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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the discourse of the Swedish state´s view of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The analyse is made through the Poststructural WPR-approach described in Carol Lee Bacchi and Susan Goodwin´s book Poststructural policy analysis: a guide to practice.[1] Biodiversity is, as the famous 2nd article of the Convention of describes it: “A collective term for all variations that exist within, as well as between, species and ecological systems. Biodiversity focuses on the genetic variation that occurs naturally in the world”.   The problem of this thesis is to examine the discourse of biodiversity and how the representation of the problem looks like. It examines how the policy worker within the Swedish state expresses problem representations in a specific law proposition (Prop. 2013/14:141) which is about A Swedish strategy for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The study object was chosen through a search for suitable policy documents.   This thesis uses Carol Lee Bacchi’s WPR-approach as a methodological and theoretical framework. The research questions for this thesis are therefore inspired by Carol Bacchi´s research questions. Although I use a modified version in Swedish adapted to this study´s purpose.    The thesis shows that the policy-document gives higher emphasis to anthropocentrism than biocentrism. Conclusions are also drawn that the values of nature are given lower priority than values related to humans.  [1] Bacchi, C.L. & Goodwin, S. (2016). Poststructural policy analysis: a guide to practice. New York, NY: Palgrave Pivot. och Bacchi, C.L.

Skolsegregation är ett växande samhällsproblem. Skillnaden mellan skolor har ökat. Denna studie har som avsikt att undersöka hur Göteborgs stad arbetar för att motverka skolsegregation. Studien har genomförts via en kvalitativ textanalys av samtliga nämndehandlingar tillhörande grundskolenämnden mellan januari 2020 - juni 2020. Metoden har haft en stor inverkan på analysen. Det är med hjälp av denna metod och dess metodologiska analysverktyg som problemområdet analyserats i syfte att undersöka vilka orsaker och lösningar som kommunen presenterar. Uppsatsen grundar sig på tidigare forskning och teorier kring skolsegregation utifrån ett strukturellt och individuellt perspektiv. Ett analysschema har utformats för att lättare kunna analysera det empiriska materialet. Resultatet visar att kommunen i likhet med tidigare forskning anser att det är främst samhälleliga strukturer som bidrar till att skolsegregationen har ökat. De främsta orsakerna anses vara boendesegregation och valfrihet inom skolan. Kommunen presenterar ett antal föreslagna lösningar och konkreta åtgärder. Dessa består av omorganisering, nybyggnation, ombyggnation och effektivare ledning.

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This master thesis examines what Sweden’s third largest municipality Malmö want to achieve with the research policy they conduct and how the execution of the policy is organised. The intention is also to explain which factors that limits the city’s organization of the policy. The thesis is based around a case study design and the methodology used to collect the empirical evidence is both a qualitative document study and an interview study. The thesis concludes that the aim of the research policy is to help the cities administrations to use evidence based methods, help the city to achieve a sustainable development, test new social inventions and make the city an attractive employer. The research policy also has a cognitive aim, namely to in cooperation with other societal actors produce knowledge that could solve complex societal problems. Malmö city is internally organising the research policy in a pluralistic fashion which entails that the policy is enacted decentralised in the various administrations. The externally organisation of the research policy is directed towards the Swedish stat and different universities. The third and last conclusions of this thesis is that Malmö city must consider both legal in the form of the Public Procurement Act. The city also must consider economic limitations both in form of project costs but also since the cities research policies are dependent on external financing. The current political and economic institutions also limit the design and execution of the research policy.

This essay is a comparative study of the situation on the labour market for women in Sweden and Italy. Sweden is one of the countries in the European union that has the highest number of working women and one of the most efficient childcare service. Italy on the other hand is in the bottom in both questions. Today we have the acknowledgement that childcare service has a great impact on the possibility for women to combine career and motherhood. The aim of this essay is to study how women’s history and the social norms affect this question with applying Anthony Giddens theory of structuration. Giddens argue that the individuals shapes the society and its structure. The result of the study reveals that in Italy the traditional social norms still are strong. A major part of the Italian men and women still has the opinion that men are not well suited to take care of children. They even think that preschool children suffer if their mothers are working. In Sweden, the social norms are diverse, but we can see that in 1990s a major part of swedes had the same opinion regarding preschool children as the Italian. This has changed over the years and today almost none of the respondents of the survey agrees that preschool children suffer if their mothers are working. This can explain why many Italian mothers do not go back to work after childbirth. And in the longer term; it can explain why the Italian politicians do not fight harder for family politics and more benefits for working mothers.

There are several studies showing the importance of having a well-functioning learning organization and history is full of examples demonstrating what failures or successes can lead to. Therefore, the emphasis of this thesis is to implement Visser´s theory regarding capability and battlefield performance and apply this and measure to which extension the Swedish 2nd Amphibious Battalion utilized organizational learning. The method used in this thesis is a case study consisting of interviews with officers, ranging from platoon to battalion. Results show that the 2nd Amphibious Battalion had an overall productive learning cycle in higher echelons but with deviation regarding lower echelons. Deviation was most prominent concerning learning capability in lower echelons regarding a systematic procedure towards systems to capture and share learning from as well as communications between individuals and higher echelons concerning development orientation and collaboration. 2nd Amphibious Battalion exhibits a decentralized leadership which enables participative decision making. Furthermore, the battalion shows a comprehensive change towards a higher degree of error openness, but with deviation regarding lower echelons.

Ända sen internets födelse och de första datavirusen dök upp har IT- och säkerhetsexperter insett behovet av att jobba tillsammans över nationsgränser. Behovet av att mötas, utbyta erfarenheter och bygga tillit mellan varandra har ledd till att olika expertnätverk av IT-incidenthanteringsteam (CERT/CSIRT) har vuxit fram internationellt och regionalt sedan 90-talet. Två exempel, som uppsatsen studerar, är The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (First) och det europeiska Task Force-CSIRT.  På senare tid har regeringar insett samma sak och sedan mitten av 00-taltet bildat mellantatliga, informella nätverk vad gäller IT-incidenthantering och cybersäkerhet. Två ytterligare exempel, vilket uppsatsen också studerar, är European Governmental CERTs (EGC) och Nordic CERT Cooperation (NCC).  EU tagit även tagit en större roll när det gäller gemensam krishantering. Komissionen och utrikestjänsten lanserade 2013 en cybersäkerhetsstrategi och la samtidigt förslag på ett direktiv för nätverks- och informationssäkerhet (NIS-direktivet) vilket blev verklighet 2016. I direktivet ingår ett EU-nätverk för nationella IT-incidenthanteringsteam (EU CSIRT-Network, EU-CNW), vilken uppsatsen studerar och särskilt jämför med tidigare, ovan nämnda, nätverk. Uppsatsen jämför tre förtroendemodeller för informationsdelning mellan IT-incidentshanteringsenheter, eller CERT/CSIRTs. Till de tre modellerna har fem olika nätverk för samarbete mellan CERT/CSIRTs kategoriserats, med hjälp av strukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes  med fyra personer med relevant bakgrund i ämnet. Undersökningen möjliggör en översiktlig jämförelse mellan de fem nätverken, och en specifik jämförelse av det nyligen skapade EU-nätverket för IT-incidentehantering.  Till sin hjälp drar uppstasen på begreppen sammarbetsdesign och tillit, vilka uppmärksamas av Fägestens (2010) forskning om underrättelsesamarbeten. Vidare operationaliseras jämförelsen efter Hollis (2010) studier av transgovernmental networks (TNGs), vilket granskas efter fyra variabler: medlemskap, struktur, autonomi och funktion. Undersökningen har identifierat tre kategorier, eller förtroendemodeller: den vidöppna metoden, den snäva metoden och den ålagda gemenskapen. Undersökningen har brottats med en skillnad i antalet öppna källor tillhörande de olika CERT-nätverken, vilket har påverkat jämförelsens metodologiska förutsättningar. Undersökningen bekräftade vikten av en frivillig, snäv krets med ett stängd eller kontrollerbart medlemskap som drivande för byggandet av förtroende mellan IT-incidenthanteringsteam. Därför bör EU:s nätverk för IT-incidenthantering vara något av det värsta av alla världar, eftersom det är en öppen krets med obligatoriskt, okontrollberbart medlemskap (om man bortser från EU-medlesmskapet i sig). Samtidigt antyder intervjumaterialet i studien på att EU-nätverket presterade över förväntan i kris, mot bakgrund av ovan variabler. Uppsatsen diskuterar därför EU:s IT-incidenthanteringsnätverk utifrån ett integrationsperspektiv – Mitranys funktionalism och Haas neo-funktionalism – där gemenskap blir ett värde i sig, snarare än operativt informationsutbyte. Detta kräver vidare framtida studier.

Developing and maintaining maritime power is difficult, particularly for small coastal states. However, maritime power is not a concept that merely concerns larger states. This paper relies on theories regarding littoral warfare to analyse the state of current and future Swedish maritime power. This is done by evaluating existing platforms and capabilities as well as future procurements, following the increasing defence budget. The importance of the littorals from an economic and political standpoint has been increasing recently and is thought to be the area in which future naval conflict will unfold. Thus, naval combat envelops more than just ships, pointing to the need of a coastal navy that cooperates with land and air units towards a common goal. While this need might have been realized, it must also be materialized. In the case of the small coastal state with limited resources, this study aims to identify current challenges and priorities regarding units and capabilities to achieve an effective and functional maritime power. The findings of the thesis suggest that Sweden to a certain degree acts according to what theory recommends. Strengths include the possession of advanced surface warfare units and submarines as well as extensive mine warfare capabilities. However, weaknesses shine through in the form of limited, or even completely lacking, anti-air warfare and coastal artillery capabilities. Further, while Sweden is involved in several international cooperations, none of them constitute an actual alliance with binding responsibilities.