ce and Sm) TN decreases while it is increased when the moments orientation take place along the c-axis. The CEF effects-driven mechanism to determine the behavior of magnetic moment directions and TN, well explained by the mean field model, could be extrapolated to Ce-based compounds where combined with hybridization and Kondo effects, whose are very important, may create strong in-plane magnetic uctuations that can mediate the quasi-2D unconventional superconductivity in these systems / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

O trabalho aqui desenvolvido teve como objeto o estudo estrutural e funcional de várias proteínas do fitopatógeno Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac), dentre as quais se destacam as proteínas hipotéticas conservadas YaeQ e SufE, as proteínas RpfC, RpfF e RpfG envolvidas em quorum sensing e proteínas PilZ, FimX e PilB envolvidas na biogênese do pilus tipo IV. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas incluindo: clonagem, expressão, purificação, desnaturação térmica, cristalografia, difração de raios-X, RMN, ensaios de 2-híbrido, produção de nocautes, mutação sítio dirigida, Western- e Far- Western, entre outras. Dentre os resultados mais importantes obtidos temos a determinação estrutural das proteínas YaeQ e PilZ pela técnica MAD. Em ambos os casos, as estruturas representaram topologias inéditas. Com base nos dados estruturais, mostramos que YaeQ pertence à família PD-(D/E)XK presente em endonucleases dependentes de magnésio, e a partir de ensaios funcionais obtivemos evidências que sugerem que YaeQ está envolvida em alguma via de reparo de DNA em Xac. A estrutura tridimensional de PilZ revelou uma inesperada variedade estrutural dentro da família PilZ e mostrou de forma clara porque ortólogos não interagem com o segundo mensageiro bacteriano, c-diGMP. A cadeia principal de PilZ foi assinalada por RMN e a estrutura secundária de PilZ em solução é consistente com aquela determinada por cristalografia. Duas proteínas que interagem com PilZ foram identificadas: PilB e FimX. Como PilZ, ambos exercem papéis na biogênese do pilus tipo IV (T4P). Mostramos que PilZ interage especificamente com o domínio EAL de FimX e que resíduos conservados na região do C-terminal de PilZ estão envolvidos na interação com PilB, mas não com FimX. Ensaios de mutação sítio dirigida mostraram que a Y22 de PilZ pode estar envolvida na regulação da interação de PilZ com FimX e com PilB. Apesar de PilZ não interagir com c-diGMP seu parceiro, FimX, interage. PilZ consegue interagir com PilB ao mesmo tempo em que interage com FimX, formando um complexo ternário que é independente da interação de FimX com c-diGMP. Com base em todos estes resultados propusemos possíveis mecanismos de ação de PilZ e FimX no controle da biogênese do T4P. Além dos resultados acima descritos, determinamos a estrutura de SufE e mostramos que esta aumenta a atividade cisteína dessulfarase de seu parceiro, SufS, em torno de 10 vezes, como ocorre com SufE-SufS de E.coli. Clonamos, expressamos, purificamos e fizemos ensaios de cristalização de algumas proteínas envolvidas no controle de quorum sensing em Xac. Tivemos êxito na cristalização do domínio HPT (histidina fosfotransferase) da proteína chave deste sistema, RpfC / The aim of the project was to perform structural and functional studies of different Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac) proteins including the hypothetical proteins YaeQ and SufE; RpfC, RpfF and RpfG involved in the quorum sensing and PilZ, FimX and PilB that play roles in type IV pilus (T4P) biogenesis. Several experimental techniques were employed including cloning, expression and purification of recombinant proteins, thermal denaturation, protein crystallography, X-ray diffraction, NMR, two-hybrid assays, Western- and Far-Western Blotting assays, site direct mutagenesis, and the production of Xac knockouts strains. The most important results include the determination of the three-dimensional crystal structures of PilZ and YaeQ using the MAD technique. In both cases, the structures reveled new protein topologies. The comparison of the YaeQ structure with others deposited in public databases revealed that YaeQ proteins represent a new variation within the PD-(D/E)XK magnesium dependent endonucleases superfamily. Functional assays suggest that YaeQ may be envolved in DNA repair in Xac. The PilZ three-dimensional structure revealed an unexpected structural variation within the PilZ domain superfamily and showed why PilZ orthologs are not able to bind the important bacterial second messenger, c-diGMP. We assigned the PilZ main chain by NMR and used this information to demonstrate that the PilZ secondary structure in solution is consistent with the PilZ crystal structure. We identified two proteins that interact with PilZ: PilB and FimX. As with PilZ, both PilB and FimX are involved in T4P biogenesis. PilZ binds specifically to the EAL domain of FimX and the conserved residues located in the PilZ unstructured C-terminal region contribute to binding with PilB but not with FimX. Site direct mutagenesis studies showed that PilZ residue Y22 is necessary for its capability to interact with both PilB and FimX. Although PilZ does not bind c-diGMP, her partner, FimX, does. We present evidence that PilZ can bind simultaneously to FimX and PilB, forming a ternary complex that is independent of c-diGMP. These results allow us to propose possible mechanisms by which PilZ and FimX control T4P biogenesis. Other results obtained during this period include the resolution of the crystal structure of the SufE protein from Xac using the molecular replacement technique. We show that SufE induces a 10-fold increase in the cysteine desulfurase activity of SufS, similar to that observed for the SufE-SufS complex from E. coli. Several proteins involved in quorum sensing and c-di-GMP signaling were cloned, expressed and submitted to crystallization trials. Crystals of the HPT (histidine phophotransferase) domain) of the RpfC sensor histidine kinase were obtained

Die Arbeit behandelt die vielseitigen Möglichkeiten im Bereich der Kristallstrukturanalyse mit Röntgenstrahlung, welche sich zusätzlich bei resonanter Anregung von Elektronenübergängen ergeben. Existierende resonante Methoden aus diesem Bereich werden im materialwissenschaftlichen Kontext neu dargelegt und ausgebaut. Zudem werden neue Methoden zur Strukturverfeinerung vorgestellt, welche darauf zielen, mithilfe resonanter Anregung kleine Abweichungen von der Idealstruktur oder aber Phasenumwandlungen zu beschreiben. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die hier erstmals ausgearbeitete Methode der Unterdrückung von Beugungsintensität durch Variation der atomaren Streufaktoren über gezieltes Einstellen der Röntgenenergie. Dies ist stark abhängig von internen Strukturparametern und ermöglichte so eine pikometergenaue Bestimmung von Atompositionen in einer neuen, polaren Oberflächenschicht des Strontiumtitanats. Weitere Anwendungen auf verschiedene Klassen kristalliner Materialien werden vorgestellt und basieren auf unterschiedlichen Aspekten resonanter Beugung wie zum Beispiel verbotenen Reflexen.

Ce mémoire de doctorat rassemble les travaux réalisés dans le cadre d’une étude analytique approfondie et systématique des substances à odeur boisée. Ces substances définissent une famille d’ingrédients unanimement appréciés pour leurs notes puissantes et recherchés par les parfumeurs pour composer les accords parmi les plus emblématiques de la profession. Les matières premières inscrites au programme de cette étude sont les essences de Gaïac, d’Araucaria, de Patchouli, de Cyprès Jaune d’Alaska, de Vétiver et d’Agarwood, ainsi que certains de leurs produits dérivés. La plupart de ces matières premières sont couramment utilisées par l’industrie du parfum. Leur spécificité provient de leur composition chimique très largement dominée par les dérivés sesquiterpéniques, conférant ainsi à ces extraits une complexité moléculaire indéniable. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse de doctorat ont consisté à améliorer la connaissance de ces matières premières en termes de composition chimique, à déterminer autant que possible les composés odorants contribuant à leur odeur, et enfin d’explorer d’éventuelles voies de valorisation pour ces mêmes ingrédients à l’échelle industrielle.La méthodologie analytique développée tout au long de l’étude a nécessité l’utilisation combinée d’un large éventail de techniques chromatographiques, spectrométriques et spectroscopiques pour parvenir à caractériser ces matières premières au plus près et à réaliser l’isolement de leurs constituants inconnus. Ainsi, ces travaux s’articulent autour de quatre outils centraux : la chromatographie gazeuse bidimensionnelle intégrale couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC × GC–MS), la chromatographie gazeuse couplée à l’olfactométrie (GC–O), la chromatographie gazeuse semi-préparative (GC prép.) et la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Près de 190 composés ont été isolés et caractérisés dont 107 sont décrits pour la première fois comme constituants d’extraits naturels. / This Ph.D. dissertation sums up the work carried out as part of a thorough and systematic analytical study of woody-scented substances. These substances define a family of ingredients unanimously appreciated for their powerful notes, and sought by perfumers to compose some of the most emblematic accords in perfumery. The raw materials included in the frame of this study are the oils of Guaiac, Araucaria, Patchouli, Alaska Yellow Cypress, Vetiver, and Agarwood, as well as some of their by-products. Most of these raw materials are ingredients commonly used by the perfume industry. Their chemical specificity comes from their composition largely dominated by sesquiterpene derivatives, giving these extracts an undeniable molecular complexity. The main objectives of this Ph.D. thesis were to improve the knowledge of these raw materials in terms of chemical composition, to determine as much as possible the odorous compounds contributing to their odor, and finally to explore possible ways of valorization for these products on an industrial scale.The analytical methodology developed throughout this study required the combined use of a wide range of chromatographic, spectrometric, and spectroscopic techniques in order to characterize these raw materials as precisely as possible and achieve the isolation of their unknown constituents. Thus, our work revolved around four central tools: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC–O), preparative capillary-gas chromatography (pc-GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Almost 190 compounds have been isolated and characterized, 107 of which are described for the first time as constituents of natural extracts.

La synthèse de matériaux zéolithiques est régie par de nombreux paramètres, en particulier la nature de l'hétéroélément associé au silicium et celle de l'agent organique structurant. Ainsi, l'introduction de germanium dans les milieux réactionnels ainsi que l'utilisation de structurants dérivés d'imidazole, les cations 1-éthyl-3-méthylimidazolium et 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium, ont permis la découverte de deux nouveaux solides microporeux nommés respectivement IM-16 et IM-20 et présentant des topologies de charpente inédites (respectivement UOS et UWY). De plus, un troisième germanosilicate poreux nommé IM-17 a été obtenu en présence du cation décaméthonium. Chacun de ces trois matériaux possède un système tridimensionnel de canaux avec des ouvertures de 8 et 10 atomes T (IM-16) ou de 10 et 12 atomes T (IM-17 et IM-20), ainsi que des unités de construction composites d4r au sein de leur charpente. Enfin, une partie importante du travail a été consacrée à l'élaboration de molécules structurantes originales (dérivés du décahydro-dicyclopenta[b,d]pyrrole) puis de leur emploi en synthèse hydrothermale. Ces essais ont permis d'obtenir divers matériaux déjà connus, parmi lesquels les zéolithes IM-12 (UTL), ITQ-7 (ISV), ITQ-17 (BEC) et ITQ-21. / The synthesis of zeolitic materials is ruled by numerous parameters, particularly the nature of the heteroelement associated with silicon and of the organic structure-directing agent (SDA). The introduction of germanium into the synthesis gels and the use of imidazole-derived SDAs, the cations 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, allowed us to discover two new microporous solids named IM-16 and IM-20 and exhibiting novel framework structures (respectively UOS and UWY). Furthermore, a third porous germanosilicate named IM-17 was obtained in the presence of the decamethonium cation. Each of these materials possesses a three-dimensional channel system with 8- and 10-ring pores (IM-16) or 10- and 12-ring pores (IM-17 and IM-20), as well as double-4-ring (d4r) composite building units in their framework. Finally, an important part of this work was dedicated to the elaboration of original SDAs (decahydro-dicyclopenta[b,d]pyrrole derivatives) and their use in hydrothermal synthesis. This led to the synthesis of several known zeolites such as IM-12 (UTL), ITQ-7 (ISV), ITQ-17 (BEC) and ITQ-21.

Die Arbeit behandelt die vielseitigen Möglichkeiten im Bereich der Kristallstrukturanalyse mit Röntgenstrahlung, welche sich zusätzlich bei resonanter Anregung von Elektronenübergängen ergeben. Existierende resonante Methoden aus diesem Bereich werden im materialwissenschaftlichen Kontext neu dargelegt und ausgebaut. Zudem werden neue Methoden zur Strukturverfeinerung vorgestellt, welche darauf zielen, mithilfe resonanter Anregung kleine Abweichungen von der Idealstruktur oder aber Phasenumwandlungen zu beschreiben. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die hier erstmals ausgearbeitete Methode der Unterdrückung von Beugungsintensität durch Variation der atomaren Streufaktoren über gezieltes Einstellen der Röntgenenergie. Dies ist stark abhängig von internen Strukturparametern und ermöglichte so eine pikometergenaue Bestimmung von Atompositionen in einer neuen, polaren Oberflächenschicht des Strontiumtitanats. Weitere Anwendungen auf verschiedene Klassen kristalliner Materialien werden vorgestellt und basieren auf unterschiedlichen Aspekten resonanter Beugung wie zum Beispiel verbotenen Reflexen.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Phasenbildung im ternären System Ni(OH)2-NiCl2-H2O systematisch untersucht. Die basischen Nickel(II)-chlorid Phasen NiCl(OH), Ni2Cl(OH)3, NiClx(OH)2-x, Ni3Cl2+x(OH)4-x ∙ 2 H2O mit x = 0,26; 0,48; 0,82 und Ni3Cl2+x(OH)4-x ∙ 4 H2O mit x = 0,10 konnten phasenrein hergestellt und deren Kristallstrukturen mittels hochauflösender Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie aufgeklärt werden. Die so erhaltenen strukturellen Daten wurden durch Anwendung von IR-und Spektroskopie, UV/VIS-Spektroskopie, SQUID-Messungen, Thermoanalysen und temperaturaufgelöster in-situ Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie als komplementäre Methoden bestätigt. Weiterhin konnte eine allgemein anwendbare Routine zur Beschreibung der Diffraktionseffekte stapelfehlerbehafteter Schichtverbindungen für das Programm TOPAS entwickelt werden. Die Bildung und Stabilität der basischen Nickel(II)-chlorid Phasen in wässriger Nickel(II)-chlorid Lösung wurde systematisch bei 200°C und 25°C über Zeiträume von zwei Jahren untersucht und Löslichkeitsdaten ermittelt. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Magnesium Oxid und basischen Magnesiumchlorid Phasen mit wässrigen nickelhaltigen Magnesiumchlorid Lösungen. Hierbei konnte die Mischkristallbildung zwischen analogen basischen Magnesium- und Nickel(II)-chloridphasen beobachtet werden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass basische Magnesiumchloride und Magnesiumoxid ein gutes Rückhaltevermögen für gelöstes Nickel aufweisen und dass ein Zutritt von gelöstem Nickel weder die Pufferwirkung noch die Beständigkeit der basischen Magnesiumchlorid Phasen beeinträchtigt.

No description available.

No description available.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Phasenbildung im ternären System Ni(OH)2-NiCl2-H2O systematisch untersucht. Die basischen Nickel(II)-chlorid Phasen NiCl(OH), Ni2Cl(OH)3, NiClx(OH)2-x, Ni3Cl2+x(OH)4-x ∙ 2 H2O mit x = 0,26; 0,48; 0,82 und Ni3Cl2+x(OH)4-x ∙ 4 H2O mit x = 0,10 konnten phasenrein hergestellt und deren Kristallstrukturen mittels hochauflösender Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie aufgeklärt werden. Die so erhaltenen strukturellen Daten wurden durch Anwendung von IR-und Spektroskopie, UV/VIS-Spektroskopie, SQUID-Messungen, Thermoanalysen und temperaturaufgelöster in-situ Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie als komplementäre Methoden bestätigt. Weiterhin konnte eine allgemein anwendbare Routine zur Beschreibung der Diffraktionseffekte stapelfehlerbehafteter Schichtverbindungen für das Programm TOPAS entwickelt werden. Die Bildung und Stabilität der basischen Nickel(II)-chlorid Phasen in wässriger Nickel(II)-chlorid Lösung wurde systematisch bei 200°C und 25°C über Zeiträume von zwei Jahren untersucht und Löslichkeitsdaten ermittelt. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Magnesium Oxid und basischen Magnesiumchlorid Phasen mit wässrigen nickelhaltigen Magnesiumchlorid Lösungen. Hierbei konnte die Mischkristallbildung zwischen analogen basischen Magnesium- und Nickel(II)-chloridphasen beobachtet werden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass basische Magnesiumchloride und Magnesiumoxid ein gutes Rückhaltevermögen für gelöstes Nickel aufweisen und dass ein Zutritt von gelöstem Nickel weder die Pufferwirkung noch die Beständigkeit der basischen Magnesiumchlorid Phasen beeinträchtigt.