Ces dernières années ont vu le développement d'une nouvelle méthode d'imagerie des structures géologiques basée sur l'utilisation du bruit sismique continu. Dans ce travail nous avons utilisé cette approche dans deux problématiques différentes. La première consiste à réaliser le suivi temporel des vitesses des ondes sismiques dans la croûte lors de séismes lents qui ont eu lieu dans la région de Guerrero au Mexique. Les séismes lents sont des glissements asismiques et transitoires qui ont été découverts récemment dans la lacune sismique de Guerrero. Ils sont considérés comme une part importante de la relaxation des déformations dans le cycle sismique. Les séismes lents affectent le processus de chargement et déchargement de l'interface, il est donc important de comprendre le comportement mécanique de la subduction dans cette région pour mieux évaluer le risque sismique. Dans notre étude, nous avons mesuré les perturbations de vitesse des ondes associées à deux séismes lents en 2006 et 2009-2010 à partir des enregistrements continus du bruit sismique. Pour chacun des deux séismes lents on observe une chute de vitesse : elle s'élève à 0.2% pour celui de 2006 et à 0.8 % pour celui de 2009-2010. Au cours de ces séismes lents, les ondes de longues périodes (>10 s) sont perturbées. A courtes périodes, aucune variation de vitesse n'est observée ce qui suggère qu'un endommagement des couches superficielles de la croûte ne peut pas être à l'origine du changement de vitesse. Par ailleurs, la perturbation de vitesse est reliée au taux de dé- formation plutôt qu'à la déformation elle-même. Cette observation suggère que pendant de forts séismes lents, la croûte chevauchante présente un comportement mécanique non linéaire. Nous pouvons donc utiliser les variations de vitesse comme des marqueurs du taux de déformation du milieu. Enfin, une corrélation entre les trémors non volcaniques et les variations de vitesse suggère qu'une part importante de la déformation résultant des séismes lents est accommodée par la croute chevauchante. La deuxième problématique abordée dans cette thèse est l'imagerie de structures à fort contraste de vitesse et dans lesquelles la propagation des ondes de surface est complexe. Imager et comprendre la propagation des ondes dans la vallée de Mexico est crucial pour l'estimation du risque sismique à la capitale. Nous mesurons la dispersion des ondes de Rayleigh reconstruites à partir d'intercorrélations de bruit de fond sismique. Pour identifier les modes nous utilisons une mesure du rapport spectral des composantes horizontales sur la composante vertical (H/V) sur la coda des séismes que l'on compare avec le rapport H/V théorique. Grâce à cette identification des modes, nous pouvons retrouver le modèle de vitesse de la structure.

This dissertation consists of two parts and investigates the crustal deformation associated with great subduction zone earthquake at two different spatial scales. At the small scale, I investigate the stress transfer along the megathrust during great earthquakes and its effects on the forearc wedge. At the large scale, I investigate the viscoelastic crustal deformation of the forearc and the back arc associated with great earthquakes. Part I: In a subduction zone, the frontal region of the forearc can be morphologically divided into the outer wedge and the inner wedge. The outer wedge which features much active plastic deformation has a surface slope angle generally larger than that of the inner wedge which hosts stable geological formations. The megathrust can be represented by a three-segment model, the updip zone (velocity-strengthening), seismogenic zone (velocity-weakening), and downdip zone (velocity-strengthening). Our dynamic Coulomb wedge theory postulates that the outer wedge overlies the updip zone, and the inner wedge overlies the seismogenic zone. During an earthquake, strengthening of the updip zone may result in compressive failure in the outer wedge. The inner wedge undergoes elastic deformation. I have examined the geometry and mechanical processes of outer wedges of twenty-three subduction zones. The surface slope of these wedges is generally too high to be explained by the classical critical taper theory but can be explained by the dynamic Coulomb wedge theory. Part II: A giant earthquake produces coseismic seaward motion of the upper plate and induces shear stresses in the upper mantle. After the earthquake, the fault is re-locked, causing the upper plate to move slowly landward. However, parts of the fault will undergo continuous aseismic afterslip for a short duration, causing areas surrounding the rupture zone to move seaward. At the same time, the viscoelastic relaxation of the earthquake-induced stresses in the upper mantle causes prolonged seaward motion of areas farther landward including the forearc and the back arc. The postseismic and interseismic crustal deformation depends on the interplay of these three primary processes. I have used three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element models to study the contemporary crustal deformation of three margins, Sumatra, Chile, and Cascadia, that are presently at different stages of their great earthquake cycles. Model results indicate that the earthquake cycle deformation of different margins is governed by a common physical process. The afterslip of the fault must be at work immediately after the earthquake. The model of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake constrains the characteristic time of the afterslip to be 1.25 yr. With the incorporation of the transient rheology, the model well explains the near-field and far-field postseismic deformation within a few years after the 2004 Sumatra event. The steady-state viscosity of the continental upper mantle is determined to be 10^19 Pa S, two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the global value obtained through global postglacial rebound models. / Graduate

L'interprétation structurale de sections de Sismique Réflexion Multitrace-2D acquises pendant la campagne SISTEUR sur la marge de l'Équateur Central et migrées en profondeur avant sommation (PSDM) a été combinée avec la bathymétrie multifaisceaux, des modèles tomographiques de sismique grand-angle OBS, un modèle d'inversion GPS, et 13 années de sismicité relocalisée, afin de déchiffrer les causes de la variabilité de la sismicité et du Couplage Inter Sismique (CIS) le long de la subduction. La partie marine de cette marge est étroite et érosive. Elle chevauche vers l'Ouest, à 4.7 cm/an, la Ride de Carnégie. Le segment nord de la zone d'étude est bloqué, et aucun chenal de subduction n'est identifié. Ce segment révèle la présence d'un important (50 X 40+ km) massif océanique (MO) subduit, haut de ~2.5 km, et dont le flanc arrière plonge vers le continent de 2-4°, et coïncide avec la zone de CIS bloquée, et avec le socle océanique résistant (Vp= 5 km/s) de la marge. Le flanc avant du MO déduit de notre étude coïncide avec une zone de CIS partiel et des essaims de séismes chevauchant déformant le socle de la marge. A l'inverse, le segment sud est découplé, et affiche une pente sous-marine très perturbée avec des escarpements abrupts. Le contact interplaque plonge de 6-7° sous le continent et porte des monts sous-marins isolés séparés par un chenal de subduction de ~1km d'épaisseur qui agit comme lubrifiant. Un scénario en 3 étapes est proposé pour la subduction d'un MO de forme émoussée sous la marge résistante de l'Ile La Plata. Un modèle cinématique est proposé pour rendre compte de la surrection de l'île de La Plata en réponse au MO au cours des derniers 1.3-1.4 Ma.

This dissertation consists of two parts and investigates the crustal deformation associated with great subduction zone earthquake at two different spatial scales. At the small scale, I investigate the stress transfer along the megathrust during great earthquakes and its effects on the forearc wedge. At the large scale, I investigate the viscoelastic crustal deformation of the forearc and the back arc associated with great earthquakes. Part I: In a subduction zone, the frontal region of the forearc can be morphologically divided into the outer wedge and the inner wedge. The outer wedge which features much active plastic deformation has a surface slope angle generally larger than that of the inner wedge which hosts stable geological formations. The megathrust can be represented by a three-segment model, the updip zone (velocity-strengthening), seismogenic zone (velocity-weakening), and downdip zone (velocity-strengthening). Our dynamic Coulomb wedge theory postulates that the outer wedge overlies the updip zone, and the inner wedge overlies the seismogenic zone. During an earthquake, strengthening of the updip zone may result in compressive failure in the outer wedge. The inner wedge undergoes elastic deformation. I have examined the geometry and mechanical processes of outer wedges of twenty-three subduction zones. The surface slope of these wedges is generally too high to be explained by the classical critical taper theory but can be explained by the dynamic Coulomb wedge theory. Part II: A giant earthquake produces coseismic seaward motion of the upper plate and induces shear stresses in the upper mantle. After the earthquake, the fault is re-locked, causing the upper plate to move slowly landward. However, parts of the fault will undergo continuous aseismic afterslip for a short duration, causing areas surrounding the rupture zone to move seaward. At the same time, the viscoelastic relaxation of the earthquake-induced stresses in the upper mantle causes prolonged seaward motion of areas farther landward including the forearc and the back arc. The postseismic and interseismic crustal deformation depends on the interplay of these three primary processes. I have used three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element models to study the contemporary crustal deformation of three margins, Sumatra, Chile, and Cascadia, that are presently at different stages of their great earthquake cycles. Model results indicate that the earthquake cycle deformation of different margins is governed by a common physical process. The afterslip of the fault must be at work immediately after the earthquake. The model of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake constrains the characteristic time of the afterslip to be 1.25 yr. With the incorporation of the transient rheology, the model well explains the near-field and far-field postseismic deformation within a few years after the 2004 Sumatra event. The steady-state viscosity of the continental upper mantle is determined to be 10^19 Pa S, two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the global value obtained through global postglacial rebound models. / Graduate

New relative sea-level (RSL) observations dating from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, during and after the collapse of the Cordilleran ice-sheet (CIS), are provided for two regions in southern coastal British Columbia. They record the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) response of the Earth to the changing surface load of the waning CIS. The data provide a new RSL curve for Sechelt, on the mainland coast north of Vancouver, and extend and revise a previously constructed curve for Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island. The observations create a new profile of RSL curves oriented southwest-northeast across Vancouver Island and the Strait of Georgia. A previously-defined profile of RSL curves is oriented northwest-southeast profile along the east coast of Vancouver Island. The two profiles intersect in the central Strait of Georgia. The new RSL curves sample different parts of the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) and provide constraints on the history of the CIS. The Juan de Fuca plate subducts beneath the North American plate in roughly the same southwest to northeast direction as the RSL profile. GIA modelling of the RSL observations along this profile may indicate spatial variations related to the structure of the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). The CIS flowed roughly from northeast to southwest over the regions of interest. RSL observations along this path indicate how sea-level change differed with distance from the edge of the ice-sheet towards its centre. The CIS model of James et al. (2009b) is refined to fit observed sea levels while applying glacial geological constraints to regional ice sheet advance and retreat. Sea level in Barkley Sound dropped from greater than 27 m elevation before 15 cal kyr BP to -46 m below present around 12 cal kyr BP. At Sechelt, sea level closely follows the same trend as in the central Strait of Georgia, dropping from over 150 m before 14 cal kyr BP and falling past present levels after 12.4 cal kyr BP to a poorly constrained lowstand between 12 and 9 cal kyr BP. The initial crustal uplift rate near Sechelt was at least 85 mm/yr, comparable to that of the central Strait of Georgia. The sea-level observations are best fit with predictions employing an Earth model with a 60-km effective lithosphere thickness and asthenospheric viscosity and thickness of 4 × 1019 Pa s and 380 km, respectively. The transition zone and lower mantle viscosities are based on the VM2 Earth model (Peltier 2002). Sea level in Barkley Sound fell quickly (15-30 mm/yr), and observed sea level is best fit with the same asthenospheric viscosity, but with a thinner 30-km thick lithosphere, consistent with the regional tectonic structure. Revisions to the ice model are consistent with radiocarbon constraints on ice sheet history and provide good agreement with the observed sea-level history for the study regions as well as RSL histories previously described for the Strait of Georgia and southern Vancouver Island. / Graduate / 0372

A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos do Cerro de los Chenques, Patagônia (44°52’19”S/70°03’57”W), represeta o Manto Litosférico Continental nesta região. Estas rochas guardam registros dos processos a que o manto esteve sujeito durante todo o período de evolução e diferenciação do próprio manto litosférico e de formação de crosta continental. Utilizando-se dados de petrologia, de geoquímica mineral e rocha total de elementos maiores e menores e dados isotópicos, é possível demonstrar que os xenólitos do Cerro de los Chenques possuem paragênese mineralógica primária formada por olivina, enstatita, diopsído e espinélio e que esta paragênese está em equilíbrio, como pode ser observado nos dados de química mineral. Desta forma estas rochas são classificadas como espinélio lherzolitos, espinélio harzburgitos e espinélio olivinawebsteritos, com temperatura e pressão de equilíbrio variando de 782°C a 1029ºC e 14kbar a 19 kbar. Mesmo que a paragênese primária esteja em equilíbrio, ocorrem instabilidades locais com formação de fusão na forma de bolsões de vidro silicáticos e de uma paragênese secundária composta por olivina, diopsídio e espinélio. Os dados geoquímicos de rocha total mostram depleção nos elementos alcalinos e nos elementos traço em relação ao manto primitivo, ilustrando que houve processo de fusão parcial atuando nestas rochas. As amostras estudadas apresentam também feições características de processos de metassomatismo em momentos distintos e guardando características particulares em cada um deles. O primeiro evento metassomático foi determinado como sendo originado por uma pluma de ascenção astenosférica, sendo denotado principalmente pelo enriquecimento nos HFSE (Nb e Ta) e alguns elementos incompatíveis LILE. Este evento é responsável pela metassomatização dos lherzolitos e harzburgitos e pela formação dos olivina-websteritos a partir de um manto granadalherzolítico, onde a granada se torna instável para a formação de clinopiroxênio e espinélio. Eventos metassomáticos posteriores a este também foram identificados, sendo desta vez relacionados a líquidos provenientes da desidratação e fusão de placas oceânicas em zonas de subducção. Um desses eventos está relacionado a colagem dos micro-continentes Maciço Norte Patagônico e Maciço del Deseado, por volta de 350 Ma caracterizado principalmente pelo enriquecimento nos ETR leves em relação aos pesados. O outro, mais recente, relacionado à subducção da Placa Oceânica de Nazca, onde o principal evento é o enriquecimento nos elementos calcófilos (Pb, Sn, W e Sb), que também está registrado em todas as suítes de xenólitos da Patagônia. Foi determinado ainda, que os basaltos de platô de back-arc, resposnsáveis por trazer os xenólitos à superfície não infiltram nos xenólitos, a ponto de alterar a química de suas rochas. / The ultramafic xenolith set from Cerro de los Chenques, Patagônia (44°52’19”S/70°03’57”W), represents the Sub Continetal Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) of this region. All rocks record processes in the mantle that happened during all period of lithospheric mantle differentiation and crust formation. Using the petrologica data, mineralochemistry, and major, trace and isotope element geochemistry, it is possible to demonstrate that the xenoltihs equilibria mineral assemblage is olivine, enstatite, diopside and spinel. These rocks are classified as spinel lherzolites, spinel harzburgite and spinel olivine websterite, with temperature and pressure equilibrium of 782° to 1029°C and 14 19 kbar, respectively. It is also possible to point out that metassomatic process occurred in the xenolith rocks, which resulted in the crystallization of a secondary assemblage formed by olivine, diopside and spinel, and the formation of silicate melt pockets around spinel and clinopyroxene. Geochemistry data show alkalis and trace elements depletion in relation to primitive mantle as a result of the melting events. The studied samples also show metasomatic events in different periods, with different characteristics. The first metasomatic event was related to an upwelling of an asthenospheric plume, responsible for the HFSE (Nb and Ta) and some incompatible elements (LILE) enrichment in all lithologies, and by the formation of the olivinewebsterite from a garnet-lherzolite, in which garnet reacts out to form clinopyroxene and spinel. Two others metasomatic events must have happened, following this one, both related to fluids and melts originated from the dehydration and melting of the subducting slab. One of these events is related to the collage of the Norte-Patagônia massif to del Deseado massif micro-continets, around 350 Ma, which resulted in the light REE enrichment. The other one, more recent, is related to the Nazca subducting slab, responsible for the enrichment in chalcophile elements (Pb, Sn, W and Sb), which is also observed in all mantle xenoliths from Patagonia. We also discard any infiltration of the host-basalt as the responsible for the ultramafic xenoliths chemical modification.

A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos do Cerro de los Chenques, Patagônia (44°52’19”S/70°03’57”W), represeta o Manto Litosférico Continental nesta região. Estas rochas guardam registros dos processos a que o manto esteve sujeito durante todo o período de evolução e diferenciação do próprio manto litosférico e de formação de crosta continental. Utilizando-se dados de petrologia, de geoquímica mineral e rocha total de elementos maiores e menores e dados isotópicos, é possível demonstrar que os xenólitos do Cerro de los Chenques possuem paragênese mineralógica primária formada por olivina, enstatita, diopsído e espinélio e que esta paragênese está em equilíbrio, como pode ser observado nos dados de química mineral. Desta forma estas rochas são classificadas como espinélio lherzolitos, espinélio harzburgitos e espinélio olivinawebsteritos, com temperatura e pressão de equilíbrio variando de 782°C a 1029ºC e 14kbar a 19 kbar. Mesmo que a paragênese primária esteja em equilíbrio, ocorrem instabilidades locais com formação de fusão na forma de bolsões de vidro silicáticos e de uma paragênese secundária composta por olivina, diopsídio e espinélio. Os dados geoquímicos de rocha total mostram depleção nos elementos alcalinos e nos elementos traço em relação ao manto primitivo, ilustrando que houve processo de fusão parcial atuando nestas rochas. As amostras estudadas apresentam também feições características de processos de metassomatismo em momentos distintos e guardando características particulares em cada um deles. O primeiro evento metassomático foi determinado como sendo originado por uma pluma de ascenção astenosférica, sendo denotado principalmente pelo enriquecimento nos HFSE (Nb e Ta) e alguns elementos incompatíveis LILE. Este evento é responsável pela metassomatização dos lherzolitos e harzburgitos e pela formação dos olivina-websteritos a partir de um manto granadalherzolítico, onde a granada se torna instável para a formação de clinopiroxênio e espinélio. Eventos metassomáticos posteriores a este também foram identificados, sendo desta vez relacionados a líquidos provenientes da desidratação e fusão de placas oceânicas em zonas de subducção. Um desses eventos está relacionado a colagem dos micro-continentes Maciço Norte Patagônico e Maciço del Deseado, por volta de 350 Ma caracterizado principalmente pelo enriquecimento nos ETR leves em relação aos pesados. O outro, mais recente, relacionado à subducção da Placa Oceânica de Nazca, onde o principal evento é o enriquecimento nos elementos calcófilos (Pb, Sn, W e Sb), que também está registrado em todas as suítes de xenólitos da Patagônia. Foi determinado ainda, que os basaltos de platô de back-arc, resposnsáveis por trazer os xenólitos à superfície não infiltram nos xenólitos, a ponto de alterar a química de suas rochas. / The ultramafic xenolith set from Cerro de los Chenques, Patagônia (44°52’19”S/70°03’57”W), represents the Sub Continetal Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) of this region. All rocks record processes in the mantle that happened during all period of lithospheric mantle differentiation and crust formation. Using the petrologica data, mineralochemistry, and major, trace and isotope element geochemistry, it is possible to demonstrate that the xenoltihs equilibria mineral assemblage is olivine, enstatite, diopside and spinel. These rocks are classified as spinel lherzolites, spinel harzburgite and spinel olivine websterite, with temperature and pressure equilibrium of 782° to 1029°C and 14 19 kbar, respectively. It is also possible to point out that metassomatic process occurred in the xenolith rocks, which resulted in the crystallization of a secondary assemblage formed by olivine, diopside and spinel, and the formation of silicate melt pockets around spinel and clinopyroxene. Geochemistry data show alkalis and trace elements depletion in relation to primitive mantle as a result of the melting events. The studied samples also show metasomatic events in different periods, with different characteristics. The first metasomatic event was related to an upwelling of an asthenospheric plume, responsible for the HFSE (Nb and Ta) and some incompatible elements (LILE) enrichment in all lithologies, and by the formation of the olivinewebsterite from a garnet-lherzolite, in which garnet reacts out to form clinopyroxene and spinel. Two others metasomatic events must have happened, following this one, both related to fluids and melts originated from the dehydration and melting of the subducting slab. One of these events is related to the collage of the Norte-Patagônia massif to del Deseado massif micro-continets, around 350 Ma, which resulted in the light REE enrichment. The other one, more recent, is related to the Nazca subducting slab, responsible for the enrichment in chalcophile elements (Pb, Sn, W and Sb), which is also observed in all mantle xenoliths from Patagonia. We also discard any infiltration of the host-basalt as the responsible for the ultramafic xenoliths chemical modification.

Southern Vancouver Island lies on the forearc of the Cascadia subduction zone, north of a concave bend in the plate boundary centred around the Olympic Mountains. The bend in the margin coincides with a significant decrease in northward-directed trench-parallel forearc migration, and a network of active crustal faults in the Puget Lowland east of the Olympic Mountains accommodates permanent north-south shortening and transpression. The nature of forearc deformation on southern Vancouver Island is less well constrained, due in part to the unknown extent and kinematics of active crustal faulting. Recent work has shown that a brittle fault zone associated with the Eocene terrane-bounding Leech River fault has produced at least two surface-rupturing earthquakes in the late Quaternary. I use LiDAR-derived topographic data, slip-sense indicator analysis of slickenlines on fault planes, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to investigate the geometry, kinematics, and Quaternary activity along the eastern half of the active, brittle Leech River fault zone. My mapping reveals a complex, near-vertical zone up to 1 km wide and 25 km long that exhibits many characteristics of a strike-slip fault. Displaced Quaternary deposits are observed directly at two sites in the western 8 km of the study area, and inferred through geophysical imagery, topographic data, and liquefaction features to extend to the eastern terrestrial extent of the fault zone towards previously mapped active faults in the Juan de Fuca Strait and the Darrington-Devil’s Mountain fault zone in western Washington. I use fault kinematics and geometry to show that the eastern Leech River fault zone has been reactivated as a right-lateral strike-slip fault that accommodates forearc deformation within the modern stress field north of the Olympic Mountains. / Graduate / 2018-12-01

A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos do Cerro de los Chenques, Patagônia (44°52’19”S/70°03’57”W), represeta o Manto Litosférico Continental nesta região. Estas rochas guardam registros dos processos a que o manto esteve sujeito durante todo o período de evolução e diferenciação do próprio manto litosférico e de formação de crosta continental. Utilizando-se dados de petrologia, de geoquímica mineral e rocha total de elementos maiores e menores e dados isotópicos, é possível demonstrar que os xenólitos do Cerro de los Chenques possuem paragênese mineralógica primária formada por olivina, enstatita, diopsído e espinélio e que esta paragênese está em equilíbrio, como pode ser observado nos dados de química mineral. Desta forma estas rochas são classificadas como espinélio lherzolitos, espinélio harzburgitos e espinélio olivinawebsteritos, com temperatura e pressão de equilíbrio variando de 782°C a 1029ºC e 14kbar a 19 kbar. Mesmo que a paragênese primária esteja em equilíbrio, ocorrem instabilidades locais com formação de fusão na forma de bolsões de vidro silicáticos e de uma paragênese secundária composta por olivina, diopsídio e espinélio. Os dados geoquímicos de rocha total mostram depleção nos elementos alcalinos e nos elementos traço em relação ao manto primitivo, ilustrando que houve processo de fusão parcial atuando nestas rochas. As amostras estudadas apresentam também feições características de processos de metassomatismo em momentos distintos e guardando características particulares em cada um deles. O primeiro evento metassomático foi determinado como sendo originado por uma pluma de ascenção astenosférica, sendo denotado principalmente pelo enriquecimento nos HFSE (Nb e Ta) e alguns elementos incompatíveis LILE. Este evento é responsável pela metassomatização dos lherzolitos e harzburgitos e pela formação dos olivina-websteritos a partir de um manto granadalherzolítico, onde a granada se torna instável para a formação de clinopiroxênio e espinélio. Eventos metassomáticos posteriores a este também foram identificados, sendo desta vez relacionados a líquidos provenientes da desidratação e fusão de placas oceânicas em zonas de subducção. Um desses eventos está relacionado a colagem dos micro-continentes Maciço Norte Patagônico e Maciço del Deseado, por volta de 350 Ma caracterizado principalmente pelo enriquecimento nos ETR leves em relação aos pesados. O outro, mais recente, relacionado à subducção da Placa Oceânica de Nazca, onde o principal evento é o enriquecimento nos elementos calcófilos (Pb, Sn, W e Sb), que também está registrado em todas as suítes de xenólitos da Patagônia. Foi determinado ainda, que os basaltos de platô de back-arc, resposnsáveis por trazer os xenólitos à superfície não infiltram nos xenólitos, a ponto de alterar a química de suas rochas. / The ultramafic xenolith set from Cerro de los Chenques, Patagônia (44°52’19”S/70°03’57”W), represents the Sub Continetal Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) of this region. All rocks record processes in the mantle that happened during all period of lithospheric mantle differentiation and crust formation. Using the petrologica data, mineralochemistry, and major, trace and isotope element geochemistry, it is possible to demonstrate that the xenoltihs equilibria mineral assemblage is olivine, enstatite, diopside and spinel. These rocks are classified as spinel lherzolites, spinel harzburgite and spinel olivine websterite, with temperature and pressure equilibrium of 782° to 1029°C and 14 19 kbar, respectively. It is also possible to point out that metassomatic process occurred in the xenolith rocks, which resulted in the crystallization of a secondary assemblage formed by olivine, diopside and spinel, and the formation of silicate melt pockets around spinel and clinopyroxene. Geochemistry data show alkalis and trace elements depletion in relation to primitive mantle as a result of the melting events. The studied samples also show metasomatic events in different periods, with different characteristics. The first metasomatic event was related to an upwelling of an asthenospheric plume, responsible for the HFSE (Nb and Ta) and some incompatible elements (LILE) enrichment in all lithologies, and by the formation of the olivinewebsterite from a garnet-lherzolite, in which garnet reacts out to form clinopyroxene and spinel. Two others metasomatic events must have happened, following this one, both related to fluids and melts originated from the dehydration and melting of the subducting slab. One of these events is related to the collage of the Norte-Patagônia massif to del Deseado massif micro-continets, around 350 Ma, which resulted in the light REE enrichment. The other one, more recent, is related to the Nazca subducting slab, responsible for the enrichment in chalcophile elements (Pb, Sn, W and Sb), which is also observed in all mantle xenoliths from Patagonia. We also discard any infiltration of the host-basalt as the responsible for the ultramafic xenoliths chemical modification.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22256号 / 理博第4570号 / 新制||理||1656(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 西村 卓也, 教授 福田 洋一, 准教授 深畑 幸俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM