Orientador: Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T16:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_JulianaMariaLeiteNobregade_D.pdf: 12204260 bytes, checksum: 81d1e3e2a50ff11707866a644a4ad381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Lipídios estruturados específicos (LE) constituem uma fonte lipídica de elevado valor nutricional em função das modificações ocorridas em sua composição e distribuição específica de ácidos graxos na molécula do glicerol, visando aplicações médicas, nutricionais e alimentícias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção enzimática de LE a partir da interesterificação entre triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (TCM) e ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa (EEAGCL), aplicando a tecnologia de membranas, associada ou não à tecnologia de fluido supercrítico, durante a síntese e/ou purificação dos LE. As condições de obtenção dos EEAGCL, utilizados como substratos na obtenção dos LE, foram otimizadas através de planejamento experimental 23. Obteve-se taxa de conversão máxima de 95%, a 40°C, 1% de NaOH, 36% de etanol anidro, tempo de reação de 5 minutos e agitação de 600 rpm. Parâmetros reacionais como, diferentes valores de atividade de água (aw), uso de peneira molecular (10%p/p), razão molar de substratos de 1:2 e 1:4 (TCM/EEAGCL) e diferentes enzimas (Lipozyme TL 1Me RM 1M)foram avaliados na cinética de interesterificação do LE em reator por batelada, a 60°C. Verificou-se maior cinética para a enzima Lipozyme TL 1M,para aw entre 0,30 - 0,43 e razão molar de 1:4. O uso de peneira molecular (10% p/p) conferiu discreto aumento na incorporação de EEAGCL nos TCM. No sistema de reator de interesterificação piloto foram avaliados o efeito do condicionamento da enzima na mistura reacional (TCM + EEAGCL) e a influência da razão molar de substratos. A enzima agindo com aw original (0,33) conferiu maior incorporação quando comparada com a enzima previamente condicionada na mistura reacional, para 30 horas de reação, 67 e 48%, respectivamente. Quando se passou a razão molar dos substratos de 1:3 para 1:4 houve aumento no percentual de incorporação e o tempo necessário para a incorporação máxima no TCM (-66,6%) foi reduzido de 30 para 10 horas. A aplicação da tecnologia de membranas no sistema de obtenção enzimático de LE foi avaliada em reator de membrana plana (poliméricas) a 60°C, com agitação de 600 rpm, utilização da enzima Lipozyme TL 1M (5% peso/substrato) e razão molar de 1:3 - TCM/EEAGCLo. uso de membranas favoreceu a incorporação de EEAGCL nos TCM a partir de 54 horas de reação e ao final de 102 horas foi de 70 e 57%, com e sem membrana, respectivamente. Os teores de AGE w-6 e w-3 observados foram de 23,5 e 11,7%, respectivamente. No entanto, a razão entre os AGE ro-6/ro-3 não apresentou variação significativa. A associação do processo de membrana enzimática e fluidificação por dióxido de carbono supercrítico (C02SC) também foi avaliada. A enzima Candida antartica foi imobilizada por ligação covalente a uma camada de biopolímero (Gelatina/PEI), adsorvida na membrana tubular (aalumina). Os experimentos foram conduzidos a 60°C e pressão transmembrana de 0,05MPa. Pressões de C02 (PC02) de 6, 12 e 18MPa foram avaliadas. Verificou-se uma grande influência da PC02 sobre a cinética de interesterificação, tendo a PC02 de 18MPa permitido incorporação máxima de 34,5% de EEAGCL no TCM; dentre os quais 24,7% de ácidos graxos essenciais. Experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de purificar o LE através da extração por C02SC dos subprodutos do meio reacional e retenção seletiva do LE através de membrana de osmose reversa. Foram avaliadas diferentes pressões de CO2 (9, 11 e 13MPa) e pressões transmembranas (1, 2, 3 e 4MPa), a 40°C. A membrana de osmose reversa BW-30 apresentou boa resistência às pressões utilizadas e maior retenção de triacilgliceróis nos testes seletivos. Incrementos na PC02 de 9 a 13MPa ocasionaram decréscimos no fator de retenção de triacilgliceróis devido ao aumento na solubilização dos solutos e consequente redução na seletividade da extração. O fator máximo de retenção de triacilgliceróis foi obtido com baixa PCO2 (9MPa) e baixa pressão transmembrana (0,7MPa). A membrana apresentou, no período de estabilização, um fator de retenção de triacilgliceróis médio de 95% e máximo a partir de 3 horas de filtração. A utilização de baixa temperatura (40°C) na extração e purificação do LE confere boa proteção aos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados contra a oxidação e migração acila / Abstract: Specific-structured lipids (SL) are a lipid source with high nutritional value due to changes in its glycerol backbone's fatty acid composition and specific distribution aiming medical, nutritional and food applications. This study had as objective the production of SL through enzymatic interesterification between medium chain triacylglycerol (MCT) and long chain fatty acid ethyl esters (LCFAEt) applying membrane technology, with or without supercritical fluid technology for synthesis and/or SL purification. The production conditions of LCFAEt, used to obtain SL, were optimized according to an experimental planning (23). Ethyl esters' conversion rate was 95%, at 40°C, 1% NaOH, 36% ethanol, running 5 minutes under 600rpm stirring speed. Reaction parameters like water activity (aw), moisture absorbent (10%w/w), molar ratio between substrates of 1:2 e 1:4 (MCT/LCFAEt) and types of enzymes (Lipozyme TL 1Mand RM 1M)were evaluated according to their influences on the SL interesterification in the batch reactor, at 60°C. The best incorporation results were obtained using Lipozyme TL 1Mwith aw between 0,30- 0,43.and molar ratio of 1:4. 10% (p/p) of moisture absorbent the interesterification kinetic presented a discreet increase. The impact of the enzyme conditioning process in the blend and the influence of the molar ratio of substrates were evaluated in the pilot reactor system. The usage of the enzyme with original water activity (0,33) provided higher kinetic incorporation in comparison with the conditioned enzyme, for a reaction time of 30 hours, 67 and 48%, respectively. The increase in the molar ratio of substrates from 1:3 to 1:4 improved the kinetic incorporation and reduced the maximum incorporation reaction time (66,6%) from 30 to 10 hours. The usage of membrane technology in the enzymatic system to obtain SL was evaluated in a plain membrane reactor (polymeric) under 60°C temperature; 600rpm stirring speed; Lipozyme TL 1M enzyme (5% based on substrates' weight) and molar ratio of substrates of 1:3(MCT/LCFAEt). The application of membranes increased the kinetic incorporation of LCFAEt in the MCT afier 54 hours of reaction. In the end of 102 hours incorporation was 70 and 57%, with and without membrane in the reactor, respectively. The final SL, obtained with and without membrane, showed fatty essential acids composition of 23,5 and 11,7%, respectively. However, the ratio between the essential fatty acids 00-6/00-3was not significantly different. The coupling of the membrane filtration process and fluidification by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was also evaluated. The enzyme (Candida antartica) was immobilized on the membrane support (a-alumina) by covalent attachment to a gelatin/PEI layer previously adsorbed. Tests were performed at 60°C and O,O5MPa of transmembrane pressure. CO2 pressures (PCO2) of 6, 12 and 18MPa were evaluated. This parameter showed a high influence in the kinetic interesterification, with highest incorporation value of LCFAEt in the MCT (34,5%) at 18MPa, being 24,7% of essential fatty acids. Tests to purify the SL by SCCO2extraction of the undesired solutes and triacylglycerol retention by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane were also performed. PCO2 of 9, 11 and 13MPa and transmembrane pressure of 1, 2, 3 and 4MPa were evaluated at temperature of 40°C. Reverse osmosis membrane (BW-30) demonstrated good resistance to the pressure conditions and higher triacylglycerol retention. The increment in the PCO2 from 9 to 13MPa reduced the triacylglycerol retention factor by increasing solute's solubilization. The highest triacilglicerol retention factor was obtained at the lowest PCO2 (9MPa) and at low transmembrane pressure (O,7MPa). The membrane showed, in the initial time, triacylglycerol retention factor of 95% and the maximum value with 3 hours of filtration. The low temperature (40°C) usage in SL extraction and purification reactions provided good protection to the polyunsaturated fatty acids against the oxidation and acyl migration / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

O leite humano é um alimento completo, possui todos os nutrientes em quantidade e qualidade necessárias, proporciona proteção contra infecções e alergias e estimula o sistema imunológico. Os lipídios do leite humano são fonte energética; veículos para as vitaminas lipossolúveis; contêm ácidos graxos poliinsaturados necessários para o desenvolvimento cerebral; contêm precursores de prostaglandinas e hormônios; e são constituintes essenciais para as membranas celulares. Muitas mães, por razões médicas, metabólicas ou econômicas, dependem de fórmulas artificiais para alimentar seus filhos. Portanto, a composição dos ácidos graxos e a sua distribuição nas cadeias dos triacilgliceróis devem ser alvos de estudos em fórmulas infantis, sendo que os triacilgliceróis do leite humano devem servir de modelo para os componentes lipídicos. Recentemente, diversos estudos apontam a interesterificação como alternativa para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar diversas possibilidades da modificação lipídica para a obtenção deste sucedâneo. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram banha e óleo de soja, gorduras facilmente obtidas e de baixo custo no Brasil. Neste trabalho, foram produzidos lipídios estruturados por interesterificação química e enzimática, sendo que na interesterificação enzimática foram utilizadas duas lipases puras, a AY30TM (Candida cylindracea) e a M10TM (Mucor circinelloides), e a lipase imobilizada Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomices lanuginosa). Os lipídios estruturados foram submetidos a análises de suas propriedades químicas e físicas, que foram comparadas às propriedades da gordura do leite humano e do lipídio estruturado comercial BetapolTM. Os resultados apresentados demonstraram a viabilidade da interesterificação como método de modificação para obtenção de lipídios estruturados sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano. Tendo em vista a possibilidade de maior controle reacional devido à especificidade das lipases e a busca por processos ambientalmente corretos, a interesterificação enzimática mostra-se alternativa mais interessante para esta modificação lipídica. A mistura de banha e óleo de soja demonstrou ser opção viável para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano. / Human milk is a complete food with all the nutrients in quantity and quality provides protection against infections and allergies and stimulates the immune system. The lipids of human milk are source of energy; vehicles for liposoluble vitamins; contain polyunsaturated fatty acids for brain development; contain precursors of prostaglandins, hormones; and are essential constituents to the cell membranes. Many mothers, for medical, metabolic or economic reasons, depend on artificial formulas to feed their children. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids and their distribution chains in the triacylglycerols must be targets of studies on infant formula, and the human milk triacylglycerols should be a model for the lipid components. Recently, several studies indicate the interesterification like an alternative for the production of substitutes of human milk fat. The objective of this study was to explore various possibilities of lipid modification to achieve this substitute. The raw materials used were lard and soybean oil, fats easily obtained and cheap in Brazil. In this work, were produced structured lipids by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. For enzymatic interesterification were used two pure lipases, AY30 TM (Candida cylindracea) and M10 (M (Mucor circinelloides) and one immobilized lipase, Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomices lanuginosa). The structured lipids were submitted to analysis of their chemical and physical properties, which were compared with the human milk fat and the structured commercial lipid Betapol TM. The results demonstrated the feasibility of interesterification as a method of modification to obtain structured lipids substitutes of human milk fat. The possibility of greater control reaction because the specificity of lipases and the search for environmentally correct procedures makes enzymatic interesterification the most attractive alternative for modifying lipids. The mixture of soybean oil and lard is a viable alternative for the production of human milk fat substitutes.

A combinação de agentes quimiopreventivos com diferentes mecanismos de ação tem sido considerada uma estratégia promissora para a prevenção do câncer. Dentre os diversos compostos bioativos em alimentos, destacam-se a tributirina, um pró-fármaco do ácido butírico presente em laticínios e produzido pela fermentação de fibras dietéticas, e o óleo de linhaça, fonte de ácido alfa linolênico. Nesse contexto, foi avaliada a atividade quimiopreventiva de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da interesterificação enzimática de tributirina e óleo de linhaça durante a fase de promoção inicial da hepatocarcinogênese experimental. Ratos Wistar machos submetidos ao modelo do hepatócito resistente receberam diariamente, por via intragástrica (i.g), maltodextrina, óleo de linhaça, tributirina, a mistura não esterificada ou lipídios estruturados durante a fase de promoção inicial. O tratamento com lipídios estruturados demonstrou atividade quimiopreventiva comparável à da tributirina, mesmo resultando em menor concentração hepática de ácido butírico. Tanto a tributirina quanto os lipídios estruturados não inibiram a proliferação celular em lesões preneoplásicas, mas induziram a apoptose naquelas em remodelação. Os efeitos inibitórios da tributirina em fases iniciais da hepatocarcinogênese experimental estão relacionados ao aumento da acetilação de histonas e à modulação de processos de translocação nuclear da p53. No presente estudo, foi observado aumento substancial da razão nuclear/citoplasmática de p53 e importina-alfa em fígados de animais submetidos ao modelo e tratados com tributirina, mas não nos tratados com lipídios estruturados. Por outro lado, o tratamento com lipídios estruturados reduziu a expressão dos oncogenes Bcl2, Ccnd2, Pdgfa, Vegfa e aumentou a expressão dos genes supressores de tumor Cdh13, Fhit e Socs3. Assim, embora o potencial quimiopreventivo dos lipídios estruturados seja comparável ao da tributirina, os resultados sugerem que o novo composto não exibe atividade de HDACi, e que seus efeitos inibitórios na hepatocarcinogênese possam ser atribuídos à modulação da expressão de oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor. / Combination of chemopreventive agents with different mechanisms of action has been considered a promising strategy to cancer prevention. Among several bioactive food compounds, tributyrin, a butyric acid prodrug obtained from dairy products and dietetic fiber fermentation, and flax seed oil, a rich source of alpha linolenic acid have shown chemopreventive potential. Here, we evaluated the chemopreventive activity of structured lipids obtained by enzymatic interesterification of tributyrin and flax seed oil during the early promotion phase of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats subjected to the resistant hepatocyte model were treated daily, i.g, with maltodextrin, flax seed oil, tributyrin, non-sterified blend, or structured lipids. Treatment structured lipids showed similar chemopreventive activity compared to tributyrin, even when structured lipids yielded lower concentrations of butyric in the liver. Tributyrin and structured lipids did not inhibit cell proliferation in preneoplastic lesions, but both of them induced apoptosis in remodeling preneoplastic lesions. In addition, histone acetylation and p21 restored expression tributyrin molecular mechanisms were related to modulation of p53 nuclear shuttling mechanisms. In the present study, it was observed a substantial increase in p53 nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and importin-alpha in preneoplastic livers of tributyrin treated rats, but not in those treated with structured lipids. In contrast, treatment structured lipids downregulated expression of major oncogenes Bcl2, Ccnd2, Pdgfa, and Vegfa; and upregulated expression of critical tumor suppressor genes, Cdh13, Socs3 and Fhit. Hence, although structured lipids and tributyrin show similar chemopreventive potential, the results suggest that the new compound does not exhibit HDACi activity, and that its inhibitory effects may be attributed to the modulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes expression.

Les lipases sont des enzymes présentant un grand intérêt industriel. L’intérêt de ces enzymes a conduit à caractériser ces enzymes, à mieux comprendre leur mécanisme réactionnel et leur cinétique, et à établir des méthodes efficaces de production en système d’expression homologue et hétérologue. Plus récemment, l’ingénierie enzymatique permet d’améliorer les caractéristiques des enzymes. Ce thèse s’est fixé deux objectifs principaux: premièrement, la purification et la fonctionnalisation d’acides gras poly-insaturés de type Omega-3 (PUFAs), et spécialement l’acide cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaénoique (DHA) et deuxièmement la production de lipides structurés (SL). Un premier objectif fut de produire une molécule pharmaceutique, le nicotinyl DHA ester. Le co-substrat du DHA est le nicotinol, un alcool qui après absorption, il est rapidement converti en acide nicotinique (Vitamine B3). La trans-esterification enzymatique entre l’ester éthylique du DHA et le nicotinol a été optimisée dans le but de synthétiser un ester présentant les propriétés cumulatives des deux réactants. Après la sélection de l’enzyme optimale (lipase immobilisée de Candida antarctica; Novozyme 435) et le choix du milieu réactionnel (milieu sans solvant), le procédé a été optimisé. Une conversion supérieure à 97 % a été obtenu en 4 heures avec 45 g.L-1 d’enzyme. Dans ces conditions, une productivité de 4.2 g de produit .h-1.g d’enzyme-1 a été obtenue. Ce projet nécessite une haute pureté en DHA. Un procédé de purification enzymatique a été choisi. Les lipases sont capables de discriminer entre les acides gras en fonction de la longueur de chaine et du degré d’insaturation. Les lipases agissent par résolution cinétique, en réagissant plus efficacement avec les acides gras saturés et mono-insaturés qu’avec les PUFAs résistants. La lipase YLL2 de Yarrowia lipolytica apparait comme un bon candidat car elle est homologue à une des lipases les plus efficaces, la lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus. YLL2 a permis d’obtenir une discrimination très efficace. Les raisons de la sélectivité de l’enzyme ont été identifiées : il s’agit du positionnement de la double liaison la plus proche de la fonction carboxylique. La concentration en DHA la plus élevée a été obtenue avec YLL2 (73%) avec un pourcentage de récupération du DHA-EE de 89%. YLL2 est par conséquent l’enzyme décrite la plus efficace pour la purification du DHA.La mutagénèse ciblée dans le site actif de YLL2 a été utilisée pour améliorer la sélectivité de cette enzyme. L’analyse de la structure 3D et les alignements avec des lipases homologues a permis de choisir les cibles de mutagénèse dirigée. Les acides aminés cibles ont été changés de manière à restreindre ou élargir le site actif. De ce premier screening de variantes deux positions ont permis d’améliorer la spécificité de l’enzyme, les positions I100 et V235. Finalement la saturation de ces 2 positions a été réalisée. Le dernier objectif de la thèse était la production de SL par acidolysis enzymatique entre l'huile d'olive vierge et les acides caprylic ou capric utilisant la lipase YLL2 immobilisé. Le SL obtenu devrait être riche en acide oléique à la position sn-2 tandis que les C8:0 et C10:0 devraient être principalement estérifiés aux positions sn-1,3. YLL2 immobilisé sur Accurel 1000 a été testé dans un système sans solvant. La réaction d’acidolysis d'huile d'olive avec C8:0 ou C10:0 a été optimisée avec la méthodologie de surface de réponse (RSM). / Lipases are enzymes with applications extended to a wide variety of industries. The variety of lipases applications led to increased research to characterize them and better understand their kinetics and reaction mechanisms and to establish methods for lipase production in homologous and heterologous expression systems. Lately enzymatic engineering allowed the improvement of lipase characteristics. This thesis project studies the use of lipases for two main objectives: lipase-catalyzed purification and functionalization of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and production of structured lipids (SL). DHA was used for the synthesis of a pharmaceutical molecule, the nicotinyl DHA ester. The co-substrate of the reaction was nicotinol, an alcohol from the group B pro-vitamin, which after absorption is rapidly converted into nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3). The enzymatic trans-esterification of DHA ethyl esters with nicotinol was optimised to synthesise an ester presenting the cumulative properties of the two reactants. After enzyme (immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica; Novozym 435) and reaction medium (solvent-free system) selection, the process was optimised. A conversion to nicotinyl-DHA superior to 97 % was obtained in 4 hours using 45 g.L-1 of enzyme. With a productivity of 4.2 g of product .h-1.g of enzyme-1.This project requires DHA of high purity. Enzymatic purification was chosen for the production of DHA concentrates. Lipases can discriminate between fatty acids in function of their chain length and saturation degree. Lipases react more efficiently with the bulk of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than with the PUFAs. The objective was the discovery of more specific enzymes for DHA purification. The lipase Lip2 from Yarrowia lipolytica (YLL2) appears as a good candidate since it is homologous to one of the most efficient lipase, the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. YLL2 enables a high discrimination to be obtained, enzyme selectivity being principally due to the positioning of the double-bond the closest from the carboxylic group. The highest concentration of DHA was obtained with YLL2 (73%) with a recovery percentage of DHA-EE of 89%. YLL2 is the most efficient described lipase for DHA purification.Site directed mutagenesis was used to improve YLL2 from Y. lipolytica. Using its three dimensional structure and alignment with homologous lipases, targets for site directed mutagenesis were chosen. Chosen amino acids were substituted by two amino acids of different sizes. From the screening of variants two positions with promising specificities where chosen, positions I100 and V235. Finally saturation of both positions and the analysis of their performances in the selected reactions were carried out. The last objective was the production of SL by enzymatic acidolysis between virgin olive oil and caprylic or capric acids using immobilized Lip2 from Y. lipolytica. The SL obtained should be rich in oleic acid at the sn-2 position while C8:0 and C10:0 should be mainly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions. Lip2 from Y. lipolytica immobilized on Accurel MP 1000 was tested in a solvent-free system. The acidolysis reaction of olive oil with C8:0 or C10:0 was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM)

La caractérisation de l'activité enzymatique des (phospho)lipases requiert des tests enzymatiques spécifiques, continus, utilisant des substrats lipidiques et adaptés au criblage à haut débit des activités et/ou des inhibiteurs de (phospho)lipases. Afin de développer de tels tests, la synthèse de glycérophosphatidylcholine (PC) estérifiée en position sn-1 et/ou sn-2 par l'acide alpha-éléostéarique (acide 9Z, 11E, 13E, octadécatriénoïque) a été effectuée. La triple insaturation conjuguée présente au sein de cet acide gras constitue un chromophore intrinsèque qui confère une forte absorption dans le domaine de l'ultra-violet à cet acide gras et aux lipides le contenant. Les PC contenant l'acide alpha-éléostéarique ont été adsorbées par « coating » au fond des puits d'une microplaque de titration. L'hydrolyse du substrat lipidique par une phospholipase A1 (PLA1) ou phospholipase A2 (PLA2), injectée dans le milieu réactionnel, est suivie en continu par l'augmentation de l'absorbance à 272 nm, due à la transition de l'acide alpha-éléostéarique de la phase adsorbée à la phase aqueuse. Des PC hétérogènes ont été synthétisées à partir de rac-glycidol pour effectuer un marquage sélectif de la PC par l'acide alpha-éléostéarique sur la position sn-1 (EOPC) ou sn-2 (OEPC). Pour empêcher la migration de la chaîne acyle, un lien éther non hydrolysable par les PLA1 ou PLA2 a été introduit sur l'autre position sn de la PC avec une chaîne alkyl (C18). Ces PC chimiquement définies ont permis d'élaborer une méthode de dosage en continu de l'activité enzymatique et discriminant les activités PLA1 ou PLA2, ce qui représente un caractère innovant par rapport à toutes les méthodes existantes / The characterization of the catalytic activity of (phospho)lipases requires specific assays, that are continuous, sensitive, use lipidic substrates and could be applied to high throughput screening. In order to perform these tests, several tailor-made alpha-eleostearic (9Z, 11E, 13E-octadecatrienoic acid) containing glycerophosphatidylcholines (PC) have been synthetized with the alpha-eleostearic acid at the position sn-1 and/or sn-2. The conjugated triene present in this fatty acid constitutes an intrinsic chromophore and, consequently, confers strong UV absorption properties of the fatty acid and the lipids harboring it. PC substrates were coated onto a microplate well and the phospholipase A1 (PLA1) or phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was measured continuously by the increase in absorbance, at 272 nm, due to the transition of alpha-eleostearic acid from the adsorbed to the soluble state. Moreover, two structured analogues of PC labeled at the sn-1 (EOPC) or sn-2 (OEPC) position with the alpha-eleostearic acid have been synthetized from rac-glycidol. A non-absorbing and non-hydrolysable by PLA1 and PLA2 O-ether alkyl(C18) was introduced at the other sn position to prevent intramolecular acyl chain migration during the synthesis and the lipolysis. These structured PC were coated onto a microplate and used in a continuous assay, to discriminate, with excellent accuracy, between PLA1 or PLA2 activities. The development of a sensitive enzymatic method using coated substrates analogues to natural lipid is a relevant improvement from current assays for measuring continuously (phosphor)lipases activities and/or their inhibitors due to the alpha-eleostearic acid UV spectroscopic properties