dissertation submitted to the Department of History in fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Arts Degree in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2017. / This research study addresses the organisational operations and the impact of the Pan Africanist Congress of South Africa (later- of Azania) in the liberation struggle from its inception to 1990. Having been formed in 1959 by a coterie of renegade African National Congress (ANC) members, the PAC masqueraded as the Africanist movement. ‘Africanist’ is a 19th century ideology that says that black people should determine their own future - Africa for the Africans. The ideology of the PAC embodied external Africanist influences as well as South African experiences. This was clearly illustrated in the basic documents of the organisation, e.g. the Pan Africanist Manifesto, PAC Disciplinary Code, the Constitution, Oath of Allegiance and most importantly, Sobukwe’s inaugural address. These documents show how the Africanists conceived of the South African struggle as part of the broader struggle of the peoples of Africa against colonialism, imperialism and white domination. The PAC was barely a year old when it was banned in 1960 with its leaders restricted and scattered before they could clearly formulate a coherent approach on many pressing issues like African socialism, dialectical materialism, co-operation with other population groups and their attitude towards the South African Communist Party (SACP) and its members. It is generally believed that through 40 years of exile, self-marginalisation, political somersaults and internal leadership wrangles, the one point of consistency has been the PAC's attempt to define itself in opposition to the ANC. A plethora of scholars have over the years extensively and painstakingly researched the role of the PAC in the struggle for the liberation of South Africa. However, a survey of the available literature on the PAC reveals a lack of in-depth academic analysis of its organizational modus operandi and impact thereof. As such, the research is geared towards studying the dynamics of the PAC’s policies and mode of operations to fill the lacuna that exists in the literature.

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Yes / Although language is gaining increasing attention in the international management literature, much of the existing empirical work takes a mechanistic approach and as such fails to give sufficient attention to the relationship between language policies and power. By synthesizing the language-sensitive literature in international management with that of organization studies, I demonstrate how the choice of language policy can be viewed as a particular application of power and how employees may seek to resist such choices. This is an important contribution to the cross-cultural management literature, as it extends the understanding of the link between language policies and power by moving away from neutral, pragmatic understandings of language use which have dominated previous research. In doing so, it provides future directions for empirical research in order to enable a deeper understanding of the microprocesses by which employees subjectively experience and resist the imposition of such policies.

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This thesis is concerned with a particularly interesting period in the history of the Roman Republic. The period is called the Struggle of the Orders. The epoch is characteristic by turbulent conflict of two social groups competing for political, economical and social rights in the ancient Roman state. The most prevalent source among others for this thesis is work by historian Titus Livius Patavinus, Ab urbe condita. The study is divided into three chapters, taking into account the different phases of the struggle. The aim of this work is to describe and analyze the critical points of the patrician-plebeian political fight and also illustrate how the struggle affected the constitution of the Roman Republic. The first chapter deals with a several problems in the early Roman Republic: public land, creation of two important plebeian magistrates - tribuni plebis and aediles plebis, oldest agrarian law, plebeian assembly, importance of the Law of the Twelve Tables and Valerian- Horatian laws. The second chapter focuses on Canuleian law, introduction of consular tribunes, case of Manlius Capitolinus and its consequences and finally describes Licinian Sextian laws. The third and final chapter of this study analyzes debt situation of that time, laws of Publilius Philo, Ovinian law, Ogulnian law and concludes with...

Este trabalho pretende demonstrar a existência de um pensamento consistente e coerente na obra de Voltaire. Para tal, num primeiro momento, recorre à finalidade atribuída por esse autor à filosofia, a saber: o combate pelo aperfeiçoamento moral dos homens. Esse caráter bélico de seus textos é o laço a unir sua multifacetária obra, dando-lhe coerência. Num segundo momento, identifica que esse combate pressupõe uma fundamentação das ideias, ou seja, a finalidade da filosofia voltairiana exige um pensamento consistente que lhe serve de alicerce; por fim, expõe quais os pressupostos da realização do combate filosófico, em uma palavra, objetiva compreender como esse combate se efetiva. / This work intends to show the existence of a consistent and coherent thinking in Voltaires work. In order to reach that goal, at first, it is analysed the final usage given to Philosophy by him, in other words: the struggle to mankind moral improvement. This fighting aspect of his texts is the lace that binds his multifacated work together, giving coherence to it. Then, this research identifies that struggle takes for granted based ideas, in other words, the objective of Voltaires Philosophy demands a consistent thinking that serves as its foundation; finally, it exposes the assumptions in which this philosophical struggle happens, in one word , how this struggle takes place.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo reconstruir a experiência coletiva dos grupos de mulheres camponesas Aromas del Campo e Sueños de Mujer. A partir da perspectiva de gênero são analisadas suas práticas e ações na dimensão política, social e econômica no intuito de apreender os caminhos que as mulheres percorrem na sua construção como atores sociais. De igual forma são analisadas as situações do contexto político, social e econômico, nos quais emergiram os grupos; e os fatores socioculturais que influem no processo organizativo, em um cenário marcado pela pobreza rural e a violência do conflito social e armado. Os resultados apontam que no processo de construção dos grupos como atores sociais, as mulheres se defrontam com múltiplas tensões de ordem política, econômica, social e simbólica, tanto na esfera doméstica como na esfera pública, frente às quais os grupos criam diferentes estratégias de resistência no caminho de conquistar a autonomia econômica, política e social das mulheres camponesas. / This research aims to reconstruct the collective experience of two groups of peasant women: \"Aromas del Campo\" and \"Sueños de Mujer.\" From a gender perspective, the practices and actions in the political, social and economic dimensions are analyzed in order to grasp the journeys that women undertook to construct themselves as social actors. In the same way, it will be analyzed the context in which these groups were originated, as well as the sociocultural factors that influences their agency process, in a stage marked by rural poverty and the violence of the social and armed conflict. The results indicate that the process of construction of these groups as social actors, women confront multiple tensions of political, economic, social and symbolic orders, in the private sphere as well as the public sphere. In order to address these tensions, the groups of peasant women create different resistance strategies to achieve social, economic and political autonomy.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo reconstruir a experiência coletiva dos grupos de mulheres camponesas Aromas del Campo e Sueños de Mujer. A partir da perspectiva de gênero são analisadas suas práticas e ações na dimensão política, social e econômica no intuito de apreender os caminhos que as mulheres percorrem na sua construção como atores sociais. De igual forma são analisadas as situações do contexto político, social e econômico, nos quais emergiram os grupos; e os fatores socioculturais que influem no processo organizativo, em um cenário marcado pela pobreza rural e a violência do conflito social e armado. Os resultados apontam que no processo de construção dos grupos como atores sociais, as mulheres se defrontam com múltiplas tensões de ordem política, econômica, social e simbólica, tanto na esfera doméstica como na esfera pública, frente às quais os grupos criam diferentes estratégias de resistência no caminho de conquistar a autonomia econômica, política e social das mulheres camponesas. / This research aims to reconstruct the collective experience of two groups of peasant women: \"Aromas del Campo\" and \"Sueños de Mujer.\" From a gender perspective, the practices and actions in the political, social and economic dimensions are analyzed in order to grasp the journeys that women undertook to construct themselves as social actors. In the same way, it will be analyzed the context in which these groups were originated, as well as the sociocultural factors that influences their agency process, in a stage marked by rural poverty and the violence of the social and armed conflict. The results indicate that the process of construction of these groups as social actors, women confront multiple tensions of political, economic, social and symbolic orders, in the private sphere as well as the public sphere. In order to address these tensions, the groups of peasant women create different resistance strategies to achieve social, economic and political autonomy.