Communities on Vancouver Island, British Columbia face significant exposure to damaging earthquakes. This seismic risk arises not only from the Island’s proximity to crustal, sub-crustal and subduction earthquake sources in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and from their associated aftershock sequences, but also from environmental (natural and human-made) and social vulnerabilities in Vancouver Island communities and their current capacities to respond and recover from a large seismic event. Seeking to 1) assist community officials and the general public to better understand the scope of the earthquake risk on Vancouver Island; 2) raise awareness of the gaps in Vancouver Island’s risk assessment; 3) encourage and facilitate comprehensive seismic risk discussions at all levels of governance; and 4) offer quantitative data on which to base sound funding and policy decisions, this dissertation offers three new studies, presented in paper format, toward the comprehensive management of seismic risk on Vancouver Island. The first paper, reviews the components of risk and, building on international risk management standards and best practices, develops a new, comprehensive Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Framework for practitioners. This DRM Framework is then used to review existing knowledge of Vancouver Island’s seismic risk. A number of information gaps are identified, and two in particular, mainshock and aftershock hazard assessment, are targeted for further analysis. / Graduate

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-78). / x, 78 leaves, bound ill. (some col.), map 29 cm

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23713号 / 理博第4803号 / 新制||理||1687(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 河上 哲生, 教授 田上 高広, 教授 下林 典正 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Potsdam, 2003. / "August 2004"--P. [2] of cover. Added thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [83]-93). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-131).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universität Potsdam, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-93). Also available on the Internet.

A região sul da placa Sul-Americana, hoje pertencente à região da Patagônia Argentina e Chilena, formou-se por consequência de acreções continentais desde o Proterozóico. Atualmente, a região é caracterizada por um complexo sistema de placas tectônicas, no qual as placas oceânicas de Nazca, Antártica e Scotia interagem diretamente com a placa continental Sul-Americana através dos processos de subducção e transcorrência. Entre as placas de Nazca e Antártica, ocorre a dorsal do Chile, e a subducção desta dorsal sob a placa Sul-Americana forma a Junção Tríplice do Chile, ocorrendo o soerguimento da astenosfera na região. O magmatismo Cenozóico de composição alcalina que ocorre na região da Patagônia Argentina e Chilena hospeda xenólitos mantélicos ultramáficos de classificação espinélio- e granada-peridotitos. Estes xenólitos são de extrema importância para a caracterização e identificação dos processos atuantes no manto superior abaixo dessa complexa região que hoje é a Patagônia. Estudos do sistema isotópico Re-Os nos xenólitos de Prahuaniyeu (41°20’09.4”S, 67°54’08.1”W), e Chenque (43°38’39.3”S, 68°56’22”W), na região norte da Patagônia Argentina, sugerem que a litosfera abaixo de Prahuaniyeu (TRD ~ 1.69 Ga) é mais antiga que Chenque (TRD ~ 0.71 Ga). Dados de Rb-Sr mostram que a litosfera da região norte da Patagônia possui altas razões 87Sr/86Sr (Prahuaniyeu: 0,7037 a 0,7041; Chenque: 0.7037 a 0.7086), devido fluidos relacionados a desidratação de uma placa de subducção. Através destes dados e dos dados geoquímicos, o manto litosférico subcontinental da região norte da Patagônia sofreu metassomatismo relacionado a slabs derivados de antigas placas de subducção e que proporcionou características de metassomatismo por líquidos/fluidos do tipo-OIB, e atualmente sofreu metassomatismo relacionado aos fluidos derivados da desidratação da placa de subducção atual (Nazca), caracterizados pelo enriquecimento em calcófilos. Todos os peridotitos de Laguna Timone (52°01’39” S, 70°12’53” W), no Campo Vulcânico de Pali Aike, região sul da Patagônia Chilena, também apresentam expressivo enriquecimento nos elementos calcófilos sugerindo que o manto litosférico subcontinental da região sul da Patagônia também foi metasomatisado pelos fluidos derivados da desidratação da placa de subducção atual (Antártica). Em Laguna Timone também há a ocorrência de um glimerito entre os xenólitos e a presença de flogopita e pargasita nos peridotitos classificados como gr-sp lherzolitos, sp-lherzolitos e gr-sp harzburgitos. A presença de um glimerito, de peridotitos com minerais hidratados (flogopita e pargasita) e as similaridades com peridotitos metassomatisados por líquidos astenosféricos (peridotitos do distrito de Manzaz, Argélia e do campo vulcânico Vitim, no lago de Baikal, Sibéria) com baixas razões Ba/Nb, Ba/La e U/Nb, indicam que a litosfera da região sul da Patagônia sofreu metassomatismo por fluidos astenosféricos, ocasionado devido o soerguimento da astensofera durante a passagem da Junção Tríplice do Chile pela região de Pali Aike. / The southern of the South-American plate, today is the Chile and Argentina Patagonia region, was formed as a result of continental accretions since the Proterozoic.Currently, this region is characterized for a complex tectonic plates system, in which Nazca, Antartica and Scotia oceanic plates interact directly to the South-American continental plate by subduction and transcorrent process. Between Nazca and Antartica plate occurs the Chile Ridge, and the Chile Ridge subduction under the South-American plate creates the Chile Triple Junction and the upwelling of underlying asthenospheric mantle in this region. The Cenozoic alkali magamtism that occurs in Patagonia Argentina and Chilena hosts ultramafic mantle xenoliths (spinel- and garnet-peridotites). These xenoliths are extremely important to characterization and identification of the processes that occurred in the upper mantle underneath the Patagonia region. The Re-Os isotopic studies in Prahuaniyeu (41°20’09.4”S, 67°54’08.1”W), and Chenque (43°38’39.3”S, 68°56’22”W) xenoliths, in north Patagonia Argentina, suggests the Prahuaniyeu lithosphere (TRD ~ 1.69 Ga) were formed previously to Chenque (TRD ~ 0.71 Ga). Rb-Sr data show high 87Sr/86Sr ratio (Prahuaniyeu: 0.7037 to 0.7041; Chenque: 0.7037 to 0.7086), suggesting interactions with subduction plate dehydration related fluids. Trough this data, and geochemistry data, the sucontinental lithospheric mantle underneath the north Patagonia region suffered two metasomatic events: one related to the OIB-like melt/fluids from slabs derived by ancient subductions; and another related to the fluids derived from the current subducted plate (Nazca) dehydration, characterized by the chalcophiles enrichment. Peridotites from Laguna Timone (52°01’39” S, 70°12’53” W), in the Pali Aike Volcanic Field, southern Patagonia Chilena region, also shows expressive enrichment in chalcophile elements suggesting metasomatism by fluids from currently subduction (Antartica plate). Another kind of metasomatism occurs in subcontinental lithospheric mantle underneath Pali Aike due the glimmerite occurrence, hydrated minerals (phlogopite and pargasite) in peridotites and similarities with peridotites that suffered metasomatism by asthenospheric melts (Manzaz, Argelia peridotites and Vitim Volcanic Field, Baikal, Siberia peridotites), with low Ba/Nb, Ba/La and U/Nb. All these carachteristics suggest that lithosphere suffered interactions between asthenosphere-lithosphere due upwelling of underlying asthenospheric mantle when the Chile Triple Junction was on the same latitude of Pali Aike.

xvi, 167 p. ; ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Volatiles, particularly H 2 O, play an important role in subduction zone magmatism, from instigating melting of the mantle wedge to influencing the explosivity of eruptions at the surface. To better understand both small-scale eruptive processes and large-scale melt generation processes, concentrations of H 2 O, CO 2 , Cl and S were measured in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from nine monogenetic volcanoes across the Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF) in central Mexico. Melt inclusions, tiny blebs of melt trapped within crystals during growth, record pre-eruptive melt compositions and dissolved volatile contents. Analyses of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the long-lived (15 years) eruption of Volcan Jorullo illustrate the complexities of cinder cone eruptions. The later-erupted melt inclusions record decreases in crystallization depths, increases in magma storage time, and shallow assimilation of granitic bedrock, suggesting significant evolution of the magma plumbing system over time. Because melt inclusions are trapped at variable depths during magma crystallization, they record progressive degassing of melts during ascent and eruption. Degassing of basaltic melts is variable due to differences in solubility of the volatile components. Estimated volatile solubilities based on variations in melt inclusion data for the MGVF suggest that Cl and S have high solubility, with little to no degassing of these species during ascent and eruption, whereas H 2 O and CO 2 show evidence of substantial degassing. Furthermore, increases in concentrations of incompatible elements in melt inclusions correlate with extents of degassing, suggesting that degassing during ascent drives melt crystallization in many cinder cone eruptions. The volatile contents of mafic arc magmas as revealed by melt inclusions reflect the influx of H 2 O-rich components from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. Across-arc patterns in volatile and incompatible trace element concentrations for MGVF magmas show that the flux of H 2 O-rich subduction components remains high for large distances across the arc. These data, combined with oxygen isotope analyses of olivine phenocrysts and 2-D thermo-mechanical models of the subduction zone, suggest a complex origin for the H 2 O-rich subduction components, involving dehydration of subducted sediment and storage of volatiles in hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge. This dissertation includes co-authored materials both previously published and submitted for publication. / Adviser: Paul J. Wallace

O manto litosférico é depletado em elementos incompatíveis como potássio, rubídio e estrôncio, confinado sob altas condições de pressão e caracterizado por uma composição e mineralogia específicas: espinélios anidros e/ou granada lherzolitos e harzburgitos. Esta região pode ser hidratada e enriquecida em elementos incompatíveis (ex. potássio) através de processos de subducção, onde a placa oceânica subductada leva consigo material pelágico composto de argilominerais e filossilicatos. A transferência de massa entre a placa subductada com os sedimentos e a cunha mantélica ocorre primeiramente através da liberação de fluidos aquosos gerados pela devolatilização de minerais hidratados. Neste contexto, a esmectita destaca-se como um dos mais importantes minerias responsáveis pelo enriquecimento do manto litosférico em água e elementos incompatíveis, quando sua estrutura é desestabilizada. Com o aumento da pressão e temperatura, esmectitas perdem sua água interlamelar, ao mesmo tempo em que se transformam em camadas mistas esmectita-ilita. Nestas condições de desidratação, e com o aumento da pressão, mudanças estruturais ocorrem e, havendo potássio disponível no sistema, o argilomineral evolui para uma mica muscovita. Considerando este contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o comportamento estrutural da esmectita saturada em potássio modificando as variáveis pressão e temperatura: (1) sob pressão atmosférica em diferentes temperaturas (100º a 700ºC); (2) sob pressão de até 11.5 GPa sem temperatura - Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC); (3) sob diferentes pressões com aplicação de temperatura: 2.5GPa (400º a 700ºC) e 4.0GPa (200º a 700ºC). Os resultados das técnicas de análise de Difração de raios X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e Espectroscopia por Infravermelho (FTIR) sugerem que, sob uma pressão de 2.5 GPa, que é cerca de 75km de profundidade no manto, e a aproximadamente 500ºC, a esmectita transforma-se em muscovita, enquanto sob a pressão de 4.0 Gpa, equivalente a cerca de 120 km de profundidade, a mesma transformação ocorre a 400ºC. Estes resultados contribuem significativamente para o entendimento de como a desidratação do sedimento pelágico ocorre em um processo de subducção, bem como o comportamento da esmectita sob a influência do aumento de pressão e temperatura. / The lithospheric mantle is depleted regarding to incompatible elements as potassium, rubidium and strontium, confined under pressure conditions and characterized by a specific mineralogy and composition, basically as anhydrous spinel and/or garnet lherzolite and harzburgite. This region can be hydrated and enriched in incompatible elements (e.g. potassium) through subduction processes that bring pelagic material, composed of clay minerals and other phyllosilicates, together with the hydrated subducted oceanic slab. A mass transfer from the subducted slab plus sediments into the mantle wedge occurs primarily through the release of aqueous fluids produced by devolatilization of hydrated minerals. In this context, smectite stands out as one of the most important minerals responsible for enriching the lithospheric mantle with water and incompatible elements when its structure is destabilized. By pressure and temperature increasing smectite lose its interlayer water, at the same time that it transforms into a mixed-layer illite-smectite. In this condition of dehydration and with increasing pressure, structural changes occur and, having potassium available on the system, the clay mineral evolves into a muscovite mica. Considering this context, we verified the structural behavior of potassium saturated smectite modifying variables pressure and temperature: (1) under atmospheric pressure at different temperatures (100º to 700º C); (2) under pressure up 11.5 GPa without temperature - Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC); (3) under different pressures with temperature application: 2.5 GPa (400º to 700º C) and 4.0 GPa (200º to 700º C). The results of the analysis techniques of X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), suggest that under the pressure of 2.5 GPa, which is about 75km depth in the mantle, and at around 500ºC smectite transforms into muscovite, while under the pressure of 4.0 GPa, equivalent to around 120km depth, the same transformation occurs at 400ºC. These results contribute significantly to understanding how pelagic sediment dehydration occurs in a subduction process, as well as the behavior of smectite under the influence of increasing pressure and temperature.